Using restored two-dimensional X-ray images to reconstruct the three-dimensional magnetopause

Astronomical imaging technologies are basic tools for the exploration of the universe,providing basic data for the research of astronomy and space physics.The Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)carried by the Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)aims to capture two-dimensional(2-D)images of the Earth’s magnetosheath by using soft X-ray imaging.However,the observed 2-D images are affected by many noise factors,destroying the contained information,which is not conducive to the subsequent reconstruction of the three-dimensional(3-D)structure of the magnetopause.The analysis of SXI-simulated observation images shows that such damage cannot be evaluated with traditional restoration models.This makes it difficult to establish the mapping relationship between SXIsimulated observation images and target images by using mathematical models.We propose an image restoration algorithm for SXIsimulated observation images that can recover large-scale structure information on the magnetosphere.The idea is to train a patch estimator by selecting noise–clean patch pairs with the same distribution through the Classification–Expectation Maximization algorithm to achieve the restoration estimation of the SXI-simulated observation image,whose mapping relationship with the target image is established by the patch estimator.The Classification–Expectation Maximization algorithm is used to select multiple patch clusters with the same distribution and then train different patch estimators so as to improve the accuracy of the estimator.Experimental results showed that our image restoration algorithm is superior to other classical image restoration algorithms in the SXI-simulated observation image restoration task,according to the peak signal-to-noise ratio and structural similarity.The restoration results of SXI-simulated observation images are used in the tangent fitting approach and the computed tomography approach toward magnetospheric reconstruction techniques,significantly improving the reconstruction results.Hence,the proposed technology may be feasible for processing SXI-simulated observation images.

Identification and fine mapping of a fertility restorer gene for wild abortive cytoplasmic male sterility in the elite indica rice non-restorer line 9311

The wild abortive(WA)-type cytoplasmic male sterility(CMS)derived from the wild rice species Oryza rufipogon Griff.is used widely in three-line indica hybrids.The identification and mapping of restorer of fertility(Rf)genes aided in the development of WA-type hybrids.Here we report that testcross F1 plants from the WA-type CMS line and 9311 exhibited stainable pollen grains with no seed set,indicating that 9311 carries minor-effect Rfs for WA-type CMS.We developed an advanced backcross population consisting of plants harboring small regions of donor chromosomal segments from 9311 in the WATianfeng A genetic background with moderate seed setting rates.Genetic analysis showed that the pollen fertility levels of the backcross individuals are governed by a single gene from 9311 that we named Rf19(t).By use of the RICE 40 K gene chip,three introduced segments were identified in the fertile lines,and a candidate region spanning 4.37–8.29 Mb on chromosome 1 was identified for Rf19(t).Finally,Rf19(t)was fine-mapped to a region of 90 kb between the DNA marker loci STS1-163 and STS1-183,in which eight ORFs were predicted.Also,using relative expression analyses,comparative sequence analyses and functional domain analyses,we identified LOC_Os01g10530 as the most likely candidate gene for Rf19(t).Furthermore,Rf19(t)was found to function in fertility restoration,most probably by regulating the degradation of m RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial gene WA352.These results increase our knowledge of fertility restoration in WA-type CMS lines and will facilitate the development of high-quality pairs of WAtype CMS and maintainer lines.

Optimal Dynamic Voltage Restorer Using Water Cycle Optimization Algorithm

This paper proposes a low complexity control scheme for voltage control of a dynamic voltage restorer(DVR)in a three-phase system.The control scheme employs the fractional order,proportional-integral-derivative(FOPID)controller to improve on the DVR performance in order to enhance the power quality in terms of the response time,steady-state error and total harmonic distortion(THD).The result obtained was compared with fractional order,proportionalintegral(FOPI),proportional-integral-derivative(PID)and proportional-integral(PI)controllers in order to show the effectiveness of the proposed DVR control scheme.A water cycle optimization algorithm(WCA)was utilized to find the optimal set for all the controller gains.They were used to solve four power quality issues;balanced voltage sag,balanced voltage swell,unbalanced voltage sag,and unbalanced voltage swell.It showed that one set of controller gain obtained from the WCA could solve all the power quality issues while the others in the literature needed an individual set of optimal gain for each power quality problem.To prove the concept,the proposed DVR algorithm was simulated in the MATLAB/Simulink software and the results revealed that the four optimal controllers can compensate for all the power quality problems.A comparative analysis of the results in various aspects of their dynamic response and%THD was discussed and analyzed.It was found that PID controller yields the most rapid performance in terms of average response time while FOPID controller yields the best performance in term of average%steady-state error.FOPI controller was found to provide the lowest THD percentage in the average%THD.FOPID did not differ much in average response from the PID and average%THD from FOPI;however,FOPID provided the most outstanding average steady-state error.According to the CBMA curve,the dynamic responses of all controllers fall in the acceptable power quality area.The total harmonic distortion(THD)of the compensated load voltage from all the controllers were within the 8%limit in accordance to the IEEE std.519-2014.

基于X-RESTORE查询XML视图

基于转换 XML文档到关系数据库中进行存储与查询的策略 ,研究了 XML视图查询的有效计算问题 .提出了XML 视图查询的合成重写技术 ,它能够消除视图查询中所有在视图结构上的路径导航操作 ,并将视图查询中所有在原文档结构上的路径导航操作以及所有谓词操作下推到视图定义中去 ,与视图定义中的路径导航操作相结合 ,形成统一的在原文档结构上的路径导航操作 .视图合成重写不仅避免了对视图中不出现在最后结果中的中间 XML 片段的构造 ,而且允许将查询中的所有内存密集型或数据密集型操作尽量下推到关系引擎中去执行 ,从而提高

Vista数据保护五大工具 Windows Backup and Restore Center

有没有想过即使什么也不做。磁盘上的数据也能得到保护？Windows Vista彻底更新了早期操作系统中的备份特性。取代以全新的备份和还原中心——它能够让你即使从未进行过备份，也可以对删除过的文件进行恢复。而这项梦寐以求的功能，也仅仅只是它五大工具之一，我不得不承认，有了这个全能的备份和还原中心。我比以往任何时候都更加期待把Vista部署到用户的机器上……

Thermal Resistance of Common Rice Maintainer and Restorer Lines to High Temperature During Flowering and Early Grain Filling Stages

Fifteen common rice maintainer lines and 26 high-yielding restorer lines were used to evaluate their thermal resistance and fertility during flowering and early grain filling stages. The rice plants were subjected to high temperature stress （39-43 ℃） for 1-15 d from main stem flowering. Based on the heat stress index, they were divided into thermal resistant lines, semi-thermal resistant lines, semi-thermal sensitive lines and thermal sensitive lines. Therefore, the maintainer lines K22B, Bobai B and V20B belonged to thermal resistant lines, whereas 11-32B, Zhongzhe B and Zhong 9B belonged to thermal sensitive lines. For rice restorer lines, Minghui 63 had the highest thermal resistance, followed by R207, P32, P929, and the lowest thermal resistant lines P62-2-2, R8006 and P51. The correlation analysis indicated that the heat stress index was significantly correlated with seed-setting rate and abortive grain rate under heat stress, but not under natural conditions. This indicated that heat stress occurred during flowering and early grain filling stages mainly decreased the seed- setting rate and significantly increased the abortive grain rate in both rice maintainer and restorer lines.

Breeding and Characterization of a New Rice Restorer Line Containing Bt Gene

Bt5198, a new rice restorer line containing Bt gene, was developed from the cross and backcross of the elite restorer line Chenghui 177 with Bt Minghui 63, a transgenic Bt restorer line. The inbred lines were evaluated using PCR amplification, test paper evaluation, insect resistance evaluation in both the laboratory and paddy fields, nursery evaluation of rice blast resistance and pedigree selection of agronomic traits. Larval mortalities on Bt5198 and Bt Minghui 63 were 100% when rice culms were inoculated with the eggs of the striped stem borer （SSB） in the laboratory. Bt5198 was highly resistant against SSB and the yellow stem borer （YSB） under field conditions. The F1 hybrids derived from Bt5198 and four cytoplasmic male sterile （CMS） lines were also highly resistant to SSB and YSB and had a significant heterosis. Two-year evaluation of rice blast resistance confirmed that the resistance levels of Bt5198 to leaf blast and neck blast were similar to those of Chenghui 177 and significantly better than those of Bt Minghui 63. Seed germination ability and pollen yield of Bt5198 were similar with Chenghui 177, suggesting that the introduction of the Bt gene into the new restorer line had no significant effects on seed vitality or the yield of seed production. To identify the presence of the Bt gene, it was effective to combine test paper examination with the evaluation of insect-resistance, both in the laboratory and under field conditions.

Relay strategies combined with axon regeneration: a promising approach to restore spinal cord injury

For decades, numerous investigations have only focused on axon regeneration to restore function after traumatic spinal cord injury （SCI）, as interrupted neuronal pathways have to be reconnected for sensorimotor and autonomic recovery to occur. Experimental approaches have ranged from drug delivery and cell transplantation to genetic manipulations. Certainly, it would be an extraordinary achievement for injured axons to regenerate over long distances, to form synapses with target neurons, and to result in dramatic functional improvement. However, these efforts have been rewarded with limited success to date suggesting that axon regeneration alone may be insufficient to repair compromised functions.

Significant association of the novel Rf4-targeted SNP marker with the restorer for WA-CMS in different rice backgrounds and its utilization in molecular screening

In the rice cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility （CMS） system, the combination of a CMS line, maintainer line and restorer line carrying the restorer gene to restore fertility, is indispensable for the development of hybrids. However, the process of screening for the trait of fertility restoration is laborious and time-consuming. In the present study, we analyzed the nucleotide sequence of the Rf4 gene, which is the major locus controlling fertility restoration, to identify allele-specific variation. A single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） A/C at ＋474 in the coding sequence （CDS） was found to be capable of strictly distinguishing groups of alleles Rf4 （A） and rf4 （C）. Using KASP genotyping, this valuable SNP was converted to an allele-specific PCR marker. We evaluated and validated the marker among three-line parents with different backgrounds, and the results revealed a complete correlation between SNP alleles and the fertility restoration phenotype. Molecular screening was subsequently carried out for the presence of alleles of Rf4 and Rf3 among 328 diverse rice cultivars with worldwide distribution. The results demonstrate that this SNP marker could be the optimal choice for the molecular identification of potential restorers.

Resistance Evaluation of Some Chinese Leading Rice Maintainer, Restorer lines and Their Hybrids to Magnaporthe grisea

Six isolates of Magnaporthe grisea were selected to inoculate on 10 Chinese leading maintainer lines (B-lines), 14 restorer lines (R-lines) and their F1 hybrid plants. In the tested rice materials, R-lines were proved to be more resistant to blast than B-lines. The resistance frequency of about 25% F1 hybrid plants was less than their parents. In addition, 26 isolates of M. grisea collected from different rice growing areas of China were inoculated on 13 new improved hybrid rice combinations. The resistance frequencies of 5 improved hybrids were better than those of the controls and leading varieties in rice production of China.

Genetic Analysis of Stripe Disease Resistance in Rice Restorer Line C224 Using Major Gene plus Polygene Mixed Effect Model

The inheritance of stripe disease resistance in a rice restorer line C224 was analyzed using the mixed effect model of major gene plus polygene for quantitative traits.In addition,the resistance was investigated in seven crosses of C224 with maintainer lines.The results showed that the stripe resistance of C224 was controlled by two major genes with additive-dominance-epistasis effects plus polygenes with additive-dominance effects （E-1 model）.These two genes had additive effects of-12.47% and-24.75%,respectively,showing negative dominance effects.There were significant epistasis and interaction effects between the two major genes.The heritability of the two major genes was 92.12%,while that of polygenes was 2.74%,indicating that the stripe resistance had dominant major gene effect.Of the seven crosses,five displayed high or medium resistance to the stripe disease.

Indica rice restorer lines with large sink potential exhibit improved nutrient transportation to the panicle,which enhances both yield and nitrogen-use efficiency

The yield and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)of hybrid rice combinations are closely related to restorer line.Therefore,it is essential to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of restorer lines with high yield and high NUE(HYHN).However,it is unclear which restorer lines are HYHN,and neither have the common agronomic traits of the HYHN restorer lines been identified.Aiming to address this issue,we conducted two filed experiments using three nitrogen applications,which screened five HYHN restorer lines from 15 indica restorer lines.Yield,NUE and nutrient transportation of restorer lines with different yields and NUE types were examined.Yield and total nitrogen absorption in aboveground biomass(TNA)increased,whereas NUE for grain production decreased with increasing nitrogen application levels.The HYHN restorer lines had large spikelets and high weight per panicle that were significantly positively correlated with yield and NUE.Therefore,large sink potential may be beneficial for both yield and NUE.We further studied the differences in nutrient transportation to panicles between the HYHN and low yield and low NUE(LYLN)restorer lines and found that the former had a higher nitrogen absorption level and dry matter weight ratios of panicle in maturity.Moreover,the HYHN lines also had a higher root and neck-panicle node bleeding intensity per stem after heading and more developed vascular bundles of neck-panicle nodes and leaves than the LYLN lines,which could contribute to the transportation of nutrients from root to ground and from stem and leaf to spike.Therefore,the advantages of large sink potential of the HYHN restorer lines include large nutrient accumulation in and distribution to the panicles and smooth flow of nutrients along the transportation channels.

Mapping Major Restore Genes for C-type Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Maize with SSR Marker

Through observation about the restoration of male fertility of F2 and BC, progeny, we found that the restoring line Fengkel had two duplicating restorer genes. The restorer gene R/5 in Fengkel background was located on chromosome 5L by SSR method; it linked with bnlg1711, bnlg1346 and phi058, the genetic distances with bnlg1711, bnlg1346, and phi058 were 7.51cM, 1.68cM, and 9.87cM respectively; the restorer gene Rf4 was mapped on chromosome 8S linked with bnlg2307.

High-density mapping suggests cytoplasmic male sterility with two restorer genes in almond×peach progenies

Peach(Prunus persica)and almond(Prunus dulcis)are two sexually compatible species that produce fertile offspring.Almond,a highly polymorphic species,is a potential source of new genes for peach that has a strongly eroded gene pool.Here we describe the genetics of a male sterile phenotype that segregated in two almond(‘Texas’)×peach(‘Earlygold’)progenies:an F2(T×E)and a backcross one(T1E)to the‘Earlygold’parent.High-density maps were developed using a 9k peach SNP chip and 135 simple-sequence repeats.Three highly syntenic and collinear maps were obtained:one for the F2(T×E)and two for the backcross,T1E(for the hybrid)and E(for‘Earlygold’).A major reduction of recombination was observed in the interspecific maps(T×E and T1E)compared to the intraspecific parent(E).The E map also had extensive monomorphic genomic regions suggesting the presence of large DNA fragments identical by descent.Our data for the male sterility character were consistent with the existence of cytoplasmic male sterility,where individuals having the almond cytoplasm required the almond allele in at least one of two independent restorer genes,Rf1 and Rf2,to be fertile.The restorer genes were located in a 3.4 Mbp fragment of linkage group 2(Rf1)and 1.4 Mbp of linkage group 6(Rf2).Both fragments contained several genes coding for pentatricopeptide proteins,demonstrated to be responsible for restoring fertility in other species.The implications of these results for using almond as a source of novel variability in peach are discussed.

Expression Analysis of Restorer Alleles-Induced Genes in Pepper

Fertility restoration of cytoplasmic male-sterility in pepper （Capsicum annuum L.） is useful for commercial production of hybrid seeds. However, the mechanism of fertility restoration has not been determined. We previously constructed a cDNA library and identified some genes related to fertility restoration in pepper using suppression subtractive hybridization technology. In this study, the expression patterns of 20 genes were investigated using semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Three genes expressed only in restorer lines, but not in sterility lines. Four genes expressed only in anther, but not in other organs. Among these 7 genes, the clone TG31 was observed to specifically express in anther of restorer lines. The work described here provides a comprehensive overview on the expression pattern of the genes that are induced by restorer alleles in pepper. It will also contribute to the current understanding of molecular networks for the regulation of fertility restoration.

Breeding Rice Restorer Lines with High Resistance to Bacterial Blight by Using Molecular Marker-Assisted Selection

Two bacterial blight （BB） resistance genes, Xa21 and Xa4, from IRBB24 were introduced into hybrid rice restorer line Mianhui 725, which is highly susceptible to BB, by using hybridization and molecular marker-assisted selection technology. Four homologous restorer lines were obtained through testing the R target genes with molecular markers and analyzing parental genetic background. Inoculation of the four lines and their hybrids with the specific strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, P1, P6 and seven representative strains of Chinese pathotype, C Ⅰ -CⅦ, showed that all of the four lines and their hybrids were highly resistant and presented broad resistance-spectrum to BB. The hybrids of G46A / R207-2 displayed good agronomic characters and high yield potential, and R207-2 was named Shuhui 207.

The Application of ISSR Markers to Identify the Fertility Restorer Gene Rf6 in T. timopheevii Cytoplasmic MaleSterile Wheat(Triticum aestivum)

Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis was carried out on a F2 population of 147 plants derived from a cross between a wheat male fertility restorer line 2114 and a male sterile line ND44A. Out of 43 primers examined, 18 primers produced distinguishable, polymorphic bands between the two parents. Linkage analysis in the mapping population showed that two markers UBC-808 and UBC-848 were closely linked with the restorer gene Rf6 of the Triticum timopheevii CMS system. The distance between the two markers and the restorer gene was 7.9 cM and 4.9 cM, respectively. Also two parents were screened with 181 pairs of SSR primers, of which, 34.3% showed polymorphisms. But no locus was found linked with the restorer gene. Compared with the SSR technique, the ISSR approach used in the experiment provided more information and proved to be a valuable method to identify alien fragments.

Development of Transgenic Restorer of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Upland Cotton

A glutathione S-transferase gene (gst) has been introduced into restorers of cytoplasmic male sterility in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. A trans-genie restorer, signed as 'Zheda strong restorer', which has strong restorability to male sterility, was selected from progeny plants of transformants. When compared with an American restorer 'DES-HAF277', the fertility restorability of 'Zheda strong restorer' to male sterility was been enhanced by 25.8% in the percentage of viable pollens of hybrid (sterile line × restorer) F1 The hybrid gave 3.6 more bolls per plant, 10.1% less aborted seeds and 10.6% more lint yield when 'Zheda strong restorer' was used as male parent than when 'DES-HAF277' was. Southern and Northern bloting analysis showed that the foreign gsf gene was detectable and highly expressed in 'Zheda strong restorer'.

Analysis on the combination ability and stability of rice restore line Yihui1577

Yihui1577 was bred after over 10 generations by crossing RI6 and Yunnan purple rice. Many new hybrid rice varieties had been bred with Yihui 1577, of which Gangyou 1577, Ⅱ you1577, Nyou 1577 and Yixiang1577 were certified by Sichuan Province Crop Variety Release Committee, Gangyou1577 and Yixiang1577 were certified by National Crop Variety Release Committee. The series varieties bred with Yihui1577 had been used widely with accumulated areas of 1 200 000 hm2. By using Yihui1577 as breeding material, an excellent restore line Yihui 3003 and some other restore lines, such as Yihui 1979, Yihui 315 with good rice quality and good combination ability had been bred. Analysis of combination ability and stability about restore line Yihui 1577 was made by using agricultural experimentation and statistical approach. The combination ability analysis was made in complete dual crossing method with 4 CMS lines and 6 restorer lines. It showed that the general combination ability effect value of Yihui1577 was 0.226, while Minghui63 was -0.113. So the general combination ability ofYihui1577 was prior to that of Minghui 63. Stability analysis showed that the F value of Gangyou1577 was 1.81378, while Sanyou 63 was 1.40327, both didn＇t reach significant level. So Gangyou1577 had the same stability as Sanyou 63. The same conclusion had got in the stability analysis of the breeds of Ⅱ you 1577, Yixiang 1577, Nyou 1577 and so on.