Imperfect Competition and Common Resource Exploitation --An Analysis of Renewable Resource Management with Non-use Values

This article analyzes the importance of non use values in the management of natural resources with a model of imperfect competition.By constucting a framework of duopolistic exploiters,the incorporation of non use values based on self interest and altruistic motives appears to be significant for determining the degree of inefficiency caused by the problem of common property at the non cooperative Nash equilibrium.It is found that when the non use value placed by the altruist exploiter is bounded by that placed by the pure self interest exploiter,the effect of market power is dominated by the effect of common exploitation.In this case,the exploiters' harvesting strategy will response in the same direction to the change of each other's harvesting at the non cooperative Nash equilibrium.In contrast,when the non use value placed by the altruist is substantially larger or smaller than that placed by the self interest exploiter,one exploiter's increase in harvesting will lead to a decrease in harvesting of the other exploiter at the non cooperative Nash equilibrium.

Deep bedrock geothermal resources in the Maichen Sag,Beibuwan Basin and their potential for exploitation and utilization

The Maichen Sag in the south-central part of the Beibuwan Basin is abundant in geothermal resources that have not been widely exploited and utilized due to inadequate research on it.This study evaluated the geothermal resources in the Maichen Sag based on the regional geological setting and geothermal conditions.Grid units for assessment and a geological model for areas with geothermal resources were established using spatial analysis techniques.The spatial distribution models of the physical and thermophysical properties of the geothermal reservoirs were also built using the Kriging interpolation method.Based on the terrestrial heat flow distribution in the target areas,the spatial distribution of the geo-temperature field through the inversion under the constraints of the temperature data from boreholes were predicted.Factors such as deep geo-temperature,thermophysical properties of rocks,and terrestrial heat flow values,were integrated into this quantitative evaluation of geothermal resources through the geological modeling-based volume method and the geothermal reservoir engineering-based numerical simulation method.The results show that the Maichen Sag has favorable heat source conditions with intersected,deep-rooted faults and widely developed Upper Paleozoic fissured granite geothermal reservoirs.The northern outer slope zone at a burial depth of 3‒5 km on the tectonic plane of the basement in the sag is suggested to be a potential target area,where,as calculated using the volume method,is likely to be the home to the total geothermal resources of 80.4×10^(9)GJ(i.e.,2.75×10^(9)tonnes of coal equivalent(tce))in the bedrock geothermal reservoirs at a burial depth of 3‒6 km.The geotemperature of 172‒201℃at a formation depth of 5 km in the sag also indicates that the deep geothermal resources are of high value for exploitation.

Characteristics,Current Status and Strategy on Exploitation of Agricultural Natural Resources in China

This paper formulated the present characteristics, current status and the problems of agricultural natural China. Measures of preservation and strategy about exploitation of agricultural natural resources were put forward, provide a scientific basis for the government to make policies .

Comparative Analysis for Evaluating Wind Energy Resources Using Intelligent Optimization Algorithms and Numerical Methods

Statistical distributions are used to model wind speed,and the twoparameters Weibull distribution has proven its effectiveness at characterizing wind speed.Accurate estimation of Weibull parameters,the scale(c)and shape(k),is crucial in describing the actual wind speed data and evaluating the wind energy potential.Therefore,this study compares the most common conventional numerical(CN)estimation methods and the recent intelligent optimization algorithms(IOA)to show how precise estimation of c and k affects the wind energy resource assessments.In addition,this study conducts technical and economic feasibility studies for five sites in the northern part of Saudi Arabia,namely Aljouf,Rafha,Tabuk,Turaif,and Yanbo.Results exhibit that IOAs have better performance in attaining optimal Weibull parameters and provided an adequate description of the observed wind speed data.Also,with six wind turbine technologies rating between 1 and 3MW,the technical and economic assessment results reveal that the CN methods tend to overestimate the energy output and underestimate the cost of energy($/kWh)compared to the assessments by IOAs.The energy cost analyses show that Turaif is the windiest site,with an electricity cost of$0.016906/kWh.The highest wind energy output is obtained with the wind turbine having a rated power of 2.5 MW at all considered sites with electricity costs not exceeding$0.02739/kWh.Finally,the outcomes of this study exhibit the potential of wind energy in Saudi Arabia,and its environmental goals can be acquired by harvesting wind energy.

A NATION-WIDE SOIL SURVEY RATIONALIZES EXPLOITATION OF VARIOUS SOIL RESOURCES

To tap the production potential of soil resources in China by making a nationwide soil investigation is a precondition for developing the farming production as a means of coping with the current population explosion and providing necessities for people’s livelihood.This article expounds practical methods for the survey and elucidates rational exploitation in line with soil conditions in different localities across the land.

Water resources utilization and eco-environmental safety in Northwest China

Northwest China includes Xinjiang Ugyur Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province, Gansu Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and Shaanxi Province, covering 308×10^4km^2. It is located in the warm-temperate zone and the climate is arid or semi-arid. Precipitation is very scarce but evaporation is extremely high. The climate is dry, the water resources are deficient, the ecoenvironment is fragile, and the distribution of water resources is uneven. In this region, precipitation is the only input, and evaporation is the only output in the inland rivers, and precipitation, surface water and groundwater change with each other for many times, which benefits the storage and utilization of water resources. The average precipitation in this region is 232 mm, the total precipitation amount is 7003×108m^3/a, the surface water resources are 1891×10^8m^3/a, the total natural groundwater resources are 1150×10^8m^3/a, the total available water resources are 438×10^8 m^3/a, and the total water resources are 1996×10^8m^3/a and per capita water resources are 2278 m^3/a. The water resources of the whole area are 5.94×10^4m^3/（a.km^2）, being only one-fifth of the mean value in China. Now, the available water resources are 876×10^8m^3/a, among which groundwater is proximate 130×10^8m^3/a.

Evaluation of urban underground space resources using a negative list method: Taking Xi'an City as an example in China

Utilization of urban underground space has become a vital approach to alleviate the strain on urban land resources,and to optimize the structure and pattem of the city.It is also very important to improve the city environment,build livable city and increase the capacity of the city.Based on the analysis of existing evaluation methods and their problems,a method for evaluating underground space resources based on a negative list of adverse factors affecting underground space development is proposed,to be primarily used in urban planning stages.A list of the adverse factors is established,including limiting factors,constraining factors and influencing factors.Taking Xi'an as an example,using a geographical information system platform,a negative list of adverse factors for the underground space resources in Xi'an City are evaluated,and preventive measures are proposed.Natural resources,exploitable resources,and the potential growth of exploitable underground space resources are evaluated.Underground space assessment in the different development stages of the city,collaborative utilization and safety evaluation for multiple subsurface resources,environmental impact and assessment,as well as evaluation methods based on big data and intelligent optimization algorithms are all discussed with the aim of serving city planning and construction.

Regime of subsurface water resources in shallow groundwater agricultural fields

In shallow groundwater agricultural fields, water exchanges between groundwater and soil water happen frequently and intensively. This paper analyzes the regale of subsurface water during the growing period of winter wheat from October 1998 to June 1999 in Yucheng area. During an 8- month period of winter wheat growth. 456.66 mm of evapotranspiration and 75.61mm of groundwater evaporation were measured with a new model lysimeter. Groundwater at 1.60-2.40 m depth of water tables contributed 16.6% of total water used by winter wheat under natural. precipitation and irrigation treatment.The results showed that a significant proportion of field evapotranspiration was supplied by groundwater evaporation, whereas the role of groundwater evaporation was not considered during irrigation, leading to soil water percolation into groundwater.In order to improve water use efficiency of crops, some measures were put forward in the paper. Effective use of groundwater and soil water is a key countermeasure for sustainable development of water-saving agriculture and Water resource exploitation in Yucheng area

Deep original information preservation by applying in-situ film formation technology during coring

Accurately obtaining the original information of an in-situ rock via coring is a significant guiding step for exploring and developing deep oil and gas resources.It is difficult for traditional coring technology and equipment to preserve the original information in deep rocks.This study develops a technology for insitu substance-preserved(ISP),moisture-preserved(IMP),and light-preserved(ILP)coring.This technology stores the original information in real time by forming a solid sealing film on the in-situ sample during coring.This study designed the ISP-IMP-ILP-Coring process and tool.In addition,an ISP-IMP-ILPCoring process simulation system was developed.The effects of temperature,pressure,and film thickness on the quality of the in-situ film were investigated by performing in-situ film-forming simulation experiments.A solid sealing film with a thickness of 2-3 mm can be formed;it completely covers the core sample and has uniform thickness.The film maintains good ISP-IMP-ILP properties and can protect the core sample in the in-situ environment steadily.This study verifies the feasibility of“film formation during coring”technology and provides strong support for the engineering application of ISP-IMP-ILPCoring technology.

Exploitation of mineral resource and its influence on regional development and urban evolution in Xinjiang, China

The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between mineral resources exploitation and economic and urban development in Xinjiang. The article summarizes the mineral resource exploitation development of Xinjiang especially over the last 50 years, and investigates energy industries and their driving forces, directions, and economic impact on the oasis urban system evolution in Xinjiang. Methods like correlation analysis, location quotient and elastic coefficient are employed in the presentation and discussion, and also field reconnaissance surveys, interviews and secondary sources are used. The result shows Xinjiang＇s economic growth is promoted by the contributions of the increasing mineral resource industry which promotes economic development by accelerating infrastructure construction, developing industry and raising revenue and fixed investment. Mineral exploitation in recent years had profound impacts on urban development as a growth engine. The evolution of urban system has a close relationship with resource exploitation, and statistical results provide strong evidence to support the argument that mineral resource exploitation has promoted the growth of built-up areas and its expansion patterns in Xinjiang, especially regions along the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains.

The Research of Chinese Salt Lake Organisms:History,Status and Expectation

The research status and the future study prospect of salt lake organisms of Chinese salt lakes were elaborated in this paper.Many saline lakes occur widely in arid and semiarid areas of China,and more than half of the total

3-D VARIABLE PARAMETER NUMERICAL MODEL FOR EVALUATION OF THE PLANNED EXPLOITABLE GROUNDWATER RESOURCE IN RE-GIONAL UNCONSOLIDATED SEDIMENTS

In order to correctly evaluate the exploitable groundwater resottrce in regional complex, thick Quaternary unconsolidated sediments, the whole Quaternary unconsolidated sediments are considered as a unified hydrogeological unit and a 3-D unsteady groundwater flow numerical model is adopted. Meanwhile, with the consideration of the dynamic changes of the porosity, the hydraulic conductivity and the specific storage with the groundwater level dropping during the exploitation process, an improved composite element seepage matrix adjustment method is applied to solve the unsteady flow problem of free surface. In order to eva- luate the exploitable groundwater resource in Cangzhou, Hebei Province, the hydrogeological conceptual model of Cangzhou is generalized to establish, a 3-D variable parameter numerical model of Cangzhou. Based on the prediction of the present groundwater exploitation, and by adjusting the groundwater exploitation layout, the exploitable groundwater resource is predicted. The model enjoys features like good convergence, good stability and high precision.

Demands and challenges for construction of marine infrastructures in China

The oceans are crucial to human civilization.They provide core support for exploitation and utilization of marine space,resources,and energy.Thus,marine infrastructures are vital to a nation’s economic sustainable development.To this end,this article first describes the main challenges in current ocean utilization,and then reviews the China’s ocean engineering progress.As such,six major sectors are evaluated:1)global climate change and marine environment,2)comprehensive utilization of marine space,3)marine transportation infrastructure interconnection,4)ocean clean energy development and maricultural facilities,5)ecological crisis and marine engineering countermeasures,and 6)marine infrastructure operation safety and maintenance.Finally,perspectives on future directions of ocean utilization and marine infrastructure construction in China are provided.