Effect of exposure to ambient PM2.5 pollution on the risk of respiratory tract diseases： a meta-analysis of cohort studies

The International Agency for Research on Cancer and the World Health Organization have designated airborne particulates, including particulates of median aerodynamic diameter 〈 2.5 gm （PM2.5）, as Group 1 carcinogens. It has not been determined, however, whether exposure to ambient PM2.5 is associated with an increase in respiratory related diseases. This meta-analysis assessed the association between exposure to ambient fine particulate matter （PM2.5） and the risk of respiratory tract diseases, using relevant articles extracted from PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. In results, of the 1,126 articles originally identified, 35 （3.1%） were included in this meta-analysis. PM2.5 was found to be associated with respiratory tract diseases. After subdivision by age group, respiratory tract disease, and continent, PM2.5 was strongly associated with respiratory tract diseases in children, in persons with cough, lower respiratory illness, and wheezing, and in individuals from North America, Europe, and Asia. The risk of respiratory tract diseases was greater for exposure to traffic-related than non-traffic-related air pollution. In children, the pooled relative risk （RR） represented significant increases in wheezing （8.2%）, cough （7.5%）, and lower respiratory illness （15.3%）. The pooled RRs in children were 1.091 （95%CI： 1.049, 1.135） for exposure to 〈 25 gg/m3 PM2.5, and 1.126 （95%CI： 1.067, l. 190） for exposure to 〉 25 gg/m3 PM2.5. In conclusion, exposure to ambient PM2.5 was significantly associated with the development of respiratory tract diseases, especially in children exposed to high concentrations of PM2.5.

SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the upper respiratory tract and disease severity in COVID-19 patients

Due to the disease's broad clinical spectrum,it is currently unclear how to predict the future prognosis of patients at the time of diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RTPCR)is the gold standard molecular technique for diagnosing COVID-19.The number of amplification cycles necessary for the target genes to surpass a threshold level is represented by the RT-PCR cycle threshold(Ct)values.Ct values were thought to be an adequate proxy for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)viral load.A body of evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 viral load is a possible predictor of COVID-19 severity.The link between SARS-CoV-2 viral load and the likelihood of severe disease development in COVID-19 patients is not clearly elucidated.In this review,we describe the scientific data as well as the important findings from many clinical studies globally,emphasizing how viral load may be related to disease severity in COVID-19 patients.Most of the evidence points to the association of SARS-CoV-2 viral load and disease severity in these patients,and early anti-viral treatment will reduce the severe clinical outcomes.

Distribution of Respiratory Tract Infectious Diseases in Relation to Particulate Matter(PM_(2.5))Concentration in Selected Urban Centres in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

Due to the visibility of soot in the environment of the Niger Delta especially Rivers State that has led to the increase of Respiratory Tract Infections(RTIs)in the region,this study was undertaken to determine the relationship between Particulate Matter(PM_(2.5))concentration and the incident of Respiratory Tract Infections(RTIs)in selected urban centres of the Niger Delta.Data on RTIs were collected from the Hospital Management Boards of the Ministries of Health of Rivers,Bayelsa and Delta States and the data for PM_(2.5)were remotely sensed from 2016 to 2019,and subsequently analyzed with ANOVA and Spearman’s rank correlation statistics.The findings of this study revealed that there was significant variation in the occurrence of PM_(2.5)across the selected urban centres in the Niger Delta Region.The PM_(2.5)for the reviewed years was far above the World Health Organization(WHO)annual permissible limit of 10μg/m^(3)thereby exacerbating Respiratory Tract Infections(RTIs).The epidemiology of the RTIs showed that there are basically four(4)prominent RTI diseases:Asthma,Tuberculosis,Pneumonia and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease(COPD).The result of this study showed that the concentration of PM_(2.5)varies in all the selected cities,and the mean monthly variation(2016-2019)showed that Port Harcourt had 47.27μg/m^(3)for January while Yenagoa and Asaba had 46μg/m^(3)and 47.51μg/m^(3)respectively for January;while the lowest mean value in the cities were seen within the month of September and October,which also had a strong seasonal influence on the concentration of PM_(2.5).The concentration of PM_(2.5)and the numbers of RTIs also gradually increases in the study areas from 2016 to 2019.The study recommends that the necessary regulatory bodies should closely monitor the activities of the companies likely to cause such pollution;guild them through their operations and give prompt sanctions and heavy fines to defaulters of the accepted standards.

Helicobacter pylori infection and respiratory diseases:a review

In the past few years,a variety of extradigestive disorders, including cardiovascular,skin,rheumatic and liver diseases, have been associated with Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori) infection.The activation of inflammatory mediators by H.pylori seems to be the pathogenetic mechanism underlying the observed associations.The present review summarizes the current literature,including our own studies,concerning the association between H.pyloriinfection and respiratory diseases. A small number of epidemiological and serologic,case- control studies suggest that H.pylori infection may be associated with the development of chronic bronchitis.A frequent coexistence of pulmonary tuberculosis and H.pylori infection has also been found.Moreover,recent studies have shown an increased H.pyloriseroprevalence in patients with bronchiectasis and in those with lung cancer.On the other hand,bronchial asthma seems not to be related with H.pylori infection. All associations between H.pylori infection and respiratory diseases are primarily based on case-control studies, concerning relatively small numbers of patients.Moreover, there is a lack of studies focused on the pathogenetic link between respiratory diseases and H.pylori infection. Therefore,we believe that larger studies should be undertaken to confirm the observed results and to clarify the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms.

Management of occluded self-expanding biliary metal stents in malignant biliary disease

Background: Occlusion of self-expanding metal stents(SEMS) in malignant biliary obstruction occurs in up to 40% of patients. This study aimed to compare the different techniques to resolve stent occlusion in our collective of patients.Methods: Patients with malignant biliary obstruction and occlusion of biliary metal stent at a tertiary referral endoscopic center were retrospectively identified between April 1, 1994 and May 31, 2014. The clinical records were further analyzed regarding the characteristics of patients, malignant strictures, SEMS,management strategies, stent patency, subsequent interventions, survival time and case charges.Results: A total of 108 patients with biliary metal stent occlusion were identified. Seventy-nine of these patients were eligible for further analysis. Favored management was plastic stent insertion in 73.4% patients. Second SEMS were inserted in 12.7% patients. Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage and mechanical cleansing were conducted in a minority of patients. Further analysis showed no statistically significant difference in median overall secondary stent patency(88 vs. 143 days, P = 0.069), median survival time(95 vs. 192 days, P = 0.116), median subsequent intervention rate(53.4% vs. 40.0%, P = 0.501)and median case charge(€5145 vs. €3473, P = 0.803) for the treatment with a second metal stent insertion compared to plastic stent insertion. In patients with survival time of more than three months,significantly more patients treated with plastic stents needed re-interventions than patients treated with second SEMS(93.3% vs. 57.1%, P = 0.037).Conclusions: In malignant biliary strictures, both plastic and metal stent insertions are feasible strategies for the treatment of occluded SEMS. Our data suggest that in palliative biliary stenting, patients especially those with longer expected survival might benefit from second SEMS insertion. Careful patient selection is important to ensure a proper decision for either management strategy.

Infectious diseases during the European Union training mission Mali(EUTM MLI)–a four-year experience

Background: The European Union Training Mission Mali(EUTM MLI) is a multinational military training deployment to the Western African tropical nation of Mali. Based on routinely collected disease and non-battle injury surveillance data, this study quantifies the true impact of infectious diseases for this tropical mission and potential seasonal variations in infectious disease threats.Methods: Categorized health events during the EUTM MLI mission and associated lost working days were reported using the EpiNATO-2 report. Infection-related health events were descriptively analyzed for a 4-year period from the 12 th week in 2013 to the 13 th week in 2017. Aggregated EpiNATO-2 data collected from all missions other than EUTM MLI were used as a comparator.Results: Among the infectious diseases reported by EUTM MLI, non-severe upper respiratory infections and gastrointestinal diseases dominated quantitatively, accounting for 1.65 and 1.42 consultations per 100 person-weeks, respectively. The number of recorded infectious disease-associated lost working days during the whole study interval was 723. Seasonal changes in disease frequency were detectable. More gastrointestinal infections were seen in the rainy season, and more respiratory infections occurred in the dry season; these were associated with peaks of more than 2.5 consultations per 100 person-weeks for both categories.Conclusion: Despite initial concerns focused on tropical infectious diseases during this mission in tropical Mali, upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal infections predominate. The relatively low number of reported lost working days may indicate that these infections are at the milder end of the spectrum of infectious diseases despite a likely reporting bias.

The upshot of Polyphenolic compounds on immunity amid COVID-19 pandemic and other emerging communicable diseases: An appraisal

Polyphenols are a large family of more than 10,000 naturally occurring compounds,which exert countless pharmacological,biological and physiological benefits for human health including several chronic diseases such as cancer,diabetes,cardio-vascular,and neurological diseases.Their role in traditional medicine,such as the use of a wide range of remedial herbs(thyme,oregano,rosemary,sage,mint,basil),has been well and long known for treating common respiratory problems and cold infections.This review reports on the most highlighted polyphenolic compounds present in up to date literature and their specific antiviral perceptive properties that might enhance the body immunity facing COVID-19,and other viral infec-tious diseases.In fact,several studies and clinical trials increasingly proved the role of polyphenols in controlling numer-ous human pathogens including SARS and MERS,which are quite similar to COVID-19 through the enhancement of host immune response against viral infections by different biological mechanisms.Thus,polyphenols ought to be considered as a potential and valuable source for designing new drugs that could be used effectively in the combat against COVID‐19 and other rigorous diseases.

Living in the Wake of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Long-Term Oxygen Therapy

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death in the world. COPD is a progressive disease that could lead to chronic hypoxemia, which requires treatment as domiciliary Long-Term Oxygen Therapy (LTOT). There is a need for increased knowledge about self-care strategies used by individuals living with COPD and LTOT. Objective: The aim was to explore experiences and self-care strategies in patients living with both COPD and LTOT. Sample: The sample consisted of five men and five women diagnosed with COPD being prescribed LTOT for more than one year. Method: Ten interviews were undertaken and analyzed for both manifest and latent content. Results: Living with COPD and LTOT was associated with experiences of guilt although there were doubts about what had caused the lung disease. Both the lung disease and the oxygen therapy had a negative impact on their self-image. Anxiety was expressed when thoughts about the remaining time occurred. There was a constant balance between diminishing abilities and increasing restrictions related to the lung disease and the therapy. In order to compensate for arising imbalance, self-care strategies had been initiated aimed at preserving the present state of health, enabling and facilitating physical activity and promoting a positive attitude. Conclusion: The current study suggests that individuals living with COPD and LTOT are encouraged to adopt self-care strategies directed towards maintaining stability with regard to the lung disease, the oxygen therapy, physical capability and emotional reactions.

Significance of Aspergillus spp. isolation from lower respiratory tract samples for the diagnosis and prognosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases （COPD） is an emerging population at risk for invasive infection of Aspergillus. Isolation of Aspergillus from lower respiratory tract （LRT） samples is important for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis （IPA）. The purpose of this study was to investigate the value of Aspergillus isolation from LRT samples for the diagnosis and prognosis of IPA in COPD population. Methods Clinical record with Aspergillus spp. isolation in COPD and immunocompromised patients was reviewed in a retrospective study. Patients were categorized and compared according to their severity of illness （admitted to general ward or ICU） and immunological function （COPD or immunocompromised）. Results Multivariate statistical analysis showed that, combined with Aspergillus spp. isolation, APACHE II scores 〉18, high cumulative doses of corticosteroids （〉350 mg prednisone or equivalent dose） and more than four kinds of broad-spectrum antibiotics received in hospital may be predictors of IPA in COPD （0R=9.076, P=0.001; 0R=4.073, P=-0.026; OR=4.448, P=-0.021, respectively）. The incidence of IPA, overall mortality, mortality of patients with IPA and mortality of patients with Aspergillus spp. colonization were higher in COPD patients in ICU than in general ward, but were similar between COPD and immunocompromised patients. Conclusions Aspergillus spp. isolation from LRT in COPD may be of similar importance as in immunocompromised patients, and may indicate an increased diagnosis possibility of IPA and worse prognosis when these patients received corticosteroids, antibiotics, and need to admit to ICU. Aspergillus spp. isolation from LRT samples combined with certain risk factors mav be useful in differentiating colonization from IPA and evaluating the prognosis of IPA in COPD patients.

新型冠状病毒感染后分泌性中耳炎临床特点分析

目的分析新型冠状(新冠)病毒感染后分泌性中耳炎(otitis media with effusion,OME)发病情况及临床特点。方法回顾性选取2018年12月至2019年1月、2021年12月至2022年1月、2022年12月至2023年1月中国人民解放军总医院第九医学中心耳鼻喉科门诊就诊患者21454例,其中OME患者201例。根据北京地区疫情流行及政府管控政策(公共场所佩戴口罩、减少聚集、居家隔离、疫苗接种等)时间,将201例OME患者分为疫情前组68例(2018年12月至2019年1月)、防控期组30例(2021年12月至2022年1月)、爆发期组103例(2022年12月至2023年1月)。收集201例OME患者资料,分析新冠病毒感染相关OME人口学特征及发病特点。结果防控期组OME就诊率(0.40%)较疫情前组(0.82%)显著下降,爆发期组(1.82%)较疫情前组、防控期组升高了51.5%与243.3%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。爆发期组92.2%的OME是新冠病毒感染之后出现的,较疫情前组、防控期组上呼吸道感染导致OME在中耳炎患者中的比例升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。爆发期组上呼吸道感染导致OME患者年龄高于疫情前组和防控期组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01,P=0.002)。74.6%的患者在新冠病毒感染之后的1~3周发病,7.5%的患者(5/67)在感染1月后才出现耳部症状。50.7%的患者仅有耳部症状且电子鼻咽喉镜检查仅31.3%合并鼻、鼻咽部轻微炎症。结论新冠病毒感染可明显提高OME发病率,老年人患病率更高。新冠相关OME往往在感染后2周甚至更晚出现。新冠病毒有可能通过直接感染中耳引发炎症,具体机制有待进一步研究。

Experiences relating to management of biliary tract complications following liver transplantation in 96 cases

OBJECTIVE: To investigate best diagnosing methods and therapy for patients with biliary tract complications after liver transplantation and analyze related factors. METHODS: A review was made of data collected from 96 patients, and confirmed by retrospective case notes examination. RESULTS: A total of 94 patients (97 grafts) survived more than 2 days after transplantation; of whom, 92 had an end-to-end biliary anastomosis with a T tube. The average follow-up was 5.8 months (range: 0.3 - 10.2 months). Among the 94 patients, eight (8.5%, 8/94) had complications: leakage during T-tube removal (2 patients), leakage at an earlier stage (2), simultaneous stricture and leak (2) and just stricture (2). Six patients with biliary tract complications had predisposing factors including hepatic artery stenosis (2 patients, including one hepatic artery stenosis combined with severe rejection, hepatic artery thrombosis (3), and donor-recipient bile duct mismatch (1). There was no difference in cold ischemic time. With hepatic artery thrombosis and/or stenosis > 50%, five patients were re-transplanted; without hepatic artery thrombosis and/or stenosis 50%, re-transplantation is needed as early as possible.

以早期肺功能监测为指导的干预在反复下呼吸道感染患儿中的应用

目的:探究以早期肺功能监测为指导的干预对反复下呼吸道感染患儿的影响。方法:选择2022年9月—2023年12月晋江市医院收治的80例反复下呼吸道感染患儿,根据随机数字表法分为两组,各40例。对照组进行常规下呼吸道感染干预治疗,观察组则以早期肺功能监测为指导进行针对性干预。比较两组疾病控制总有效率、干预前后肺功能指标[呼气峰值流速(PEF)、第1秒用力呼气容积占预计值的百分比(FEV_(1)%pred)及?第1秒用力呼气容积占用力肺活量的比值(FEV_(1)/FVC)]及免疫状态指标[免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、补体C3、CD8^(+)、CD19^(+)、CD3^(+)及CD4^(+)]。结果:观察组疾病控制总有效率显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预前,两组肺功能指标及免疫状态指标比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);干预后,观察组PEF、FEV_(1)%pred、FEV_(1)/FVC均显著高于对照组,CD8^(+)、CD19^(+)均显著低于对照组,IgA、IgG、IgM、补体C3、CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)均显著高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:以早期肺功能监测为指导的干预有助于反复下呼吸道感染患儿的疾病控制,调控其免疫状态,有助于患儿肺功能状态的改善。

俯卧位机械通气对重症肺炎合并呼吸衰竭患者血气分析指标及疾病好转情况的影响

目的探究俯卧位机械通气对重症肺炎合并呼吸衰竭患者血气分析指标及疾病好转情况的影响。方法选取2018年6月至2021年6月中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九六七医院接诊的82例重症肺炎合并呼吸衰竭患者作为研究对象,按照随机抽签法分为对照组与观察组,每组41例。两组均行常规对症治疗,对照组辅以仰卧位机械通气,观察组辅以俯卧位机械通气。比较两组疾病好转率、干预前后血气指标、机械通气时间及住院时间、并发症发生情况及干预前后急性生理学和慢性健康状况评价Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分。结果干预7 d后,观察组疾病好转率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预7 d后,两组血液pH、血氧饱和度(SaO_(2))、动脉血氧分压(PaO_(2))水平均高于干预前,动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO_(2))均低于干预前,且观察组血液pH、SaO_(2)、PaO_(2)高于对照组,PaCO_(2)低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组机械通气时间、住院时间均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义。干预7 d后,两组APACHE-Ⅱ评分均低于干预前,且观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论俯卧位机械通气可提高重症肺炎呼吸衰竭患者疾病好转率,减轻病情严重程度,改善血气指标,缩短机械通气时间、住院时间,使其早日康复出院。

过敏原特异性IgE抗体检测在儿童呼吸道过敏性疾病诊治中的应用效果分析

目的探讨过敏原特异性免疫球蛋白E(sIgE)抗体在儿童呼吸道过敏性疾病患儿中的阳性分布特征,旨在为临床诊治提供依据。方法采用回顾式分析法对200例呼吸道过敏性疾病患儿过敏原s IgE表达情况进行分析,观察患儿血清总IgE阳性率、过敏原s IgE阳性率及不同类型过敏原s IgE阳性率。结果在200例呼吸道过敏性疾病患儿中,血清总IgE阳性率为68.50%(137/200),其中男性患儿和女性患儿的阳性率分别为68.52%、68.48%,男女患儿的总IgE阳性率无显著差异(P>0.05)。0~3岁、4~6岁、7~12岁患儿的阳性率分别为67.62%、69.56%、69.23%,不同年龄段患儿的总IgE阳性率无显著差异(P>0.05)。过敏性鼻炎、慢性咳嗽、支气管炎、肺炎、哮喘患儿的阳性率分别为68.18%、71.43%、66.67%、73.33%、68.14%,不同疾病类型患儿的总IgE阳性率无显著差异(P>0.05)。200例患儿中过敏原sIgE阳性率为62.50%(125/200)。125例sIgE阳性患儿中,吸入性过敏原sIgE阳性率为35.50%(71/200),食物性过敏原sIgE阳性率为11.00%(22/200),同时存在两组(吸入性和食物性)过敏原s IgE阳性率为16.00%(32/200),不同过敏原sIgE阳性率比较具有显著差异(P<0.05)。过敏原s IgE阳性患儿中,男女患儿数分别为67、58例,阳性率分别为62.04%、63.04%,男女患儿过敏原s IgE阳性率无显著差异(P>0.05)。吸入性过敏原s IgE阳性率患儿中排名靠前的过敏原有(从高到低):粉尘螨(34.50%)、户尘螨(25.50%)、链格孢(18.00%)。食物性过敏原sIgE阳性率患儿中排名靠前的过敏原有(从高到低):鸡蛋白(13.00%)、小麦(8.50%)、花生(6.50%)、大豆(5.00%)、蟹(5.00%)。结论儿童呼吸道过敏性疾病患儿采用血清过敏原sIgE抗体检测能够提供关于过敏原特异性的信息,帮助指导临床诊断和治疗,在疾病诊断与治疗中发挥着较大的作用。

猫上呼吸道疾病的病原、诊断与防治

猫上呼吸道疾病(feline upper respiratory tract disease, FURTD)是一种在猫中广泛传播的以上呼吸道、口腔和眼部症状为主的疾病。引起FURTD的病原多样,除常见的猫杯状病毒(feline calicivirus, FCV)、猫疱疹病毒Ⅰ型(feline herpesvirus type 1,FHV-1)、猫衣原体(Chlamydia felis,C.felis)、猫支原体(Mycoplasma felis,M.felis)、支气管败血波氏杆菌(Bordetella bronchiseptica,Bb)外,临床中还有许多其他的病原偶见感染。临床中常出现由多种病原体混合感染的情况,并且病原的不断进化容易造成致病性的增强和组织嗜性的改变,这种病因的复杂性往往使得FURTD的防治较为困难。同时,由于许多病原感染引起猫的症状相似,仅凭临床症状无法准确判断出病因,准确认识不同病原的特性、掌握不同的病原检测方法对FURTD的病因快速诊断和提出高效的治疗方案至关重要。目前,不同病原引起的FURTD病例常被报道,而针对FURTD的诊断方法、治疗以及疫苗研制都尚未成熟,本文将对该疾病的常见和新发病原、诊断方法、治疗手段和防控措施进行系统地阐述,旨在为FURTD的防治工作提供更多的思路。

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者报告结局测评工具研究现状

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是常见呼吸系统疾病之一,其急性加重作为一种急性事件,严重影响COPD患者生存质量。本研究检索PubMed、中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、维普网和中国生物医学文献数据库,经纳排标准共筛出69篇代表性文献,发现目前国内外应用于COPD急性加重期患者报告结局的测评工具共23个,除COPD急性加重自我报告结局(EXACT-PRO)外均直接采用稳定期患者报告结局测评工具,可分为普适性、疾病特异性及症状特异性测评工具,主要涉及症状、生理领域、社会领域、心理情绪、日常活动等领域。建议未来COPD急性加重期患者生存质量研究重点关注以下几方面:加强特异性测评工具研究,重视经典测量理论、项目反应理论及概化理论联合应用,重视测评工具最小临床重要差值研究,合理选择测评工具。

婴幼儿重点呼吸道病毒感染性疾病预防健康教育专家共识

婴幼儿是呼吸道病毒感染性疾病的高发群体。健康教育是传播疾病防控知识、预防疾病发生发展的有效措施之一。当前,公众对婴幼儿呼吸道病毒感染预防的关注度日益提高,但有关健康教育指导材料相对缺乏。中国疾病预防控制中心妇幼保健中心、中华预防医学会儿童保健分会组织专家,从健康教育基本内容、健康教育应用场景、健康教育实施方法、健康教育效果评价多个维度着手制定本共识,以提高各级医疗卫生机构医务人员的健康教育水平,促进全社会对婴幼儿呼吸道病毒感染性疾病的关注,预防疾病发生,降低疾病重症率,保障婴幼儿健康。

中药抗呼吸道病毒感染性疾病的研究述评

随着呼吸道病毒感染性疾病的频发,全球公共卫生面临重大挑战,寻找有效的预防与治疗手段成为当务之急。中医药作为中国传统医学的重要组成部分,在抗病毒治疗中展现出独特优势。旨在综述中药抗呼吸道病毒感染性疾病的现代科学研究进展,探讨其在临床应用中的优势,以及如何通过多学科交叉融合,深入理解中药干预病毒全生命周期的科学内涵,系统解析中药复方抗病毒感染机制的研究策略。为未来防控病毒风险储备候选中药提供参考,对有效支撑我国新发突发病毒感染性疾病的防控与诊治具有重要意义。

麻杏石甘散对患呼吸道疾病犊牛上呼吸道菌群的影响

为了探讨麻杏石甘散对患有牛呼吸道疾病(BRD)犊牛的上呼吸道菌群的影响,本试验选择10头自然发病的BRD犊牛,按0.75 g/(kg·bw·d)剂量灌服麻杏石甘散,连用7 d。在用药0、3、5和7 d观察患病犊牛的临床症状并记录临床症状积分,判定临床效果;在用药0和7 d,收集血清,检测血清急性期蛋白[结合珠蛋白(HP)和淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)]浓度;在用药0和7 d,鼻拭子取样,采用16S rDNA高通量测序,进行α多样性、β多样性、菌群组成和差异分析。结果显示,与用药0 d相比,麻杏石甘散治疗0、3、5和7 d,患BRD犊牛临床症状积分总和均显著降低(P<0.05),且在用药5 d时已降低至5分以下;用药7 d时,患病犊牛治愈率为60%,显效率为40%,血清中HP和SAA浓度均显著降低(P<0.05),上呼吸道菌群α多样性和β多样性差异不显著(P>0.05);患病犊牛上呼吸道主要优势菌门包括变形菌门、软壁菌门、拟杆菌门、梭杆菌门和放线菌门,主要优势菌属包括假单胞菌属、拉恩氏菌属、寡养单胞菌属、支原体和嗜冷杆菌属;与用药0 d相比,用药7 d的犊牛上呼吸道的假单胞菌属和放线菌目未分类属相对丰度极显著升高(P<0.01),肠杆菌科未分类属、欧文氏菌属和肠杆菌属相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05),拉恩氏菌属相对丰度极显著降低(P<0.01)。结果表明,连续7 d给予患BRD犊牛麻杏石甘散,可有效缓解临床症状,显著降低上呼吸道中拉恩氏菌属和肠杆菌属等有害菌相对丰度,可能对患BRD犊牛恢复健康起到积极作用,为麻杏石甘散在牛临床上的应用提供参考。

2020年太原市居民四类主要慢病早死概率分析

目的分析2020年太原市居民四类主要慢病早死概率,为慢病防治、实现“健康中国2030”重大慢性病早死概率下降目标提供支持。方法利用人口死亡信息登记管理系统2020年太原市户籍居民死亡资料,分析慢病死亡率(标化死亡率)和早死概率。结果2020年太原市居民四类主要慢病标化死亡率347.35/10万,占全部死亡的92.19%;心脑血管疾病、恶性肿瘤、糖尿病、慢性呼吸系统疾病引起的死亡标化死亡率为321.02/10万,占总死亡的85.31%。四类慢病早死概率为11.02%,与山西省2015年早死概率相比较降幅达42%,并且男性早死概率高于女性。结论太原市2020年慢性非传染性疾病死亡率水平较高,并且太原市居民报告的慢性病死亡以心脑血管疾病、恶性肿瘤、慢性呼吸系统疾病、糖尿病为主。虽2020年太原市居民重大慢病早死概率下降幅度较大,但应进一步针对不同人群尤其男性人群制定有效的危险因素干预。