High-intensity swimming alleviates nociception and neuroinflammation in a mouse model of chronic postischemia pain by activating the resolvin E1-chemerin receptor 23 axis in the spinal cord

Physical exe rcise effectively alleviates chronic pain associated with complex regional pain syndrome type-Ⅰ.However,the mechanism of exe rcise-induced analgesia has not been clarified.Recent studies have shown that the specialized pro-resolving lipid mediator resolvin E1 promotes relief of pathologic pain by binding to chemerin receptor 23 in the nervous system.However,whether the resolvin E1-chemerin receptor 23 axis is involved in exercise-induced analgesia in complex regional pain syndrome type-Ⅰ has not been demonstrated.In the present study,a mouse model of chronic post-ischemia pain was established to mimic complex regional pain syndrome type-Ⅰ and subjected to an intervention involving swimming at different intensities.Chronic pain was reduced only in mice that engaged in high-intensity swimming.The resolvin E1-chemerin receptor 23 axis was clearly downregulated in the spinal cord of mice with chronic pain,while high-intensity swimming restored expression of resolvin E1 and chemerin receptor 23.Finally,shRNA-mediated silencing of chemerin receptor 23in the spinal cord reve rsed the analgesic effect of high-intensity swimming exercise on chronic post-ischemic pain and the anti-inflammato ry pola rization of microglia in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.These findings suggest that high-intensity swimming can decrease chronic pain via the endogenous resolvin E1-chemerin receptor 23 axis in the spinal cord.

Resolvin D1 Induces mTOR-independent and ATG5-dependent Autophagy in BV-2 Microglial Cells

Objective The activation state of microglia is known to occupy a central position in the pathophysiological process of cerebral inflammation.Autophagy is a catabolic process responsible for maintaining cellular homeostasis.In recent years,autophagy has been demonstrated to play an important role in neuroinflammation.Resolvin D1(RvD1)is a promising therapeutic mediator that has been shown to exert substantial anti-inflammatory and proresolving activities.However,whether RvD1-mediated resolution of inflammation in microglia is related to autophagy regulation needs further investigation.The present study aimed to explore the effect of RvD1 on microglial autophagy and its corresponding pathways.Methods Mouse microglial cells(BV-2)were cultured,treated with RvD1,and examined by Western blotting,confocal immunofluorescence microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,and flow cytometry.Results RvD1 promoted autophagy in both BV-2 cells and mouse primary microglia by favoring the maturation of autophagosomes and their fusion with lysosomes.Importantly,RvD1 had no significant effect on the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)signaling.Furthermore,RvD1-induced mTOR-independent autophagy was confirmed by observing reduced cytoplasmic calcium levels and suppressed calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II(CaMK II)activation.Moreover,by downregulating ATG5,the increased phagocytic activity induced by RvD1 was demonstrated to be tightly controlled by ATG5-dependent autophagy.Conclusion The present work identified a previously unreported mechanism responsible for the role of RvD1 in microglial autophagy,highlighting its therapeutic potential against neuroinflammation.

Future applications of exosomes delivering resolvins and cytokines in facilitating diabetic foot ulcer healing

Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)increases the risk of many lethal and debilitating conditions.Among them,foot ulceration due to neuropathy,vascular disease,or trauma affects the quality of life of millions in the United States and around the world.Physiological wound healing is stalled in the inflammatory phase by the chronicity of inflammation without proceeding to the resolution phase.Despite advanced treatment,diabetic foot ulcers(DFUs)are associated with a risk of amputation.Thus,there is a need for novel therapies to address chronic inflammation,decreased angiogenesis,and impaired granulation tissue formation contributing to the non-healing of DFUs.Studies have shown promising results with resolvins(Rv)and anti-inflammatory therapies that resolve inflammation and enhance tissue healing.But many of these studies have encountered difficulty in the delivery of Rv in terms of efficiency,tissue targetability,and immunogenicity.This review summarized the perspective of optimizing the therapeutic application of Rv and cytokines by pairing them with exosomes as a novel strategy for targeted tissue delivery to treat non-healing chronic DFUs.The articles discussing the T2DM disease state,current research on Rv for treating inflammation,the role of Rv in enhancing wound healing,and exosomes as a delivery vehicle were critically reviewed to find support for the proposition of using Rv and exosomes in combination for DFUs therapy.The literature reviewed suggests the beneficial role of Rv and exosomes and exosomes loaded with antiinflammatory agents as promising therapeutic agents in ulcer healing.

Resolvins抗炎镇痛研究进展

Resolvins是来源于ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFA)、经相应酶催化合成的一种脂类介质,由于其独特的抗炎镇痛作用而被大家所关注。本文就近年来关于Resolvins的合成、代谢、生物学功能及其与炎症和疼痛疾患的关系等进行综述。

Resolvin D_2对刀豆素A诱导的小鼠肝损伤的保护作用及机制的研究

目的探讨Resolvin D2对刀豆素A(ConA)诱导的肝损伤的保护作用及作用机制。方法实验小鼠随机分为三组,每组8只。正常小鼠对照组,ConA诱导的肝损伤模型组,ConA诱导肝损伤小鼠+Resolvin D2治疗组。测定血中的AST、ALT含量;病理切片观察各组肝组织病理变化;ELISA法测定各组小鼠血中细胞因子TNF-α、IFN-γ的水平;RT-PCR测定各组肝组织细胞因子TNF-α、IFN-γ的含量。结果 ConA模型组的转氨酶(AST、ALT)及细胞因子(TNF-α、IFN-γ)水平显著高于其他两组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);而正常组与治疗组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);病理切片显示,进行过Resolvin D2预处理的小鼠肝脏组织坏死程度较ConA模型组明显减轻。结论 Resolvin D2能够明显减轻肝脏损伤,这种保护作用是通过抑制细胞因子TNF-α、IFN-γ的释放取得的。

脂氧素A4、保护素D1、ResolvinD1抑制多种激动剂引起的NFκB的活化

目的探讨脂质小分子脂氧素A4(LXA4)、保护素D1(ProD1)、ResolvinD1(RvD1)对核因子κB(NFκB)活性的影响及作用机制。方法稳定表达NFκB荧光素酶报告基因的中国仓鼠卵巢细胞分别由100 nmol/L LXA4、ProD1、RvD1预处理30 min后,细胞被激动剂LPS、HSP70、HMGB1或S100A4刺激。通过检测荧光素酶活性以评价脂质小分子对激动剂激活NFκB活性的作用。细胞培养上清中TNFα的含量由ELISA检测,胞核中NFκB的含量由Western印迹检测。结果 LPS、HSP70、HMGB1和S100A4显著上调NFκB的活性,增加细胞分泌的TNFα的量。LXA4、ProD1、RvD1显著抑制NFκB激活,降低细胞分泌的TNFα含量,减少NFκB的入核。结论 LXA4、ProD1、RvD1显著抑制多种激动剂活化NFκB,其作用机制可能与其能降低NFκB的入核有关,这几个脂质小分子在研制新型抗炎药物方面具有进一步开发和研究的潜力。

ResolvinE1对高危角膜移植免疫排斥反应的抑制作用

背景 以往防治角膜移植术后排斥反应的药物存在诱发局部或全身不良反应的风险，研究表明resolvinE1（RvE1）能够调节辅助性T细胞1（Th1）型免疫反应，但其对高危角膜移植术后的植片排斥反应有无抑制作用尚不清楚。目的观察高危角膜移植动物模型局部应用RvE1对植片免疫排斥反应的抑制作用。方法 以BALB/c小鼠为受体、C57BL/6小鼠为供体行角膜移植术。采用随机数字表法将90只BALB/c小鼠随机分成异体角膜移植组、异体角膜移植＋RvE1组和自体角膜移植组，每组各30只。BALB/c小鼠右眼先用缝线法刺激2周以建立高危角膜移植眼模型，然后行穿透角膜移植术。异体角膜移植组和异体角膜移植＋RvE1组小鼠右眼行异体角膜移植，自体角膜移植组小鼠将右眼角膜植片旋转180°后缝合于植床上。异体角膜移植组及自体角膜移植组小鼠术后每日用生理盐水10 μl结膜下注射1次，异体角膜移植＋RvE1组小鼠术后同法注射终质量浓度为0.1 μg/μl的RvE1 10 μl，连续7 d。术后裂隙灯显微镜下观察小鼠角膜植片反应并对其排斥反应进行评分。术后21 d处死各组小鼠各20只，收集小鼠术眼角膜、眼球和术眼侧颈部淋巴结，采用苏木精－伊红染色法观察各组小鼠角膜植片的组织病理学变化；采用免疫组织化学法检测术眼角膜中CD4及γ干扰素（IFN-γ）的表达；采用流式细胞术检测术眼侧颈部淋巴结淋巴细胞中Th1细胞（CD3＋CD8a－IFN-γ＋）比例；采用荧光定量PCR法检测Th1细胞相关因子白细胞介素-2（IL-2）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、IFN-γ及T-bet mRNA的相对表达水平。结果 异体角膜移植＋RvE1组小鼠角膜植片存活时间为（28.5±1.7）d，明显长于异体角膜移植组的（14.0±1.6）d，差异有统计学意义（t＝4.14，P〈0.001），自体角膜移植组小鼠植片在术后50 d存活率为100%。苏木精－伊红染色显示，异体角膜移植＋RvE1组和自体角膜移植组小鼠角膜植片水肿及炎性细胞浸润程度均轻于异体角膜移植组。免疫组织化学法检测显示，各组角膜全层均有CD4表达，而IFN-γ主要表达于角膜上皮层，异体角膜移植组小鼠角膜组织中CD4和IFN-γ阳性细胞数均明显多于异体角膜移植＋RvE1组和自体角膜移植组。流式细胞术检测显示，异体角膜移植＋RvE1组和自体角膜移植组小鼠淋巴细胞中Th1细胞比例分别为（1.07±0.25）%和（0.85±0.12）%，明显低于异体角膜移植组的（1.56±0.20）%，差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0.05）。荧光定量PCR检测显示，异体角膜移植组小鼠角膜中IL-2、TNF-α、IFN-γ及T-bet mRNA的相对表达量明显高于异体角膜移植＋RvE1组和自体角膜移植组，差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0.05）。结论 RvE1可抑制小鼠高危角膜移植排斥反应，作用机制可能与其下调角膜植片和淋巴细胞中Th1细胞及相关细胞因子的表达有关。

Resolvins and omega three polyunsaturated fatty acids: Clinical implications in inflammatory diseases and cancer

Inflammation is a central process in several disorders and contributes to cancer progression. Inflammation involves a complex cascade of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory signaling events with protein and lipid mediators. Recent advances in lipid detection have revealed the importance of lipid mediators in inflammation. Omega three polyunsaturated fatty acids(ω-3 PUFA) are found naturally in fish oil and have been extensively studied in multiple inflammatory diseases with improved outcomes. Resolvins are thought to be the active metabolites of ω-3 PUFA, and are responsible for facilitating the resolving phase of acute inflammation. Clinically, resolvins have been associated with resolution of acute kidney injury and acute lung injury, micro and macro vascular response to injury, and inhibition of microglia-activated inflammation in neurodegenerative disorders. In addition to inflammatory diseases, ω-3 PUFA and resolvins appear to modulate cancer progression. ω-3 PUFA intake has been associated with reduced inflammation in colorectal cancer, and favorable phenotype in breast cancer. Resolvins offer promising therapeutic potential as they may modulate inflammation with minimal side-effects, in contrast to currently available anti-inflammatory medications. This review describes the roles of ω-3 PUFA and resolvins in the inflammatory cascade, various inflammatory diseases, and specific cancers. Additionally, it will discuss the clinical therapeutic potential of resolvins astargets in inflammatory diseases and cancers.

<i>In Vitro</i>and <i>in Vivo</i>Anti-Inflammatory Effect of a Biotechnologically Modified Borage Seed Extract: Evidence for Lipid Pro-Resolving Mediators’ Implication in the Enhancement of Psoriatic and Atopic Dermatitis Lesions

Aim: Resolvins, maresins and lipoxins are lipid mediators issued from essential polyunsaturated fatty acids which are the first anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving signals identified during the resolution phase of inflammation. As borage oil and/or borage seed extracts have shown beneficial action in treatment of atopic dermatitis or eczema in human and canine, we have modified a borage oil component by using biotechnology in order to get a compound structurally related to a polyunsaturated fatty acid, and we have studied its ability to reduce inflammation mediators production through the generation of resolvins, maresins and/or lipoxins. Additionally, we have demonstrated the potent anti-inflammatory effect of this new compound which consists in borage seed oil aminopropanediol amides, through an in vivo study concerning subjects suffering from psoriasis or atopic dermatitis. Study Design/Methods: For the in vitro study, inflammation was induced in co-cultures of human dendritic cells and normal keratinocytes by the addition of PMA and the calcium ionophore A23187. Ability of our borage seed oil aminopropanediol amides to increase resolvin D2, maresin 1 and lipoxins A4 and B4 synthesis was then measured. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8) and PGE2 productions were also quantified. For the in vivo study, 36 subjects suffering from psoriasis or atopic dermatitis have used twice a day during 30 days, a formulation containing borage seed oil aminopropanediol amides. Before the beginning of the study and after 30 days’ treatment, the severity of psoriasis and of atopic dermatitis was evaluated by using the PGA and the SCORAD scoring scales, respectively. Results: Borage seed oil aminopropanediol amides were able to significantly increase the resolvin D2, maresin 1 and lipoxins A4 and B4 synthesis. Concomitantly, they were also able to significantly inhibit the production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and PGE2 induced by the PMA and the calcium ionophore A23187 in the in vitro co-culture model used. Introduced in formulation, borage seed oil aminopropanediol amides significantly reduced the clinical manifestations of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Conclusion: Our in vitro and in vivo study clearly showed the anti-inflammatory activity of borage seed oil aminopropanediol amides and emphasized the putative role of pro-resolving lipid mediators in the treatment of atopic dermatitis, psoriasis or other inflammation-induced skin diseases.

消退素D1(resolvin D1)抑制小鼠激活型小胶质细胞对PC12细胞的损伤及机制

目的探讨消退素D1(Rv D1)在小鼠活化BV-2小胶质细胞介导PC12神经元损伤中所起的作用及相关机制。方法BV-2细胞分为对照组、脂多糖(LPS)处理组、Rv D1联合LPS处理组和Rv D1组。各组BV-2细胞处理12 h、24 h,ELISA检测上清液中白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的水平;收集以上各组细胞培养24 h的上清液培养PC12细胞24 h后,MTT法检测PC12细胞存活率,Western blot法检测各组BV-2细胞核因子κB p65(NF-κB p65)蛋白的水平。结果与对照组比较,LPS处理的PC12细胞存活率降低,BV-2细胞上清液中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的水平均升高,NF-κB p65核转位增加;而与LPS处理组相比,Rv D1联合LPS处理组PC12细胞存活率升高,BV-2细胞上清液中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的含量均降低,NF-κB p65核转位减少。结论 Rv D1可通过抑制NF-κB p65核转位,抑制LPS激活的BV-2细胞对PC12神经元的损伤。

Resolvin D2通过抑制NF-κB通路减轻病毒性心肌炎小鼠炎症反应的研究

目的探讨消退素D2(RvD2)在病毒性心肌炎小鼠体内发挥的抗炎作用及其可能的调控机制。方法取40只雄性BALB/c小鼠进行编号,通过腹腔注射柯萨奇B3病毒(CVB3)感染正常雄性BALB/c小鼠,建立病毒性心肌炎动物模型。按照随机数表法分4组:正常对照组、RvD2对照组、心肌炎组、RvD2治疗组,每组10只。于连续腹腔注射RvD2治疗7d后处死各组小鼠,留取小鼠的心脏及血清标本,采用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)法检测各组小鼠血清中白介素(IL)-1β、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)水平;采用HE染色检测各组小鼠心脏组织炎症细胞浸润情况;采用Western blot法检测各组小鼠心脏组织中炎症因子IL-1β、TNF-α蛋白表达水平以及TLR4/NF-κB炎症通路的改变。结果与正常对照组相比,心肌炎组小鼠血清炎症因子IL-1β、TNF-α水平明显增加,心脏组织大量炎症细胞浸润,心肌组织内IL-1β、TNF-α和TLR4蛋白表达水平上调(均P<0.05);与心肌炎组相比,RvD2可显著降低血清炎症因子IL-1β、TNF-α表达水平,同时降低心脏组织炎症细胞浸润程度,减少心肌组织内IL-1β、TNF-α蛋白表达水平,同时可明显抑制TLR4/NF-κB炎症通路的激活(均P<0.05)。结论在病毒性心肌炎的急性期给予RvD2治疗能够显著改善病毒性心肌炎小鼠的炎症反应,且RvD2可能通过调控TLR4/NF-κB炎症通路发挥抗炎作用,从而保护心脏。

血清炎性细胞因子和Resolvin D1浓度与结肠癌病理分期的关系

目的 探讨结肠癌患者体内炎性细胞因子水平和Resolvin D1(RvD1)浓度及其与肿瘤病理分期的关系.方法 收集复旦大学附属中山医院普通外科2016年1—12月期间的50例结肠癌住院患者的临床资料和入院时的全血标本5 ml(结肠癌组);同时,入组同期健康志愿者50例(健康志愿组).结肠癌组的入组标准:结肠癌术前肠镜和病理诊断明确,无近期肠内肠外营养支持治疗及应用口服营养制剂,年龄不超过85岁,术前评估无手术禁忌证,无服用鱼油相关制剂的病史,并排除术前行放疗化疗者.健康志愿者组入组标准:无恶性肿瘤病史、本院体检中心检查无脏器器质性病变、检测指标在正常参考值范围以及未服用鱼油相关制剂、且年龄不超过85周岁者.采用化学发光免疫分析仪检测血清炎性因子(IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10及TNF-α)浓度,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清RvD1浓度.比较两组的炎性因子和RvD1浓度水平并分析其与本组结肠癌患者TNM分期的关系.结果 两组受试者在年龄、性别以及营养学相关指标上,差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05).健康志愿者组中男性31例,女性19例,年龄(61.8±11.6)岁;结肠癌组中男性23例,女性27例,年龄(65.4±12.4)岁,参照第7版美国癌症联合会TNM分期标准:Ⅰ期10例,Ⅱ期13例,Ⅲ期17例,Ⅳ期10例.与健康志愿者组比较,结肠癌组受试者血清中的IL-1β[(3.89±0.24)×10^3μg/L比(1.55± 0.37)×10^3μg/L,t=37.52,P<0.01]、IL-6[(129.14±3.07)×10^3μg/L比(51.46±3.14)×10^3μg/L,t=125.08, P<0.01]、IL-10[(100.59±8.69)×10^3μg/L 比(27.57±4.77)×10^3μg/L,t=52.09,P<0.01]及 TNF-α [(114.31±4.43)×10^3μg/L比(41.04±5.27)×10^3μg/L,t=75.25,P<0.01]浓度均较高,而RvD1浓度相对较低[(34.19±1.93)×10^3μg/L比(77.76±1.02)×10^3μg/L,t=140.56,P<0.01],差异均有统计学意义.将结肠癌组患者根据TNM分期进行亚组分析,IL-6、IL-1β、IL-10及TNF-α浓度随TNM分期的进展有逐渐升高趋势(P<0.01),至Ⅲ期时IL-6、IL-1β、IL-10浓度最高,至Ⅳ期时TNF-α浓度最高;而RvD1浓度随TNM分期的进展有逐渐降低趋势(P<0.01).结论 与健康志愿者相比,结肠癌患者血液内炎性细胞因子水平明显升高,RvD1水平明显降低,两者均与肿瘤分期进展有关.

IL-23和RvE1在桥本甲状腺炎炎症调控中的潜在作用

桥本甲状腺炎是一种常见的自身免疫性疾病,其特征是甲状腺特异性自身抗体的存在,目前其发病机制尚未完全明确,但与遗传、环境及表观遗传因素的相互作用有关。疾病的发展主要涉及细胞免疫和体液免疫,经常出现T细胞和B细胞的炎症浸润。在组织病理学上,IL-23是一种重要的细胞因子,在先天免疫和适应性免疫中发挥作用,是促进多种靶器官炎症反应的关键因子。Resolvin E1(RvE1)是一种内源性脂质介质,源于二十碳五烯酸(EPA),在许多疾病模型中显示出保护作用。综述了IL-23和RvE1在桥本甲状腺炎炎症调控中的潜在作用,以期开发更精准的治疗方法,改善患者生活质量,降低相关并发症的风险。

来源于n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的新型抗炎介质Resolvin，docosatriene及neuroprotectin

研究表明，n-3多不饱和脂肪酸能调节免疫，缓解急性和慢性炎症疾病。传统观点认为n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的抗炎机制是通过竞争环氧酶和脂氧酶从而减少来源于花生四烯酸（AA）的促炎性介质的生成，或通过影响酶与细胞因子的基因表达，抑制促炎症因子产生、调节黏附分子表达来调节免疫功能。但近期研究发现，二十碳五烯酸（EPA）与二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）可在代谢过程中产生一类新型的脂质介质（Resolvin、docosatriene），其在炎症衰退阶段的渗出物中可被检测到，这些代谢中间物都具有潜在的抗炎及免疫调节活性，从而在新的方面揭示了n-3多不饱和脂肪酸发挥抗炎及免疫调节活性的分子机制。

Resolvin D1对脂多糖诱导小鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨Resolvin D1（RvD1）对脂多糖（LPS）诱导小鼠急性肺损伤的治疗作用。方法体重20~25 g的BALB/c小鼠21只随机分3组,1对照组,气管内滴注PBS;2LPS模型组,气管内滴注LPS（100μg/60μl）,作用6 h;3RvD1组,在气管内滴注LPS 30 min前给予RvD1（600 ng/100μl/只）尾静脉注射,LPS作用6小时。观察各组小鼠肺组织病理组织学变化,肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中炎症细胞总数及中性粒细胞变化,BALF中促炎性细胞因子IL-6及抗炎性细胞因子IL-10含量变化及肺组织内丙二醛（MDA）的浓度。结果 在LPS刺激的小鼠中,组织病理学显示大量的炎性细胞浸润,肺泡内出血,水肿,肺组织结构明显被破坏,BALF中细胞总数、中性粒细胞及肺组织内MDA含量明显增高,BALF中促炎性细胞因子IL-6显著升高。而以RvD1预处理小鼠明显抑制LPS诱发的上述改变,同时中抗炎因子IL-10显著升高。结论 RvD1可能通过重建抗炎反应和炎症反应的平衡对急性肺损伤发挥保护作用。

Effects of resolvin D1 on inflammatory responses and oxidative stress of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice

Background A variety of inflammatory mediators and effector cells participate together in acute lung injury,and lead to secondary injury that is due to an inflammatory cascade and secondary diffuse lung parenchyma injury.Inflammation is associated with an oxidative stress reaction,which is produced in the development of airway inflammation,and which has positive feedback on inflammation itself.Resolvin D1 can reduce the infiltration of neutrophils,regulate cytokine levels and reduce the inflammation reaction,and thereby promote the resolution of inflammation.The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of resolvin D1 on an inflammatory response and oxidative stress during lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-induced acute lung injury.Methods LPS （3 mg/kg） was used to induce the acute lung injury model.Pretreatment resolvin D1 （100 ng/mouse） was given to mice 30 minutes before inducing acute lung injury.Mice were observed at 6 hours,12 hours,1 day,2 days,3 days,4 days and 7 days after LPS was administrated,then they were humanely sacrificed.We collected bronchoalveolar lavage fluid （BALF） and the lung tissues for further analysis.Paraffin section and HE staining of the lung tissues were made for histopathology observations.Parts of the lung tissues were evaluated for wet-to-dry （W/D） weight ratio.tumor necrosis factor （TNF）-α,inter leukin （IL）-1β,IL-10 and myeloperoxidase （MPO） were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）.A lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde （MDA） assay kit was used to detect MDA.A total superoxide dismutase assay kit with WST-1 was used to analyze superoxide dismutase （SOD）.We determined the apoptosis of neutrophils by Flow Cytometry.A real-time quantitative PCR Detecting System detected the expression of mRNA for heme oxygenase （HO）-1.Results Pretreatment with resolvin D1 reduced the pathological damage in the lung,decreased the recruitment of neutrophils and stimulated their apoptosis.It markedly decreased the expressions of TNF-α,IL-1β and increased the expressions of IL-10,and decreased the production of MDA and increased the expressions of SOD.The mRNA expression of HO-1 was also significantly increased.Conclusions Resolvin D1 displays potent anti-inflammatory actions by regulating cytokines,inhibiting aberrant neutrophil recruitment and stimulating apoptosis of neutrophils.Resolvin D1 can also relieve the injury due to oxidative stress.The mechanisms might be related to increase HO-1 expression.

Resolvin D1 Protects Lipopolysaccharide-induced Acute Kidney Injury by Down-regulating Nuclear Factor-kappa B Signal and Inhibiting Apoptosis

Background： Resolvin D1 （RvD1） is a newly found anti-inflammatory bioactive compound derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids. The current study aimed to explore the protective effect of RvD1 on lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-induced acute kidney injury （AKI） and its possible mechanism. Methods： Both in vivo and in vitro studies were conducted. Male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into control group （saline）, LPS group （LPS 5 mg/kg）, RvD1 group （RvD1 5 μg/kg ＋ LPS 5 mg/kg）, and blockage group （Boc-MLP 5 gg/kg ＋ RvD1 5 gg/kg ＋ LPS 5 mg/kg）. Boc-MLP is a RvD 1 receptor blocker. The mice were intraperitoneally injected with these drugs and recorded for general condition for 48 h, while the blood and kidneys were harvested at 2, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h time points, respectively （n = 6 in each group at each time point）. Human proximal tubule epithelial cells （HK-2） were randomly divided into control group （medium only）, LPS group （LPS 5 μg/ml）, RvD1 group （RvD1 10 ng/ml ＋ LPS 5 μg/ml）, and blockage group （Boc-MLP 10 ng/ml ＋ RvD1 10 ng/ml ＋ LPS 5 μg/ml）. The cells were harvested for RNA at 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h time points, respectively （n = 6 in each group at each time point）. Blood creatinine was tested by using an Abbott i-STAT portable blood gas analyzer. Tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α level was detected by EL1SA. Kidney pathology was observed under hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining and transmission electron microscope （TEM）. We hired immune-histological staining, Western blotting, and fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction to detect the expression of RvD1 receptor ALX, nuclear factor-kappa B （NF-KB） signaling pathway as well as caspase-3. Kidney apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL staining. Results： RvD 1 receptor ALX was detected on renal tubular epithelials. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that RvD 1 improved 48 h animal survival （80%） compared with LPS group （40%） and RvDI blockage group （60%）, while RvD1 also ameliorated kidney pathological injury in HE staining and TEM scan. After LPS stimulation, the mRNA expression of toll-like receptor 4, myeloid differentiation factor 88, and TNF-α in both mice kidneys and HK-2 cells were all up-regulated, while RvDI substantially inhibited the up-regulation of these genes. Western blotting showed that the phosphorylated-IKB/IKB ratio in LPS group was significantly higher than that in the control group, which was inhibited in the RvD1 group. RvD1 could inhibit the up-regulation of cleaved-caspase-3 protein stimulated by LPS, which was prohibited in RvD 1 blockage group. RvD 1 group also had a lower proportion of apoptotic nuclei in mice kidney by TUNEL staining compared with LPS group. Conclusion： In LPS-induced AKI, RvD1 could decrease TNF-α level, ameliorate kidney pathological injury, protect kidney function, and improve animal survival by down-regulating NF-KB inflammatory signal as well as inhibiting renal cell apoptosis.

Xuebijing Injection(血必净注射液)and Resolvin D1 Synergize Regulate Leukocyte Adhesion and Improve Survival Rate in Mice with Sepsis-Induced Lung Injury

Objective： To investigate the effect of combined application of Xuebijing Injection（血必净注射液, XBJ） and resolvin D1（RvD1） on survival rate and the underlying mechanisms in mice with sepsisinduced lung injury. Methods： The cecal ligation and puncture（CLP） method was used to develop a mouse sepsis model. Specific pathogen free male C57 BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 5 groups（n=20 each）： sham, CLP, CLP＋XBJ, CLP＋RvD1 and CLP＋XBJ＋RvD1. After surgery, mice in the CLP＋XBJ, CLP＋RvD1 and CLP＋XBJ＋RvD1 groups were given XBJ（25 μL/g body weight）, RvD1（10 ng/g body weight）, and their combination（the same dose of XBJ and RvD1）, respectively. In each group, 12 mice were used to observe 1-week survival rate, while the rest were executed at 12 h. Whole blood was collected for flow cytometric analysis of leukocyte adhesion molecules CD18, lung tissues were harvested for observing pathological changes, and testing the activity of myeloperoxidase（MPO） and the expression of intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1（ICAM-1）. Results： Compared with the CLP group, the histopathological damage of the lung tissues was mitigated, MPO activity was decreased in the CLP＋XBJ and CLP＋RvD1 groups（P〈0.05）. In addition, the 1-week survival rate was improved, proportion of CD18-expressing cells in whole blood and ICAM-1 protein expression in lung tissue were decreased in the CLP＋XBJ＋RvD1 group（P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）. Conclusion： XBJ together with RvD1 could effectively inhibit leukocyte adhesion, reduce lung injury, and improve the survival rate of mice with sepsis.

Resolvin-D1 inhibits interleukin-8 and hydrogen peroxide production induced by cigarette smoke extract in 16HBE cells via attenuating NF-κB activation

Background Cigarette smoke induced airway inflammation plays a role in pathogenesis of airway inflammation.Resolvin-D1 derived from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is an endogenous anti-inflammatory and proresolving lipid mediator.Resolvin-D1 ameliorated inflammatory responses in lung injury,asthma,peritonitis and atherosclerosis.We investigated whether resolvin-D1 suppressed the productions of chemokines and oxidative stress induced by cigarette smoke extract （CSE） in vitro and its possible mechanism.Methods We examined the proinfiammatory chemokine interleukin-8 and hydrogen peroxide （H2O2）productions induced by CSE in 16 human bronchial epithelial （16HBE）cells after resolvin-D1 treatment and their mechanisms.16HBE cells were treated with resolvin-D1 at up to 10 nmol/L,for 30 minutes before CSE up to 16％ （v/v） exposure.Release of interlukin-8 proteins was assessed by enzyme linked immunosort assay （ELISA） and its mRNA level by RT-PCR.We evaluated extracellular H2O2 expression in the supematant.Phosphorylation of NF-KB/p65 and degradation of Ⅰ-KB in 16HBE cells were determined by Westem blotting analysis and NF-KB DNA binding activity by electrophoretic mobility shift assay （EMSA）.Results 16HBE cells treated with 8％ CSE showed significantly higher interlukin-8 production.Resolvin-D1 pretreatment inhibited CSE induced intedukin-8 production （mRNA and protein） in a dose and time dependent manner.Extracellular H2O2 level decreased after resolvin-D1 treatment.Resolvin-D1 attenuated CSE triggered Ⅰ-KB degradation and NF-KB/p65 activation dose dependently and inhibited NF-KB DNA binding activity.Conclusion Resolvin-D1 inhibits CSE induced interlukin-8 and H2O2 production in 16HBE cells by modulating NF-KB activation and has therapeutic potential for pulmonary inflammation.

消退素D1对结肠癌细胞K-Ras/Notch信号通路串话的影响

目的 探讨消退素D1(Rv D1)对SW620结肠癌细胞K-Ras/Notch信号通路串话的影响及作用机制。方法 采用CCK-8和克隆形成方法评估Rv D1(0.0、62.5、125.0、250.0、500 nmol/L)对SW620结肠癌细胞短期和长期增殖的影响;将SW620结肠癌细胞分成空白组、Rv D1组、K-Ras组、K-Ras+Rv D1组。空白组不进行处理,K-Ras组和K-Ras+Rv D1组转染K-Ras质粒,Rv D1组和K-Ras+Rv D1组用250 nmol/L的Rv D1处理。蛋白质印迹法检测IL-6、K-Ras、NICD、p-p65、p65、vimentin、N-cadherin和E-cadherin蛋白表达;免疫荧光法检测IL-6、K-Ras和NICD蛋白表达;Transwell实验检测细胞侵袭和迁移水平。结果 125.0、250.0、500.0 nmol/L Rv D1抑制SW620细胞增殖和克隆形成能力(P<0.05)。在Rv D1组中,IL-6、K-Ras、NICD、p-p65、vimentin、N-cadherin蛋白表达均低于空白组,E-cadherin表达高于空白组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);K-Ras组的NICD、p-p65、vimentin、N-cadherin的蛋白表达高于空白组,E-cadherin表达低于空白组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);K-Ras+Rv D1组的NICD、p-p65、vimentin、N-cadherin表达及细胞侵袭和迁移水平均低于K-Ras组,E-cadherin表达高于K-Ras组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 Rv D1通过抑制IL-6表达,抑制K-Ras对Notch信号通路串话,降低下游核因子-κB水平和上皮-间质转化特性,削弱结肠癌细胞的侵袭转移能力。