Copper-Free Resin-Based Braking Materials:A New Approach for Substituting Copper with Fly-Ash Cenospheres in Composites

Copper particles emitted from braking have become a significant source of environmental pollution.However,copper plays a crucial role in resin-based braking materials.Developing high-performance braking materials without copper has become a significant challenge.In this paper,the resin-based braking materials were filled with flyash cenospheres to develop copper-free braking materials.The effects of fly-ash cenospheres on the physical properties,mechanical and friction and wear properties of braking materials were studied.Furthermore,the wear mechanism of copper-free resin-based braking materials filled with fly-ash cenospheres was discussed.The results indicate that the inclusion of fly-ash cenospheres in the braking materials improved their thermal stability,hardness and impact strength,reduced their density,effectively increased the friction coefficient at medium and high temperatures,and enhanced the heat-fade resistance of the braking materials.The inclusion of fly-ash cenospheres contributed to the formation of surface friction film during the friction process of the braking materials,and facilitated the transition of form from abrasive wear to adhesive wear.At 100-350℃,the friction coefficient of the optimal formulation is in the range of 0.57-0.61,and the wear rate is in the range(0.29-0.65)×10^(-7) cm^(3)·N^(-1)·m^(-1),demonstrating excellent resistance to heat-fade and stability in friction coefficient.This research proposes the use of fly-ash cenospheres as a substitute for environmentally harmful and expensive copper in brake materials,which not only improves the performance of braking materials but also reduces their costs.

The Dynamic Tribological Performance of One Certain Resin-based Friction Materials under Different Temperature Conditions

A fixed-point observation method was designed to research the dynamic tribological performance of one certain resin-based friction materials. The friction test was performed through a constant speed friction tester under various temperature conditions. It was found that the dynamic tribological performance of materials has a good consistency with the dynamic evolution of worn surfaces. At lower temperatures, the friction coefficient and wear rate were constant, resulted from the stable worn surfaces. At higher temperatures, the friction coefficient increased gradually, while the wear rate decreased, due to the increasing contact area and Fe concentration. A fade occurred above 250 ℃, which can be explained by the degradation of binders.

Microstructure and frictional properties of 3D needled C/SiC brake materials modified with graphite

The 3D needled C/SiC brake materials modified with graphite were prepared by a combined process of the chemical vapor infiltration,slurry infiltration and liquid silicon infiltration process.The microstructure and frictional properties of the brake materials were investigated.The density and open porosity of the materials as-received were about(2.1±0.1)g/cm3and(5±1)%,respectively.The brake materials were composed of 59%C,39%SiC,and 2%Si(mass fraction).The content of Si in the C/SiC brake materials modified with graphite was far less than that in the C/SiC brake materials without being modified with graphite,and the Si was dispersed.The braking curve of the 3D needled C/SiC modified with graphite was smooth,which can ensure the smooth and comfortable braking.The frictional properties under wet condition of the 3D needled C/SiC modified with graphite showed no fading.And the linear wear rate of the C/SiC modified with graphite was lower than that of the C/SiC unmodified.

Effect of zinc powder content on tribological behaviors of brake friction materials

Brake friction materials with different zinc powder contents(0,2,4,6,8 wt.%)were fabricated via powder metallurgy method.The results indicate that with the increasing zinc powder content,the density and thermal conductivity of the materials gradually increase,while the hardness decreases monotonously.With increasing zinc powder content,the curve of the nominal friction coefficient shows fluctuating trend but the lowest friction coefficient also shows an increase.However,the wear rate and braking noise of the friction material monotonously decrease with increasing zinc content.This effect may be attributed to the transformation of the tribological mechanism from adhesive wear and abrasive wear to adhesive wear.The brake friction material with 4 wt.%zinc powder exhibits both the best tribological and noise performance.

Effect of ZrSiO_4 on the Friction Performance of Automotive Brake Friction Materials

Friction-wear properties of the ZrSiO4 reinforced samples were measured and compared with those of plain bronze based ones. For this purpose, density, hardness, friction coefficient wear behaviour of the samples were tested. Microstructures of samples before and after sintering and worn surfaces were also investigated by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and the wear types were determined. The optimum friction-wear behaviour was obtained in the sample compacted at 500 MPa and sintered at 820℃. Density of the final samples decreased with increasing the amount of reinforcing elements （ZrSiO4） before pre-sintering. However after sintering, there is no change in density of the samples including reinforcing elements （ZrSiO4）. With increasing friction surface temperature, a reduction in the friction coefficient of the samples was observed. However, the highest reductions in the friction coefficients were observed in the as-received samples containing 0. 5% reinforced ZrSiO4. The SEM images of the sample indicated that while bronze-based break lining material without ZrSiO4 showed abrasive wear behaviour, increasing the amount of ZrSiO4 resulted a change in abrasive to adhesive wear mechanism. All samples exhibited friction-wear values, which were within the values shown in SAE-J661 standard. With increasing the amount of reinforcing ZrSiO4, wear resistance of the samples was increased. However samples reinforced with 5% and 6% ZrSiO4 showed the best results.

Effect of Friction Reclaimed Materials of Waste Brake-shoe on Basic Performance of Mortar

Discarded train brake shoes mainly consist of steel-backed friction material. To be better reutilized, its essential features and its interaction in cement-based material need to be studied. Consequently, particle size analysis, SEM, IR and TGA were used to investigate two types of waste brake shoes, i e, mechanical grinding friction reclaimed material of waste brake-shoe（G-FRMWBS） and pyrolysis-friction reclaimed materials of waste brake-shoe（P-FRMWBS）. The latter exhibited less organic content, larger range of particle size distribution and smaller medium particle diameter. Both types contained inorganic particles of spherical and irregular shapes, striped with steel fiber. Upon isometric substituting fine aggregates, G-FRMWBS lifted the strength of mortar effectively that was increased by 16.6% and 17.5% when the replacing rate was 5%; the value went up to 19.2% and 19.2% when the replacing rate was 10%. Moreover, inclusion of FRMWBS enhanced the chloride penetration resistance, and optimized the pore characteristic and ITZ（interfacial transition zone） as well.

Friction Wear Property of Brake Materials by Copper-based Powder Metallurgy With Various Brake Speeds

The experiment is conducted on MM-1000 friction test machine, which tests friction wear property of copper-based brake materials by powder metallurgy at different brake speeds. It shows that the coefficient of friction and wear volume are greatly influenced by brake speed. When the brake speed is 4000 r/min, which is a bit higher, the material still has a higher coefficient of friction with 0.47. When the brake speed is over 4000r/min, the coefficient of friction decreased rapidly. When the brake speed is 3000r/min, the material’s wear is in its minimum. That is to say no matter how higher or lower the brake speed is the wear volume is bigger relatively. With the brake speed of the lower one it mainly refers to fatigue wear; while of higher one it mainly refers to abradant and oxidation wear.

Worn surface characteristics of Cu-based powder metallurgy bake materials for aircraft

Cu-based powder metallurgy brake materials are used for aircraft widely and successfully.The characteristics of worn surface of Cu-based powder metallurgy brake materials for aircraft after working under service condition were studied,and two main wear mechanisms were discussed.The results show that the main components of worn surface are graphite,SiO2,Fe,Cu and oxide of Fe(Fe3O4 and FeO);the worn surface can be divided into three zones:severe wear zone,mild wear zone,and low wear zone; fatigue wear and grain wear are the main wear mechanisms of Cu-based materials.Some debris kept between brake discs reduce the wear rate to a certain extent by taking part in the regeneration of friction film.

Development of Iron Based Brake Friction Material by Hot Powder Preform Forging Technique used for Medium to Heavy Duty Applications

A promising friction material, Iron -based friction material, was prepared by powder metallurgy (PM) processing utilizing hot powder preform forging (near net-shape).The preparation of the product and its characterization are presented in this paper. These products are useful in heavy duty Military Aircraft applications such as AN-32. In order to eliminate costly environmental control systems to protect products during their high temperature processing (as is conventionally practiced employing hydrogen gas), the present investigation relies on carbon (mixed in the brake pad formulation) as reducing agent and high temperature oxidation resistant glassy coating (separately developed) applied over the product’s surface after cold compacting. After conducting an initial characterization such as hardness, density and Pin-on Disc tests, the samples were tested in sub-scale dynamometer under Rejected Take Off conditions. It was observed that the obtained density in the present investigation is higher than the reported density obtained by sintering route, and wear is on the lower side of the range as per the Aeronautical Standards. Optical metallography was used to investigate the microstructure of friction, interface and backing layer. It was observed that the distribution of ingredients in matrix was homogeneous. The results also indicate that the coefficient of friction is more stable, and wear is lower with respect to temperature rise. .

Assessment of Asbestos Exposure Associated with a Brake Grinder

The wear patterns for drum-style automotive brakes tend to enlarge internal drum diameters. Such enlargement is most profound when used brake drums are machined to restore the metal friction surfaces. Specialized arc grinding machinery has been used to match replacement shoe-style brake friction materials to enlarged drums. The process of arc grinding removes friction material, thereby producing dust. When organic-style friction materials contained asbestos, use of arc grinding machinery posed an asbestos fiber exposure risk to operators and proximate personnel. The manufacturers of arc grinding machinery have incorporated local exhaust ventilation systems designed to capture and remove this dust at the point of grinding contact and propel this dust into collection bags or other systems. This research was designed to evaluate the dust capture and retention characteristics of a specific arc grinder product, when used to custom grind asbestos-containing brake friction materials. A Bear Model 1420 automotive brake shoe arc grinder was the subject of this study. During two separate but consecutive test sessions, newly relined sets of shoe-style automobile brake friction materials were precision ground. Both area and personal air samples were collected throughout each testing session. This work took place within a closed and unventilated metal building, with total interior volume of 2500 m3. Collected air samples were analyzed using phase contrast microscopy (PCM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results of analysis using PCM for personal samples (n = 6) ranged from <0.044 to 0.055 fibers per cc (f/cc) (mean 0.05). Follow-up analysis of these personal samples using TEM indicated asbestos-adjusted PCM exposures ranging from <0.0074 to 0.055 f/cc (mean ≤ 0.041). Area air samples, taken at distances ranging from 1.5 to 9 meters from the arc grinder (n = 12), showed asbestos-adjusted PCM concentrations ranging from <0.0075 to 0.041 f/cc (mean ≤ 0.017). The process of custom arc grinding shoe-style, asbestos-containing brake friction materials can cause exposure to airborne asbestos fibers. However, when done using properly equipped arc grinding machines, such exposures are not expected to exceed the current occupational exposure limits for asbestos of 0.1 f/cc 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) or 1.0 f/cc 30-minute average.

轻量化高速列车制动盘材料-结构研究进展

400 km/h高速列车紧急制动的强热负荷,导致制动盘温升高、温度分布梯度大和热衰减强,已超出钢质制动盘能载极限,开发耐高温强耐磨的制动盘材料,同时提升制动盘通风散热能力成为制动技术发展瓶颈。综述高速制动盘材料从高强度铸钢和锻钢、轻量化铝基复合材料至耐高温耐磨碳陶复合材料和表面改性技术发展历程,随着碳陶复合材料的台架试验和表面改性技术的摩擦磨损试验研究的深化,表面改性轻质复合材料是制动盘材料未来发展方向。概述通风制动盘内部散热层散热筋结构形貌优化、摩擦层表面耐磨性能改善的发展现状,内部散热筋由直通道设计逐渐演化为弯曲、支柱以及分形通道,镂空结构能更好地加速空气流动提高散热;表面摩擦层引入打孔或划线,更易于摩擦粉尘的抛离从而稳定摩擦因数,保持制动效果;但复杂通风导流结构和打孔划线增加了制备工艺的难度,提出高速制动盘结构构型设计需要综合材料热力学性能、制备工艺及耐热耐磨需求,形成材料-结构-功能—体化设计理念,为实现更高速的制动盘优化设计提供参考。

铁铜基粉末冶金材料制动工况下的摩擦磨损性能

采用MM3000型摩擦磨损试验机,在7种连续制动工况下分别测试铁铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料的摩擦性能和耐热性能,利用扫描电镜和能谱仪分析研究两种转速(等效半径线速度)下摩擦材料的磨损机理。结果表明:在线速度为19.40 m·s^(-1)时,随着面压增加,摩擦材料的动摩擦系数略有降低。在0.44 MPa面压下,动摩擦系数为0.267~0.312;在0.80 MPa面压下,动摩擦系数为0.258~0.308。在线速度19.40 m·s^(-1)、面压0.44 MPa、单位面积制动能量268 J·cm^(-2)的连续制动工况条件下,动摩擦系数波动较大,在其他工况条件下,动摩擦系数波动较小。随着制动能量的增加,7种连续制动工况下平均动摩擦系数在0.300~0.334之间,动摩擦系数均在0.250以上,无明显衰退现象,表明铁铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料具有较好的耐热性能。在线速度为19.40 m·s^(-1)工况下,铁铜基摩擦材料的摩擦磨损机理主要为磨料磨损及氧化磨损;在线速度为30.00 m·s^(-1)工况下,铁铜基摩擦材料的摩擦磨损机理主要为疲劳磨损及氧化磨损。

航空刹车材料一家人的跨年夜

20世纪初,在汽车刹车材料的启发下,航空刹车材料应运而生。它凭借自己优异的稳定性、良好的耐磨性和能在复杂环境下工作等优势,成功地在材料界站稳脚跟。近几年,我国科技发展势头良好,特别是在民用和军用航空航天研发领域,我国的科学技术水平已经迈入世界前列,航空刹车材料也再一次迎来了属于自己的高光时刻。本文采用拟人化的手法,以家庭年夜饭为题来介绍航空刹车材料的发展历程、化学工艺等相关知识。

先进陶瓷-金属复合材料在汽车制动系统应用研究

本文基于先进陶瓷-金属复合材料在汽车制动系统的应用前景,开展了教学方法的探索与实践。以培养适应社会发展的高水平人才为目标,通过及时优化教学方法来满足社会对人才的新需求。研究了先进复合材料在未来汽车领域的应用前景,重点分析先进材料在汽车制动系统的需求。通过真空热压烧结技术制备了性能优异的陶瓷-金属复合材料,根据制动系统对材料性能的要求,重点研究了复合材料的弯曲强度性能和摩擦磨损性能。引导学生以实际应用为驱动力,把学习与工程实践相联系,更好地掌握材料制备和性能优化的基本原理和方法。

国内粉末冶金闸片的发展现状与展望

粉末冶金闸片广泛应用于高铁、动车组列车、地铁等城市轨道交通中,是保证车辆安全行驶的核心零件。从学术、专利、产业化三个方向对粉末冶金闸片的国内研究现状进行了分析。在学术方面,系统分析了摩擦材料、摩擦性能、检修工艺的研究进展;在专利方面,对闸片的加工制造和结构展开了具体分析;在产业化方面,总结并分析了国内主要粉末冶金闸片生产公司的发展。从以上三个方面概述了国内在粉末冶金闸片领域的进展情况及目前所存在的问题,并针对相关问题提出可行的解决方法。最后,针对目前的研究现状,从新型闸片研究、极端条件产品开发、促进专利开发及产业化发展等方面对粉末冶金闸片的发展前景进行了展望。

合成摩擦材料在轨道交通领域的应用与发展

合成摩擦材料以其重量轻、摩擦系数稳定、性能可调节性强等优点,成为轨道交通列车制动装置中的关键材料,主要产品应用于制动的合成闸片、合成闸瓦和用于踏面清扫及修形的研磨子。综合概述了合成摩擦材料在我国轨道交通领域的发展历程,详细介绍了3种产品的物理力学性能和摩擦性能特点,并就合成摩擦材料在铁路机车、城市轨道交通列车、动车组列车等轨道交通上的应用实例和发展情况做了分析。基于列车行驶和制动的复杂工况,对合成摩擦材料在使用过程中常见的金属镶嵌、裂纹、异常磨耗等问题进行成因剖析并提出解决策略。面对轨道交通“提速、重载、轻量化、安全”的发展趋势,提出合成摩擦材料在深化基础理论研究、更高速度等级应用及摩擦副匹配关系等方向的发展需求,为我国在合成摩擦材料的研究及应用提供参考和思路。

制动装置耐低温橡胶密封材料的研制及其与润滑脂适配性的研究

分析轨道车辆制动装置橡胶密封件在低温下的失效形式及原理,通过优化配方研制耐低温橡胶密封材料,研究耐低温橡胶密封材料与润滑脂的适配性,通过橡胶密封件的低温密封试验以及疲劳试验对耐低温橡胶密封材料进行验证。结果表明:Molykote 55润滑脂对耐低温橡胶密封材料的体积变化率、物理性能及耐低温性能影响较小,适合作为制动装置的润滑脂;所制橡胶密封件可满足-55℃低温气密性以及疲劳寿命要求。

浅析天然复合材料在汽车刹车片中的应用

刹车片是汽车的重要部件,其中摩擦学性能是主要关注点。传统上使用的是石棉刹车片,后来被铜基材料取代。随着刹车衬里材料的发展,合成摩擦复合材料被探索作为替代方案。研究表明,香蕉皮、棕榈仁和棕榈渣等天然纤维可有效替代传统刹车片材料。本文分析了天然纤维主要优势、石棉材料和天然纤维的生命周期评估、天然纤维对刹车片性能的影响、天然复合材料刹车片的制造及主要表征。

基于Abaqus的汽车制动摩擦副材料特性对界面接触影响分析

借助Abaqus有限元仿真软件进行了关于摩擦副材料特性对表面接触状态影响的分析。通过构建基于温度变化的灰铸铁制动盘与半金属摩擦片的接触模型,对摩擦界面的热力耦合进行了分析。结果表明:制动盘与摩擦片的高温分布呈现相似性,均为内侧温度整体高于外侧温度,制动盘的温度先上升后下降,摩擦片达到最高值后保持平台分布,制动盘的外侧均呈现最高的位移分布与应力分布。实验结果为未来汽车制动系统的材料设计提供理论依据。

碳纤维复合材料在高速列车车辆制动系统中的应用

深入剖析碳纤维复合材料在高速列车制动系统领域的实际应用,探讨其性能优化与成本效益分析,探讨碳纤维复合材料在高速列车车辆制动系统中的应用创新,全面阐述了其在高速列车车辆制动系统上的应用价值,并且探索了全生命周期管理的重要性,并强调了合作与协同的必要性,同时,揭示碳纤维材料在发展高速列车车辆制动系统技术方面所具有的巨大潜力和光明前景,以促进行业全面发展和进步。