The Random Distribution of the Loading and Unloading Response Ratio Under the Assumptions of Poisson Models

This paper discussed the random distribution of the loading and unloading response ratio（LURR） of different definitions（Y1～Y5）using the assumptions that the earthquakes occurfollowing the Poisson process and their magnitudes obey the Gutenberg-Richter law.Theresults show that Y1～Y5 are quite stable or concentrated when the expected number of eventsin the calculation time window is relatively large（】40）;but when this occurrence ratebecomes very small,Y2～Y5 become quite variable or unstable.That is to say,a high value ofthe LURR can be produced not only from seismicity before a large earthquake,but also from arandom sequence of earthquakes that obeys a Poisson process when the expected number ofevents in the window is too small.To check the influence of randomness in the catalogue tothe LURR,the random distribution of the LURR under Poisson models has been calculated bysimulation.90%,95% and 99% confidence ranges of Y1 and Y3 are given in this paper,which is helpful to quantify the random

Short-term and imminent anomalies of earthquake of load and unload response ratio of the well level to earth tides

In this paper, through the nonlinear response of rock strain and stress, we have analized the physical mechanism of loading and unloading response ratio of the well level to the earth tides,the respouse of an aquifer of confined well to bulk strain tide and showed two methods of the calculation of loading and unloading response ratio of the well level to the earth tides. We took the example of the Yu 01 well, which is near the epicenter of Heze M S 5.9 earthquake, calculated the response rate and loading and unloading response ratio of two kinds of the earth tides of it. The response rate and response ratio before the earthquake had the variation of increase.

Physical meaning and prediction efficiency of the load/unload response ratio of rocks in strain-weakening phase before failure

Rock experiment results indicate that the load/unload response ratio (LURR) of rocks expressed via strain energy may have singular or negative value after the stress in the rock reaches its maximum before rock failure or when the rock goes into the strain-weakening phase. The universality of this phenomenon is discussed. Expressed via strain or strain energy and the travel time of P wave, the variation form of the reciprocal of LURR during the process of rock failure preparation is derived. The results show that after a sharp decrease the reciprocal of LURR reaches its minimum when the main fracture of the rock is about to appear. This feature can be taken as an indication that the rock main fracture is impending.

The tempo-spatial evolution characteristics of the load/unload response ratio before strong earthquakes in California of America and its predicting implications

In this paper, the tempo-spatial evolution characteristics of the load/unload response ratio (namely LURR or Y value) before strong earthquakes with magnitude over 6 during 1976~1994 in California of America are studied in detail. The results show that there appear some high-Y regions cohering with the regional tectonic trend in a great area 3~4 years before strong earthquakes and these high-Y regions migrate from the periphery to the epicenter region at a speed of tens of kilometers per year. The load/unload response ratio (LURR) anomalies near the epicenter region characterizes a type of (ascend ? descend( and appear and increase steeply until one year or less before most earthquakes. (Positive( earthquakes form usually a concentration area; in and near which the main shock occurs. We have analyzed the different and same characters of earthquakes between California of American and the Chinese mainland. Basing on these results, we discuss the approach and method how to predict and estimate the three parameters (place, time and magnitude) of a strong earthquake in California of American by applying the characteristics of the LURR.

The spatial temporal evolution characteristics of the load／unload response ratio（LURR） and its implications for predicting the three elements of earthquakes

The spatial temPOral evolution characteristics of the load/unload response ratio (Y) before strong earthquakes is studied in this paper. The results show that the regions of high value of Y migrate and converge to the impending earthquake epicenter from different directions before the occurrence of the event. Basing on this discovery, it is proposed that the method can be used to predict the three elements of an earthquake. It was applied to predict that an earthquake would occur in the western part of Yunnan Province, southwestern China. The three elements (time, space and magnitude) of the Menglian earthquake with Ms7.3 which occurred on July 12, 1995 in Yunnan Province tallied with our prediction.

The Natural Probability Distribution of Load and Unload Response Ratio

In this paper,the Gutenberg-Richter model is used to generate seismic events.The events that satisfy the random distribution are also generated.With those events,the natural probability distribution of Load and Unload Response Ratio(LURR),which measures quantitatively the degree of instability of a nonlinear system,is discussed.The study is based on stress energy release,which is chosen as the response of nonlinear system F3.The comparative results from the observation catalogue and generating data are also studied.It is revealed that the natural probability of LURR is mostly stable when the sample number is sufficient.The lower the natural probability of LURR,the more the precursory is information it may contain.The influence of Y3 resulting from the sample number and the magnitude range of events is also discussed.

Local Anomalies of the Load-Unload Response of the Geomagnetic Field to Solar Wind and Earthquakes in Southwest China

Many earthquakes occurred during the period 1994 -1996 in Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces, Southwest China. Taking the process of the initial main phase recovery phase of the magnetic storm as the process of load-unload response of the geomagnetic field to the solar wind, we have estimated and analyzed the distribution in time and space of the load-unload response ratio P(z) of the storm time disturbance daily variation of the vertical component Z of the geomagnetic field at ten stations in Southwest China. We found that the area with high ratio P(z) was just the area where moderately strong earthquakes would occur from 44 days to 15 months later. The relationship between the high ratio P(z) and weather disasters in both seismic and non-seismic areas is discussed briefly.

地磁异常识别技术在松原5.7级地震前的应用研究

运用地磁异常识别技术对2018年5月28日松原5.7级地震前的地磁异常展开研究。采用加卸载响应比法、逐日比法、日变化空间相关法、异常叠加法对吉林省三岗台、通化台及东北地区邻近的大连台、营口台、朝阳台、铁岭台等台站,运用松原5.7级地震前18个月内的地磁预处理分钟值数据进行计算分析和异常判定识别。研究结果表明:在加卸载响应比法、逐日比法和日变化空间相关法的基础上,运用异常叠加法提取的地磁异常,其预测的位置与真实值更加接近,预测结果对省内地震具有重要的指示意义。

基于LURR的前震分析方法及其在川滇地区的应用

加卸载响应比(Load-Unload Response Ratio,LURR)是基于岩石介质本构关系动态变化提出的一种中短期地震预测方法,然而,在实践应用中存在构造剪应力方向难以确定的问题.本文以前震为研究对象,发展了一种确定构造剪切应力方向的新思路.当4级以上地震发生后,通过沿该地震滑动方向计算库仑破坏应力(CFS)的变化,判断其固体潮加卸载状态,探测后续强震发生的可能性.以川滇地区(20°N—35°N,96°E—106°E)为研究区域,分析2000年以来所有6级以上地震的4级以上前震的加卸载状态发现,大部分4级以上前震发生在加载阶段.进一步分析近10年来所有4级以上地震的加卸载状态发现,非前震则更易发生在卸载阶段.结合概率增益分析可知,(1)若原震区连续发生至少2个4级以上地震,且均位于固体潮加载过程,后续发生强震的可能性较大;(2)当地震位于卸载过程,原震区发生更强地震的可能性要低于平时的背景地震活动水平.此外,对2022年11月以来的4级以上地震加卸载状态分析推测,川东南、滇南、滇西北地区应力积累水平较高,需要重点关注强震危险性.

利用加卸载响应比探查强震成核过程——以2020年新疆伽师6.4级地震为例

加卸载响应比(LURR)是基于非均匀脆性介质损伤演化提出的一种中短期地震预测方法,以往的研究中多以地震活动为响应量计算LURR,地球物理观测资料应用较少.本文基于地下流体、地壳形变、电磁、岩石地温等观测资料,运用加卸载响应比(LURR)方法研究2020年新疆伽师6.4级地震的孕育过程.震中300 km范围内的20个观测台站中,11个台站数据计算得到的LURR时间序列呈现明显规律性特征.震前数月-数天都出现相对异常高值,并在回落后发生地震,演化过程与使用震中200 km范围内小震活动计算的LURR时间序列一致.不同观测资料所得LURR异常阈值分别为:地下水位1.02、岩石地温1.0002、倾斜仪1.005、水温1.02、氢气1.02、地电阻率1.01、地磁1.02、小震活动1.5.从异常台站的空间分布上看,存在向震中迁移的过程,即随着主震发生时间的临近,检测到异常的台站位置与震中之间的距离越小,且在震中附近呈现加速过程.LURR异常的时空演化可能与岩石介质的亚失稳有关,反映了大震前震源区介质的成核弱化和加速破裂过程.上述演化过程可以通过原始观测曲线中记录的异常数量、空间分布及其随时间的演化加以证实.

袋装物料自动装卸装备仿真设计及优化

目的为解决市场上袋装货物装卸工作繁重、装卸自动化程度低,复杂的装卸环境影响工人的身心健康的问题,本文基于市场需要,设计一套可自动装卸袋装物料的装卸装备。方法本文首先采用SOLIDWORKS软件对装卸装备进行三维模型的研发设计,并完成装置的虚拟装配,然后利用FLUENT软件对主要的受力部件进行静力学分析,最后采用响应面优化设计法对主要零件进行结构优化。结果通过FLUENT软件分析,确定了装备的强度、刚度及稳定性满足工作的需要,同时经过响应面优化得到零部件的最优尺寸。根据优化前后各项数据可知,优化后的零部件质量比优化前质量减少了27.76%,最大等效应力减少了26.78%,最大变形量减少了59.66%。结论该装卸装备可广泛应用在水泥行业、化肥行业和食品行业等应用袋装货物的场景,为下一台样机的生产提供理论依据。

冲击荷载下加卸载效应对冲击性岩石力学特性的影响

为研究矿井基本顶周期来压对冲击性矿柱动力学特性的影响,采用一维动静组合加载SHPB实验装置对循环加卸载预处理过的冲击性砂岩开展动态冲击实验,实验中预先设置3种不同的轴向循环阈值:6、12、18 MPa,然后进行不同冲击气压条件下的动态压缩实验。探讨了不同循环阈值和冲击气压下冲击性砂岩动态力学响应特性、能量演化规律及碎块分布特征。研究结果表明:岩样动态应力−应变曲线整体划分为弹性阶段、屈服阶段和破坏阶段。动态应力−应变曲线起始阶段近似直线,不存在静态单轴压缩中的裂隙压密阶段。平均动态抗压强度、平均动态弹性模量和平均动态变形模量随循环阈值增大先增大后减小;而平均动态峰值应变随循环阈值增大先减小后增大。临界阈值处岩样平均动态抗压强度、平均动态弹性模量和平均动态变形模量最大,平均动态峰值应变最小。反射能和耗散能密度随循环阈值增大先减小后增大;而透射能随循环阈值增大先增大后减小。临界阈值处岩样反射能和耗散能密度最小,透射能最大。冲击荷载下岩样呈4种破坏形态:粉碎破坏、岩块碎裂、岩块侧面剥落脱离、岩块劈裂。各冲击气压下岩样分形维数随循环阈值增大先减小后增大,随耗散能密度增加呈非线性增长。冲击性岩石致密性越好,冲击破坏时剧烈程度越弱,碎块块度越大,耗散能密度越小,分形维数越小。研究结果表明矿井基本顶周期来压小于冲击性矿柱损伤门槛值时,周期来压可提高岩层密实性,进而影响动态冲击时的破坏程度。

乌什M_(S)7.1地震前地倾斜、地应变加卸载响应比异常分析

基于岩石应力的本构关系,以2024年1月23日乌什M_(S)7.1地震前震中及周边500 km范围内地倾斜、地应变数据作为“响应量”,利用库伦应力触发模型的加卸载响应比方法进行计算,结果显示,乌什洞体应变等3个测项均出现震前LURR异常,这表明震源区介质存在明显的应力积累过程,同时也说明从倾斜、应变的潮汐频段中能够提取出地震预测的有效信息。

2023年2次肃北5级及以上地震的PI和LURR特征回溯性研究

2023年10月24日和12月1日在甘肃省肃北县分别发生M_(S)5.5和M_(S)5.0地震,震中位于祁连山地震带西段,采用图像信息(PI)和加卸载响应比(LURR)探查2次地震孕育过程中应力状态和震后地震活动趋势,为分析祁连山地震带地震活动趋势提供参考。结果显示:①PI热点计算结果显示,肃北地区存在显著的背景应力异常,其幅度指示该区域在未来1年存在发生6级左右地震的可能;②LURR的时空演化特征进一步显示,2023年3月起LURR时序曲线呈显著上升异常变化,且异常空间分布持续向震源区迁移,表明在中短期内有发生强震的可能;③2次地震发生后,震源区LURR异常的时空特征仍呈现持续发展状态,尚未恢复到小于1的正常水平。因此,仍需关注祁连山地震带西段发生6级左右地震的可能。

The Experimental Simulation of Rocks on Load/Unload Response Ratio for Earthquake Prediction

The load/unload experiments on rock failure under pressure have been carried out in Material Test System (MTS) in the Laboratory for Non-linear Mechanics of Continuous Media (LNM), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and load/unload response ratio (LURR) values with strain as response (i.e. inverse elastic constant as response rate) have been obtained. The experimental results are in accordance with theoretical results and those in real earthquakes: LURR rises just before rock failure. So LURR can be used as the precursor of rock failure and earthquake prediction.

The Spatial Variation of LURR and Seismic Tendency in Western United States

Load-Unload Response Ratio (LURR) is a new promising approach to earthquake prediction. In the previous years, a series of successful medium-term predictions have been made for strong earthquakes on the Chinese mainland using this method. In order to investigate whether the LURR method applies to different tectonic regimes, i.e., whether it is universal, the San Andreas Fault and its vicinities are chosen as the study region in this paper. The spatial variation of LURR in the western United States (30°～50°N, 100°～130°W) is studied in detail and the earthquake tendency in this region is discussed based on historic earthquake cases.

Experimental Research on the Load/Unload Response Ratio (LURR) Theory

Implementing acoustic emission experiments with large rock samples, LURR (Load/Unload Response Ratio) theory was studied. The loading conditions in the experiments were designed to simulate the complicated loading process of underground rocks. The damages emerging inside the rock samples were recorded by the acoustic emission technique during the loading process. The experimental results were consistent with prediction by LURR theory. Integrating the changing processes of LURR value Y and the location process of acoustic emission events showed agreement between the variation of LURR value Y and the damage evolution inside the rocks. Furthermore, the high value of Y emerged before the complete breakdown of materials. Therefore, the damage evolution of rock specimen can be quantitatively analyzed with LURR theory, thus the failure of the rock materials and the earthquake occurrence may be predicted. The experimental results gave a further verification of LURR theory.

Research on Strong Earthquake Tendency on Active Tectonic Block Boundaries in the Chinese Mainland

Previous studies have shown that the active tectonic block boundaries in the Chinese mainland are the main belts and concentration areas of strong earthquakes occurring in the Chinese mainland.It is essential to carry out follow-up analysis of strong earthquake risk of active tectonic block boundaries.In this paper,we carry out the analysis on the tendency of strong earthquakes along each active tectonic block boundary from three aspects respectively,including the evolutionary characteristics of the Load/Unload Response Ratio time series,the probability method based on the log-normal distribution function,and variation of b value.The estimation of strong earthquake criticality on each active tectonic block boundary is done based on the evolutionary characteristics of the Load/Unload Response Ratio time series,the cumulative probability and conditional probability,and the decrease of the b value.Finally,according to the results of analyses on the above three aspects,the potential strong earthquake areas in the forthcoming 5 years in the Chinese mainland are discussed.

Investigation on the Load/Unload Response Ratio With Coda Q-1 as Response

The load/unload response ratio YQ with the geophysical parameter coda Q-1 of the crust as response is denned in this study.The variation in YQ-1 before and after the Northridge earthquake of January 17,1994(California)has been investigated by using the data of coda Q-1 with frequencies of 1.5,3.0,6.0,12.0,and 24.0 Hz in the Southern California from 1987 to 1994.It can be found that YQ-1 for coda waves with all frequencies,the frequency of 12.0 Hz excluded,ascended to a certain extent prior to the occurrence of the rnainshock and returned to normality after the main shock.

Application of the Load/Unload Response Ratio Theory to Predictions of Moderate Earthquakes (7.0>M≥6.0)

The variation in load/unload response ratio before some moderate earthquakes is analyzed based on the theory of the load/unload response ratio.The results show that the load-unload response ratio increases noticeably before moderate earthquakes,and there are three kinds of patterns in which the load/unload response ratio varies and the duration of noticeable increase in load/unload response ratio ranges from half a year to two years.