Effects of leaf response velocity on spray deposition with an air-assisted orchard sprayer

The interaction between leaves and airflow has a direct effect on the droplet deposition characteristics of the leaf canopy.In order to make clear the mechanism of droplet deposition in terms of the interaction between the droplets and leaves from the point of the leaf aerodynamic response velocity,the leaf movement under different airflow velocities and the influence of the leaf aerodynamic response on droplet coverage ratio were investigated.The effect of the aerodynamic response velocity of a leaf on the droplet deposition of the leaf surface was investigated.The aerodynamic characteristics of the leaf were analyzed theoretically.Boundary layer theory from fluid mechanics was used to develop a model of the leaf aerodynamic response velocity to nonperiodic excitations based on a convolution integral method.Target leaf aerodynamic velocities were detected using a high-speed camera,and the results indicated that the modeled leaf aerodynamic response velocity matched the measured values.At given conditions of spray liquid and leaf surface texture,the spray test showed that the droplet coverage ratio was influenced by the leaf aerodynamic response velocity,the droplet coverage ratio increased and then decreased with the leaf response velocity.Through analyze four droplets deposition state,the highest droplet deposition ratio and best deposition state on the leaf surface occur when the leaf aerodynamic response velocity was less than 0.14 m/s.According to the analysis of droplet deposition states,the uniformity of the droplet size and quantity distribution of droplets on the leaf surface related to the leaf aerodynamic response velocity.The results can provide a basis for the design and optimization of orchard air sprayers.

Parametrical analysis of the railways dynamic response at high speed moving loads

The paper introduces some findings about a sensitivity analysis conducted on every geometrical and mechanical parameters which characterize the use of a railway superstructure at the high velocity. This analysis was carried out by implementing a forecast model that is derived from the simplified Gazetas and Dobry one. This model turns out to be particularly appropriate in the explication of problems connected to high velocity, since it evaluates both inertial and viscous effects activated by the moving load speed. The model implementation requires the transfer function determination that represents the action occurred by the bed surfaces on the railway and it therefore contains information concerning the geometrical and the mechanical characteristics of the embankment, of the ballast and of the sub-ballast. The transfer function H has been evaluated with the finite elements method and particularly, by resorting the ANSYS code with a harmonic structural analysis in the frequencies field. The authors, from the critic examination of the system＇s dynamics response in its entirety, glean a series of observations both of a general and a specific character, finally attaining a propose of a design modification of the standard railway superstructure at the high velocity of train operation adopted today especially in Italy.