Research on Rapid Response Schematic Design for Flexible Transfer Line CAPP-Based

To meet the market requirements for Flexible Transf er Line (FTL), which consists of modular NC machining tools of high quality and co st saving, the methodologies and technologies of client-oriented FTL rapid resp onse schematic design CAPP-based, one of the key techniques, are presented in t his paper. In order to achieve this purpose, an integrated system for integrated design of CAD/CAPP/FTL with box-type parts is realized. In this paper, firstly the theory of the conceptual design of FTL based on CAPP is established and the software architecture is developed. The global-domain pr oduct model is put forward to meet with data representation. After the manufactu ring feature is analyzed and decomposed for machining operations, the feature-b ased part unified data model object-oriented is built. Secondly the knowledge- based CAPP system data model is established. The process planning unit model is formed by work element (WE), which is tool-cell based function abstraction meth od, and has unified layers with respect to designing and manufacturing. With WEs through dynamic response and simultaneous structure in process planning, the pr inciple solution for CAPP function system can be implemented. Lastly the mapping from process domain to module design domain is built. The unidirectional select ion process based on fuzzy matching technology is easily dealt with computer. Th e algorithm of decision with fuzzy synthetic evaluation method and technology is applied to estimate the feasibility of the results in local working procedure o f modular NC machine tools and make decision of designs in overall FTL, which co nsists of many different factors. The example shows that the rapid response desi gn in bidding-based FTL scheme design is realized.

Frequency Response Design Method for PDFSV Control of Electrohydraulic Servo Systems

The frequency response design method for PDFSV (Pseudo Derivative Feedback Subvariable) control of electrohydraulic servo system is introduced. Theoretical analysis and computer simulation show that PDFSV control is a high robust system, and a very good performance can be obtained when this theory is employed in electrohydraulic servo system.

Extraction Process Optimization of Total Flavonoids from Mallotus apelta Stems by Central Composite Design/Response Surface Method

[Objectives] To optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids in stems of Mallotus apelta. [Methods]On the basis of singlefactor test,with volume fraction of ethanol,extraction time and ratio of solvent as independent variables,the content of total flavonoids as dependent variables,the completely secondary response surface regression fitting was conducted on the independent and dependent variables,and the Response Surface Method was used to optimize the optimum extraction process of total flavonoids in Mallotus apelta stems and predict the optimum process. [Results] The optimum extraction process of total flavonoids in Mallotus apelta was determined as follows: ethanol concentration of 71. 5%; extraction time of 154. 6 min; solid-liquid ratio of 1∶19. 2; total flavonoids content of 7. 060 mg/g; fitted binomial squared correlation coefficient R^2= 0. 8751.[Conclusions]Composite Design/Response Surface Method could be used in the extraction process optimization of total flavonoids in Mallotus apelta stems,the mathematical model established had high prediction accuracy,the method was simple and operability was good.

Response spectrum of seismic design code for zones lack of near-fault strong earthquake records

It was shown from the study on the recently near-fault earthquake ground motions that the near-fault effects were seldom considered in the existing Chinese seismic code. Referring to the UBC97 design concept for near-fault factors, based on the collected world-widely free-site records of near-fault earthquakes ground motions classified by earthquake magnitude and site condition, the attenuation relationship expressions of the acceleration spectrum demand at the key points within the long period and moderate period were established in term of the earthquake magnitude and the site condition. Furthermore, the near-fault factors＇ expressions about the earthquake magnitude and the fault distance were deduced for the area lack of near-fault strong earthquake records. Based on the current Chinese Building Seismic Design Code, the near-fault effect factors and the modified design spectral curves, which were valuable for the seismic design, were proposed to analyze the seismic response of structures.

Structural Design and Experiment of Narrow-Band Response GaAlAs Photocathodes

To obtain the peak response at 532nm, narrow-band response GaA1As photocathodes with two GaAIAs ac- tive layers of different aluminum compositions are designed in consideration of the maximum absorptivity and quantum efficiency. The transmission-mode and the corresponding reflective-mode photocathodes are grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The results indicate that the peak response and the cut-off wavelength occur at 532nm for the two kinds of photocathodes respectively. The response of the reflection-mode photoeath- ode is an order of magnitude higher than that of the transmission-mode photocathode, whereas the better growth quality and the thicker second GaAIAs active layer can improve the transmission-mode response.

Optimization of Cultivation Conditions for Exopolysaccharide and Mycelial Biomass by Clitocybe sp. Using Box-Behnken Design

Response surface (RSM) methodology based on a three-level three-factor Box-Behnkendesign of experiment was used to optimize the exopolysaccharide content (EPC) and themycelium biomass in submerged cultivation by Clitocybe sp. AS 5.112. The criticalfactors selected for the investigation were cultivation temperature, time and volume ofmedium, based on the results of previous Plackett-Burman design. By analyzing theresponse surface plots, the optimum ranges of cultivation temperature, time and mediumvolume for obtaining over 1 253.00gmL-1 of EPC lie in 24.325.8℃, 9.710.2d and 76.090.0mL, respectively. While for obtaining over 8.32 mg mL-1 of dry cell weight (DCW), theabove variables would be in the range of 23.824.8℃, 9.610.3d and 71.098.0mL,respectively. By solving the inverse matrix from the quadratic regression equations, theoptimal conditions to gain 1 265.45gmL-1 of EPC were 25.0℃, 9.9d and 83.4mL, to gain8.50mg mL-1 of DCW were 24.4℃, 9.9d and 87.1mL. In order to obtain the maximum yield ofEPC and DCW at the same time, the above conditions would be 24.5℃, 9.9d and 84.7mL,respectively, in this situation, the maximum predicted EPC and DCW were 1 261.60gmL-1and 8.47mgmL-1, respectively. The experimental data under various conditions have validatedthe theoretical values.

Box-Behnken response surface method combined with fingerprint to optimize the extraction process of total anthraquinone from Cassia seeds

Objective:The Box-Behnken response surface method combined with fingerprints was used to optimize the extraction process of total anthraquinone from Cassia seeds.Methods:A three-factor,three-level response surface test was conducted based on the single-factor test with comprehensive evaluation as the measurement index.The comprehensive evaluation indexes included the extraction rate of total anthraquinone of Cassia seeds or the equivalent amount of herbs per gram of total anthraquinone of Cassia seeds,the normalized value of peak areas of 5 index components such as aurantio obtusin in the fingerprint of each sample to 16 shared peaks and the similarity of fingerprints(the reference fingerprint was established by the extraction solvent for the determination of Cassia seeds content in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition)with the weights of 0.2,0.5 and 0.3,respectively.Results:The best extraction process was obtained:the liquid-to-material ratio was 20:1(mL·g-1),the extraction solvent was mixture of 60%ethanol-ethyl acetate(2:1),and the extraction time was 15.12 min.The results of five sets of validation experiments showed that the overall evaluation of total anthraquinone of cassia seeds by the best process was 0.528(RSD=0.45%),and the prediction result of response surface method model was 0.531,and the relative error with the prediction result was 0.531.The relative error of the predicted results was 0.56%,and the best extraction process was consistent with the model prediction,and the obtained best process could be used for the extraction of total anthraquinone from Cassia seeds.Conclusion:The Box-Behnken response surface method combined with the fingerprint technique can be used to find the best reaction conditions and examine the interactions among the factors in a comprehensive and accurate manner,which can provide reference for the optimization and evaluation of the extraction process of Chinese medicine.

Towards Climate Responsive Building Design: Bio-Climatic Design Features of Residential Building Typologies in the Warm-Humid Climate of Ghana

Climatic considerations in the architectural design of most contemporary buildings have not been strictly adhered to by building design and construction professionals in the last few decades in the developing world, with users being denied the inevitable interactions with the natural surroundings offered by climate. The situation leads to utilization of energy-based equipment such as air conditioner that is environmentally unsustainable. The study aimed to evaluate the bioclimatic design features of residential building typologies and to identify features that can enhance the environmental responsiveness of buildings. This study adopted the Mahoney Tables to undertake a climatic analysis to develop appropriate design guidelines for the climate context. The developed design guidelines were then used to evaluate the bio-climatic design features of a sampled number of residential building types. The study revealed that features of the buildings reflect the recommended design guidelines, but to varied extents among the building typologies that were studied. Occupants generally find their spaces unsatisfactory primarily as a result of the experience of hot discomfort. The findings are expected to engender a renewed interest in the design of buildings in response to prevailing climatic conditions to reduce reliance on energy use and to serve as a useful reference for contemporary architectural design practice and education.

Optimization of Jiawei Qing'e Oral Fast Disintegrating Tablets Based on Response Surface-Central Composite Design

Abstract: Objective To apply the response surface-central composite design to developing and optimizing the oral fastdisintegrating tablets (ODT) formulation for Jiawei Qing’e, a kind of prescription of Chinese herbal medicine.Methods The bitterness of Jiawei Qing’e was masked using Eudragit E-100 by solvent evaporation technique.Response surface approach was applied to investigating the interaction of formulation parameters in optimizing theformulation. The independent variables were Eudragit E-100/drug ratio (X1), amount of disintegrants (X2), and theamount of diluents (X3). The disintegration time (Y1), hardness (Y2), and weight variations of the tablets werecharacterized. Results The models predicted levels of X1= 4.63%, X2= 5.25%, and X3= 34.33%, for the optimalformulation having a hardness of 3.0 kg with the disintegration time of 30 s within experimental region. The observedresponse of Y1= 26.5 s and Y2= 3.14 kg reasonably agreed with the predicted response. Conclusion Responsesurface methodology shows the good predictability and reliability in optimizing the formulation. The optimized ODTof Jiawei Qing’e has acceptable taste, rapid disintegrating ability, and good mechanical strength.

Cloning and characterization of a novel UDP-glycosyltransferase gene induced by DON from wheat

Fusarium head blight（FHB）,caused primarily by Fusarium graminearum,is a destructive disease of wheat throughout the world.However,the mechanisms of host resistance to FHB are still largely unclear.Deoxynivalenol（DON）produced by F graminearum which enhances the pathogen to spread could be converted into inactive form D3 G by UDP-glycosyltransferases（UGTs）.A DON responsive UGT gene,designated as TaUGT4,was first cloned from wheat in this study.The putative open reading frame（ORF） of TaUGT4 was 1386 bp,encoding 461 amino acids protein.TaUGT4 was placed on chromosome 2D using a set of nulli-tetrasomic lines of wheat cultivar Chinese Spring（CS）.When fused with eGFP at C terminal,TaUGT4 was shown to localize in cytoplasm of the transformed tobacco cells.The transcriptional analysis revealed that TaUGT4 was strongly induced by F graminearum or DON in both of FHB-resistant cultivar Sumai 3 and susceptible cultivar Kenong 199,especially in Sumai 3 under DON treatment.Similar increase of TaUGT4 expression was observed in Sumai 3 and Kenong 199 in response to salicylic acid（SA） treatment.But interestingly,the transcripts level of TaUGT4 in Sumai 3 showed significantly higher than that in Kenong 199 after treated with methyl jasmonate（MeJA）.According to the expression patterns,TaUGT4 might lead to different effects between FHB-resistant genotype and susceptible genotype in the process against F graminearum inoculation.It had also been discussed in this paper that JA signaling pathway might play a significant role in the resistance against F.graminearum compared to SA signaling pathway.

Optimizing the Extraction of Anthocyanins from Pitaya(Hylocereus undatus)Pericarp

[Objectives]This study was conducted to confirm the existence of anthocyanins in pitaya(Hylocereus undatus)pericarp and optimize the extraction condition.[Methods]Single-factor tests were carried out on five factors:ethanol concentration,extraction temperature,ultrasonic power,solid-to-liquid ratio and extraction time.Based on the single-factor test results,four factors and three levels of process conditions were optimized by Box-Behnken design test.[Results]Anthocyanins exist in the pericarp of pitaya,and the optimum conditions were extraction temperature 49℃,ultrasonic power 120 W,extracted time 2 h and ethanol concentration 60%.Under these conditions,the average yield of anthocyanins was 80 mg/100g.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for the extraction of anthocyanins from the pericarp of red-flesh pitaya.

Seismic performances of dyke on liquefiable soils

Various field investigations of earthquake disaster cases have confirmed that earthquake-induced liquefaction is a main factor causing significant damage to dyke,research on seismic performances of dyke is thus of great importance.In this paper,seismic responses of dyke on liquefiable soils were investigated by means of dynamic centrifuge model tests and three-dimensional（3D） effective stress analysis method which is based on a multiple shear mechanism model and a liquefaction front.For the prototype scale centrifuge tests,sine wave input motions with peak accelerations 0.806 m/s2,1.790 m/s2 and 3.133 m/s2 of varied amplitudes were adopted to study the seismic performances of dyke on the saturated soil layer foundation with relative density of approximately 30%.Then,corresponding numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the distribution and variations of deformation,acceleration,excess pore-water pressure（EPWP）,and behaviors of shear dilatancy in the dyke and the liquefiable soil foundation.Moreover,detailed discussions and comparisons between numerical simulations and centrifuge tests were also presented.It is concluded that the computed results have a good agreement with the measured results by centrifuge tests.The physical and numerical models both indicate that the dyke hosted on liquefiable soils subjected to earthquake motions has exhibited larger settlement and lateral spread：the stronger the motion is,the larger the dyke deformation is.Compared to soils in the deep ground under the dyke and the free field,the EPWP ratio is much smaller in the shallow liquefiable soil beneath the dyke in spite of large deformation produced.For the same overburden depth soil from free site and the liquefiable foundation beneath dyke,the characteristics of effective stress path and stress-strain relations are different.All these results may be of theoretical and practical significance for seismic design of the dyke on liquefiable soils.

Combined Size and Shape Optimization of Structures with DOE,RSM and GA

In this paper,size and shape optimization problem of a machine gun system is addressed with an efficient hybrid method,in which a novel and flexible mesh morphing technique is employed to achieve fast parameterization and modification of complexity structure without going back to CAD for reconstruction of geometric models or to finite element analysis（ FEA） for remodeling. Design of experiments（ DOE） and response surface method（ RSM） are applied to approximate the constitutive parameters of a machine gun system based on experimental tests. Further FEA,secondary development technique and genetic algorithm（ GA） are introduced to find all the optimal solutions in one go and the optimal design of the demonstrated machine gun system is obtained. Results of the rigid-flexible coupling dynamic analysis and exterior ballistics calculation validate the proposed methodology,which is relatively time-saving,reliable and has the potential to solve similar problems.

Pseudomonas sp.ZXY-1,a newly isolated and highly efficient atrazine-degrading bacterium,and optimization of biodegradation using response surface methodology

Atrazine, a widely used herbicide, is increasing the agricultural production effectively, while also causing great environmental concern. Efficient atrazine-degrading bacterium is necessary to removal atrazine rapidly to keep a safe environment. In the present study, a new atrazine-degrading strain ZXY-1, identified as Pseudomonas, was isolated. This new isolated strain has a strong ability to biodegrade atrazine with a high efficiency of 9.09 mg/L/hr.Temperature, p H, inoculum size and initial atrazine concentration were examined to further optimize the degradation of atrazine, and the synthetic effect of these factors were investigated by the response surface methodology. With a high quadratic polynomial mathematical model（R^2= 0.9821） being obtained, the highest biodegradation efficiency of 19.03 mg/L/hr was reached compared to previous reports under the optimal conditions（30.71°C, pH 7.14, 4.23%（V/V） inoculum size and 157.1 mg/L initial atrazine concentration）.Overall, this study provided an efficient bacterium and approach that could be potentially useful for the bioremediation of wastewater containing atrazine.

Detailed parametric design methodology for hydrodynamics of liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed using design of experiments

A design-of-experiments methodology is used to develop a statistical model for the prediction of the hydrodynamics of a liquid–solid circulating fluidized bed. To illustrate the multilevel factorial design approach, a step by step methodology is taken to study the effects of the interactions among the independent factors considered on the performance variables. A multilevel full factorial design with three levels of the two factors and five levels of the third factor has been studied. Various statistical models such as the linear, two-factor interaction, quadratic, and cubic models are tested. The model has been developed to predict responses, viz., average solids holdup and solids circulation rate. The validity of the developed regression model is verified using the analysis of variance. Furthermore, the model developed was compared with an experimental dataset to assess its adequacy and reliability. This detailed statistical design methodology for non-linear systems considered here provides a very important tool for design and optimization in a cost-effective approach

Optimization of Extraction Process,Analysis of Polysaccharides from Morchella septimelata

Morchella septimelata polysaccharide(MSP)possesses multiple biological activities.In this study,double enzyme method was used to extract polysaccharides from Morchella septimelata.The basis of single factor experiment and response surface design was used to optimize the extraction process of polysaccharides.The optimal extraction conditions of polysaccharide were as follows:extraction time 2 h,extraction temperature 40.5℃,solid-liquid ratio 1:15(w/v),and the amount of double enzyme(cellulase:β-glucanase,mass ratio 1:2)2.0%.Under these conditions,the extraction yield of polysaccharide reached(14.86±0.12)%.

Measuring Teacher Sense of Efficacy: Insights and Recommendations Concerning Scale Design and Data Analysis from Research with Preservice and Inservice Teachers in China

In this study,issues concerning the design of scales for measuring teacher sense of efficacy(TSE)are first identified with particular attention to the Teacher Sense of Efficacy Scale(TSES).Psychometric issues concerning analysis and reporting of TSE data are subsequently identified.Recommendations are offered about all identified issues,and these recommendations are taken into account when obtaining and analyzing TSE data from Chinese mainland preservice and inservice teachers.Exploratory factor analyses yielded a single factor for both samples as well as for four subgroups within the inservice teacher sample.Results also provided insights about scale design as well as the TSES being limited for capturing the breadth of TSE.Suggestions are made for improvements in the assessment of TSE.

Development of the magnetic separation device for surface cracks of delinted cottonseed

In seed processing for commercial production,the collision or friction between mechanical parts and seed is inevitable.These collisions or friction can cause cracks on the surface of the seed,which can affect germination rates and ultimately reduce crop yields.Using the difference of the seed motion trajectories with different crack degrees in the magnetic field,the grading of the surface crack seed can be realized.In this study,the motion law of seed in a non-uniform magnetic field was analyzed by taking the delinted cottonseed as an object.A magnetic separation device for crop seeds was developed.This device was essentially composed of the feed throat,magnetic roller,conveyor belt,and variable-frequency adjustable-speed motor.The magnetic powder adhering seeds enter the magnetic separation device through the feed throat and are conveyed to the magnetic roller through the conveyor belt.The magnetic roller has different adsorption forces on seeds with different degrees of cracking,and seeds fall into different outlets,thus completing the grading of the seeds.By adjusting working parameters such as the magnetic field strength and the speed of the conveyor belt,magnetic separation could be made.In order to verify the grading effect,the magnetic separation accuracy was taken as the inspection index,the magnetic powder’s mesh number,the mass mixing ratio between magnetic powder and delinted cottonseed,and the rotation speed of the magnetic roller were taken as the inspection factors.The response surface methodology was used to optimize the working parameters of the experimental device.The results showed that the optimal process parameters of the magnetic separation device were as follows:the number of magnetic powder meshes was 250,the mass mixing ratio between magnetic powder and delinted cottonseed was 1:20,and when the rotational speed of the magnetic separation roller was 20 r/min,the detection rate reached 92.5%.The designed magnetic separation device can realize the non-destructive batch detection of seed surface cracks with high work efficiency and has guiding significance for the high-precision and low-damage classification detection and classification of commercial seed.

A typological,environmental and socio-cultural study of semi-open spaces in the Eastern Mediterranean vernacular architecture:The case of Cyprus

Semi-open spaces-largely incorporated in vernacular dwellings in Cyprus during the 19th and 20th centuries-formed diachronically significant socio-cultural, functional and environmental features of the vernacular architecture of the area. The climate of the Eastern Mediterranean region, i.e., hot summers and mild winters, encouraged the use of open weather protected spaces, thus leading to the widespread incorporation of such spaces in the vernacular architecture of the region. This paper focuses on the interconnections between architectural forms and human comfort, convenience or pleasure in relation to the semiopen spaces found in the vernacular architecture of Cyprus-an island in the Eastern Mediterranean region. For the purpose of this research, characteristic traditional settlements found in the coastal, lowland and mountainous areas-which represent three different climatic regions and topographies of the island-were selected for an in-depth investigation. The findings confirm a high frequency of semi-open spaces, as well as the existence of a remarkable richness of typologies. Although semi-open spaces constitute a fundamental part of the structure of these vernacular dwellings in all climatic regions examined, they dominate in the lowland regions due to the particularly hot climate, as well as the specific activities of the inhabitants of these areas. The prevailing architectural forms and constructions of these spaces in each climatic region under investigation was found to be closely adapted to the local resources, terrain and climate, while also being related to the social, household and agricultural needs of the inhabitants, thus underlining their sustainable and locus-specific conception. Research findings can contribute towards critically re-thinking semi-open spaces and their inherent value in rehabilitation projects, as well as in contemporary residential architecture.