Hydrodynamic resistance of pore–throat structures and its effect on shale oil apparent permeability

Oil transport is greatly affected by heterogeneous pore–throat structures present in shale.It is therefore very important to accurately characterize pore–throat structures.Additionally,it remains unclear how pore–throat structures affect oil transport capacity.In this paper,using finite element(FE)simulation and mathematical modeling,we calculated the hydrodynamic resistance for four pore–throat structure.In addition,the influence of pore throat structure on shale oil permeability is analyzed.According to the results,the hydrodynamic resistance of different pore throat structures can vary by 300%.The contribution of additional resistance caused by streamline bending is also in excess of 40%,even without slip length.Fur-thermore,Pore–throat structures can affect apparent permeability by more than 60%on the REV scale,and this influence increases with heterogeneity of pore size distribution,organic matter content,and organic matter number.Clearly,modeling shale oil flow requires consideration of porous–throat structure and additional resistance,otherwise oil recovery and flow capacity may be overestimated.

Permeability evaluation for artificial single rock fracture according to geometric aperture variation using electrical resistivity

A convenient approach was proposed by which to evaluate and monitor the permeability of a rock fracture by verifying the quantitative correlation between the electrical resistivity and permeability at laboratory scale.For this purpose,an electrical resistivity measurement system was applied to the laboratory experiments using artificial cells with the shape of a single rock fracture.Sixty experiments were conducted using rock fractures according to the geometry,aperture sizes,wavelengths,and roughness amplitudes.The overall negative relationship between the normalized electrical resistivity values and the aperture sizes directly linked with the permeability,was well fitted by the power-law function with a large determination coefficient(≈0.86).The effects of wavelength and roughness amplitude of the rock fracture on the electrical resistivity were also analyzed.Results showed that the electrical resistivity was slightly increased with decreasing wavelength and increasing roughness amplitude.An empirical model for evaluating the permeability of a rock fracture was proposed based on the experimental data.In the field,if the electrical resistivity of pore groundwater could be measured in advance,this empirical model could be applied effectively for simple,quick monitoring of the fracture permeability.Although uncertainty may be associated with the permeability estimation due to the limited control parameters considered in this research,this electrical resistivity approach could be helpful to monitor the rock permeability in deep underground facilities such as those used for radioactive waste repositories or forms of energy storage.

Pore structure differences of the extra-low permeability sandstone reservoirs and the causes of low resistivity oil layers: A case study of Block Yanwumao in the middle of Ordos Basin, NW China

The influence of pore structure difference on rock electrical characteristics of reservoir and oil reservoir was analyzed taking Triassic Chang 6 reservoir in Block Yanwumao in the middle of Ordos Basin as an example. The relationship between the pore structure difference and the low resistivity oil layer was revealed and demonstrated through core observation, lab experiments, geological research, well log interpretation and trial production etc. The results show that there were two kinds of oil layers in Chang 6 oil layer set, normal oil layer and low resistivity oil layer in the region, corresponding to two types of pore structures, pore type mono-medium and micro-fracture-pore type double-medium; the development of micro-fracture changed greatly the micro-pore structure of the reservoir, and the pore structure difference had an important influence on the rock electrical characteristics of the extra-low permeability sandstone reservoir and oil reservoir; the normal oil layers had obvious characteristics of pore-type mono-medium, and were concentrated in Chang 61, Chang 6232 and Chang 62; the low resistivity oil layers had obvious characteristics of micro-fracture-pore type double-medium, which were mainly distributed in Chang 612 and Chang 63. The mud filtrate penetrated deep into the oil layers along the micro-cracks, leading to sharp reduction of resistivity, and thus low resistivity of the oil layer; the low resistivity oil layers had better storage capacity and higher productivity than the normal oil layers.

Resistivity response to the porosity and permeability of low rank coal

Laojunmiao coal samples from the eastern Junggar basin were studied to understand the relationship between coal resistivity and the physical parameters of coal reservoirs under high temperatures and pressures.Specifically,we analysed the relationship of coal resistivity to porosity and permeability via heating and pressurization experiments.The results indicated that coal resistivity decreases exponentially with increasing pressure.Increasing the temperature decreases the resistivity.The sensitivity of coal resistivity to the confining pressure is worse when the temperature is higher.The resistivity of dry coal samples was linearly related to φ~m.Increasing the temperature decreased the cementation exponent(m).Increasing the confining pressure exponentially decreases the porosity.Decreasing the pressure increases the resistivity and porosity for a constant temperature.Increasing the temperature yields a quadratic relationship between the resistivity and permeability for a constant confining pressure.Based on the Archie formula,we obtained the coupling relationship between coal resistivity and permeability for Laojunmiao coal samples at different temperatures and confining pressures.

THE HYDRATES AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF PERMEABLITY RESISTING PORTLAND CEMENT

The hydrating products and microstructure of permeability resisting portland cement have been studied by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron microscopy (EM). The hydrates such as calcium silicates hydrate and calcium sulphaluminate hydrate, ettringite crystal of needles can be observed under the EM, most of which were filled into pores of hardened cement paste.

Effect of Working Temperature on the Resistance Characteristic of a Pleated Stainless Steel Woven Filter

Effect of working temperature on the resistance characteristic including the permeability coefficient and the pressure drop evolution of a pleated stainless steel woven filter with a nominal pore size of 0.5 μm has been studied. The permeability coefficient was obtained based on the pressure drop data and the Darcy＇s law. In three filtration experiments, pure carbon dioxide at 283 K, nitrogen at 85 K and liquid helium at 18 K are adopted, respectively. It is found that the permeability coefficient decreases at the working temperature due to the cold shrink of the filter element at cryogenic temperature. Then, two kinds of feed slurries, mixture of liquid nitrogen and solid carbon dioxide at 85 K, and mixture of liquid helium and solid nitrogen at 18 K, flow into the filter cell. The solid particles are deposited on the filter surface to form a filter cake and the purified liquid flows through the filter. It is found that the pressure drop evolution shows the same trend on these two temperatures, which can be divided into three stages with high filtration efficiency, indicating the feasibility of the filter for cryogenic application. However, variant cake resistances are obtained, which is resulted from the different interactions between solid particles in the feed slurry at lower working temperature.

Permeability Estimation of Shale Oil Reservoir with Laboratory-derived Data: A Case Study of the Chang 7 Member in Ordos Basin

The shale oil reservoir within the Yanchang Formations of Ordos Basin harbors substantial oil and gas resources and has recently emerged as the primary focus of unconventional oil and gas exploration and development.Due to its complex pore and throat structure,pronounced heterogeneity,and tight reservoir characteristics,the techniques for conventional oil and gas exploration and production face challenges in comprehensive implementation,also indicating that as a vital parameter for evaluating the physical properties of a reservoir,permeability cannot be effectively estimated.This study selects 21 tight sandstone samples from the Q area within the shale oil formations of Ordos Basin.We systematically conduct the experiments to measure porosity,permeability,ultrasonic wave velocities,and resistivity at varying confining pressures.Results reveal that these measurements exhibit nonlinear changes in response to effective pressure.By using these experimental data and effective medium model,empirical relationships between P-and S-wave velocities,permeability and resistivity and effective pressure are established at logging and seismic scales.Furthermore,relationships between P-wave impedance and permeability,and resistivity and permeability are determined.A comparison between the predicted permeability and logging data demonstrates that the impedance–permeability relationship yields better results in contrast to those of resistivity–permeability relationship.These relationships are further applied to the seismic interpretation of shale oil reservoir in the target layer,enabling the permeability profile predictions based on inverse P-wave impedance.The predicted results are evaluated with actual production data,revealing a better agreement between predicted results and logging data and productivity.

Effect of Modification Treatment on Chloride Ions Permeability and Microstructure of Recycled Brick-mixed Aggregate Concrete

The modification methods of pozzolan slurry combined with sodium silicate and silicon-based additive were respectively adopted to treat recycled coarse brick-mixed aggregate(RCBA)in this study.The compressive strength and chloride permeability resistance of recycled aggregate concrete(RAC)before and after modification treatment were tested,and the microstructure of RAC was analyzed by mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The results show that the physical properties of RCBA strengthened by modification treatment are improved,and the compressive strength and chloride permeability resistance of treated RAC are also significantly improved.The modification treatment optimizes the pore size distribution of RAC,which increases the number of gel pores and transition pores,and decreases the number of capillary pores and macro pores.The surface fractal dimension shows a significant correlation with chloride diffusion coefficient,indicating that the variation of chloride permeability of treated RAC is consistent with the microstructure evolution.

A novel profile modification HPF-Co gel satisfied with fractured low permeability reservoirs in high temperature and high salinity

Conformance control and water plugging are a widely used EOR method in mature oilfields.However,majority of conformance control and water plugging agents are unavoidable dehydrated situation in high-temperature and high-salinity low permeability reservoirs.Consequently,a novel conformance control system HPF-Co gel,based on high-temperature stabilizer(CoCl_(2)·H_(2)O,CCH)is developed.The HPF-Co bulk gel has better performances with high temperature(120℃)and high salinity(1×10^(5)mg/L).According to Sydansk coding system,the gel strength of HPF-Co with CCH is increased to code G.The dehydration rate of HPF-Co gel is 32.0%after aging for 150 d at 120℃,showing excellent thermal stability.The rheological properties of HPF gel and HPF-Co gel are also studied.The results show that the storage modulus(G′)of HPF-Co gel is always greater than that of HPF gel.The effect of CCH on the microstructure of the gel is studied.The results show that the HPF-Co gel with CCH has a denser gel network,and the diameter of the three-dimensional network skeleton is 1.5-3.5μm.After 90 d of aging,HPF-Co gel still has a good three-dimensional structure.Infrared spectroscopy results show that CCH forms coordination bonds with N and O atoms in the gel amide group,which can suppress the vibration of cross-linked sites and improve the stability at high temperature.Fractured core plugging test determines the optimized polymer gel injection strategy and injection velocity with HPF-Co bulk gel system,plugging rate exceeding 98%.Moreover,the results of subsequent waterflooding recovery can be improved by 17%.

Increased paracellular permeability of tumor-adjacent areas in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats

Objective: The morphology and functions of the proximal and distal large intestine are not the same. The incidence of colorectal cancer in these regions is also different, as tumors more often appear in the descending colon than in the ascending colon.Inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer can increase transepithelial permeability, which is a sign of reduced intestinal barrier function. However, there is not enough evidence to establish a connection between the difference in colorectal cancer incidence in the proximal and distal colon and intestinal permeability or the effects of carcinogenesis on the barrier properties in various areas of the colon. The aim of the study was to assess the permeability of different segments of the large intestine according to a developed mapping methodology in healthy rats and rats with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine(DMH)-induced colon adenocarcinoma.Methods: The short circuit current, the transepithelial electrical resistance and the paracellular permeability to fluorescein of large intestine wall of male Wistar rats were examined in the Ussing chambers. The optical density of the solution from the serosa side to assess the concentration of the diffused fluorescein from mucosa to serosa was analyzed by spectrophotometry. The morphometric and histological studies were performed by optical microscopy.Results: Rats with DMH-induced colon adenocarcinomas showed elevated transepithelial electrical resistance in the areas of neoplasm development. In contrast, there was no change in the electrophysiological properties of tumor adjacent areas, however,the paracellular permeability of these areas to fluorescein was increased compared to the control rats and was characterized by sharply reduced barrier function.Conclusions: The barrier properties of the colon vary depending on tumor location. The tumors were less permeable than the intact intestinal wall and probably have a negative influence on tumor-adjacent tissues by disrupting their barrier function.

Feasibility Study on Chemical Flooding in Super High Porosity and Permeability Heavy Oil Reservoir

In this paper, the feasibility study of chemical flooding is carried out for ultra-high porosity and high permeability heavy oil field with permeability higher than 10 μm2 and porosity greater than 35%. The viscosity-concentration relationship of four kinds of oil flooding systems such as hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, structural polymer A, structural polymer B and gel was studied. The results showed that the viscosity of ordinary polymer and structural polymer B was lower compared with other two types of oil displacement agents, and the viscosity of structural polymer A was higher. The higher the concentration, the higher the viscosity retention rate. The gel system has the highest viscosity and best anti-shear ability. The resistance coefficient and residual resistance coefficient of structural polymer A and gel system were further studied. The results show that permeability, velocity and polymer concentration all affect the resistance coefficient and residual resistance coefficient. From the point of view of resistance establishment ability, it is considered that structural polymer A is not suitable for permeability formation above 10 μm2. Gel system has stronger ability to establish resistance coefficient than structural polymer A flooding system, and it is more feasible for formation system with permeability above 10 μm2.

Ultrahigh frequency properties of discontinuous CoFeB/SiO_2 multilayer films with high resistivity

A series of multilayers of Co36Fe46B18/SiO2 were fabricated by DC/RF magnetron sputtering,and further post-annealed in vacuum magnetic field at 200℃ for 2 h. The results show that the microstructures and electromagnetic properties of Co36Fe46B18/SiO2 multilayer films can be altered by varying the thickness of CoFeB and the process of annealing. High permeability along with high magnetic loss in the GHz frequency range is achieved in the optimized discontinuous multilayer films. Both real and imaginary parts of the complex permeability are larger than 260 at 1.6 GHz for this film,and the resistivity is as high as 1.4 mΩ·cm. The discontinuous Co36Fe46B18/SiO2 multilayers are supposed to serve as the microwave absorbers and EMI shielding materials in GHz range.

Study on the Relation between Individual Layer and Multi-layered Nonwoven Geotextile Permeability

Water permeability is an important property of nonwoven geotextiles used in drainage field, and usually it is obtained by testing individual layer or multi-layered nonwoven geotextiles. However, the permeability coefficient tested by using different layers would be different for the same nonwoven geotextile. In this paper, the relation between them is studied based on Darcy's law. The study shows that vertical permeability coefficients are theoretically invariable no matter how many layers are tested; but experimental results show that vertical permeability coefficients decrease with the increase of nonwoven geotextile layers number.

基于正交试验的再生透水混凝土路用性能研究

通过正交试验研究了粉煤灰、矿渣微粉、硅灰等矿物掺合料以及再生骨料替代率对再生透水混凝土抗压强度、有效孔隙率、透水系数、耐磨性的影响。结果表明:再生骨料替代率对再生透水混凝土28 d抗压强度和透水系数影响最显著,随再生骨料替代率的增加,28 d抗压强度逐渐降低,透水系数显著增大;粉煤灰掺量对磨坑长度的影响最显著,随粉煤灰掺量的增加,再生骨料透水混凝土的耐磨性显著提高。基于功效系数法,综合性能最优配比为:粉煤灰、矿渣微粉、硅灰掺量分别为15%、5%、8%,再生骨料替代率为30%,制得的再生透水混凝土28 d抗压强度为25.9 MPa,透水系数为2.04 mm/s,磨坑长度为31.7 mm。

聚丙烯酸钠改性红黏土工程特性试验研究

为研究聚丙烯酸钠改性红黏土的工程特性,利用聚丙烯酸钠对柳州重塑红黏土进行固化处理,开展变水头渗透试验和三轴剪切试验,分析改性红黏土的渗透特性和力学性能,确定聚丙烯酸钠的最适掺量,并通过对最适改性土开展崩解试验和扫描电镜试验,确定改性红黏土的抗崩解性能,揭示聚丙烯酸钠改性红黏土的微观作用机理。结果表明:随聚丙烯酸钠掺量的增加,改性土的渗透系数呈现逐步下降的趋势,并在达到3%后逐渐趋于稳定,此时渗透系数为8.1379×10^(-7)cm/s,相对素红黏土降低了90.78%;而改性红黏土的抗剪强度呈现先增大后减小的趋势,并在2%时达到峰值,相对素红黏土提高了394.21%。综上确定聚丙烯酸钠的最适掺量为3%,此掺量下改性土的抗崩解性能提高了42.86%,土颗粒间的孔隙被聚合物链所填充,碎散的颗粒状红黏土变为连续状,排列结构与致密程度均优于素红黏土。经聚丙烯酸钠改性后,红黏土的防渗性能、力学性能与抗崩解性均存在明显提高,可以为实际工程提供理论指导。

钢-PVA混杂纤维高性能混凝土抗渗性能试验研究

为探究钢纤维掺量、聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维掺量和矿粉掺量对钢-PVA混杂纤维高性能混凝土(HFHPC)抗渗性能的影响,本文开展了钢-PVA HFHPC抗渗性能试验,并对试验结果进行了极差分析、方差分析和回归分析。结果表明:对HFHPC抗渗性能的影响程度从高到低依次为钢纤维、矿粉和PVA纤维。在试验水平范围内,得出混凝土试件抗渗性能最佳水平组合:钢纤维体积掺量1.0%、PVA纤维体积掺量0.7%、矿粉质量取代率20%。当钢纤维掺量超1.0%时,HFHPC抗渗性能略有下降,但仍高于基准素混凝土。最后采用多元回归分析,建立了HFHPC渗透系数与钢纤维、PVA纤维和矿粉的预测模型。

炉腹煤气量指数和透气阻力系数在马钢2号高炉的应用

对炉腹煤气量指数X_(BG)和透气阻力系数K在马钢2号高炉的应用进行了总结。通过对2号高炉1年多的生产数据跟踪分析,结果表明:X_(BG)控制在63~64m/min,对应炉腹煤气量V_(BG)控制在6300~6400m^(3)/min时,高炉稳定顺行,燃料比较为稳定;针对2号高炉炉腹渣皮厚、炉腹温度整体偏低现象,风压控制在靠上限水平,K值实际控制在4.25~4.75为宜,高炉运行状态良好。认为炉腹煤气量指数和透气阻力系数都是综合操作参数,在高炉日常操作中,可以用此来判断炉况,衡量强化程度,使炉况保持稳定顺行,技术经济指标改善。

PAM-10/OGFC-10沥青混合料渗水性能对比研究

【目的】探讨多孔沥青混合料PAM-10与开级配排水沥青混合料OGFC-10渗水性能的差异,为排水路面沥青混合料类型的选取提供一定的参考。【方法】对空隙率为12.5%、14.0%、15.5%、17.0%的PAM-10及空隙率为22.0%的OGFC-10沥青混合料试件开展连通空隙率试验、计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)空隙内部特征试验、竖向渗透系数试验、抗冲刷性及抗堵塞性试验,对比分析两种排水沥青混合料的渗水性能。【结果】PAM-10的内部空隙结构比OGFC-10的更容易形成连通空隙;空隙率为17.0%的PAM-10竖向渗透系数与空隙率为22.0%的OGFC-10的相当;动水冲刷对OGFC-10的影响大于对PAM-10的影响;OGFC-10的抗堵塞性能比PAM-10的差。【结论】PAM-10的竖向渗透性、抗冲刷性能及抗堵塞性能均比OGFC-10的更优。

高温中低渗油藏智能纳米黑卡驱提高采收率技术

当前化学驱储量接替严重不足,亟需攻关突破高温中低渗油藏提高采收率技术。智能纳米黑卡驱油技术是当下极具前瞻性的纳米驱油技术,可大幅度提高采收率。针对河南油田高温中低渗油藏,开展高温条件下纳米黑卡静态性能评价,并通过高温岩心驱替实验评价不同渗透率条件下智能纳米黑卡驱油效果。结果表明,智能纳米黑卡具有优异的耐高温性能,分散稳定性好,能够降低油水界面张力至10^(-1)mN/m,并具有改变润湿性和快速乳化与破乳性能。同时,纳米黑卡具有高效的洗油能力,在95℃下注入0.3 PV的质量分数为0.005%的智能纳米黑卡溶液,在目标油田不同渗透率(50×10^(-3)~450×10^(-3)μm^(2))条件下可提高采收率15.8百分点~20.0百分点。因此,智能纳米黑卡驱油技术适用于河南油田高温中低渗油藏提高采收率。