Mechanism of Fast Data Retransmission in CU-DU Split Architecture of 5G NRG

The 5G radio access network （RAN） architectm＇e is supposed to be split into the central unit （CU） and the distributed unit （DU） in order to support more flexible transport networks and provide enhanced user experience. However, such functional split may also introduce some new technical issues. In this pa- per, we study the data fast retransmission issue introduced by this functional split in different scenarios and solutions are provided to handle this issue. With the fast data retransmis- sion mechanism proposed in this paper, the retransmitted da- ta packets could be identified and handled with high priority. In this way, the data delivery between the CU and DU in 5G RAN is assured.

Efficient Broadcast Retransmission Based on Network Coding for InterPlaNetary Internet

In traditional wireless broadcast networks,a corrupted packet must be retransmitted even if it has been lost by only one receiver.Obviously,this is not bandwidth-efficient for the receivers that already hold the retransmitted packet.Therefore,it is important to develop a method to realise efficient broadcast transmission.Network coding is a promising technique in this scenario.However,none of the proposed schemes achieves both high transmission efficiency and low computational complexity simultaneously so far.To address this problem,a novel Efficient Opportunistic Network Coding Retransmission(EONCR)scheme is proposed in this paper.This scheme employs a new packet scheduling algorithm which uses a Packet Distribution Matrix(PDM)directly to select the coded packets.The analysis and simulation results indicate that transmission efficiency of EONCR is over 0.1,more than the schemes proposed previously in some simulation conditions,and the computational overhead is reduced substantially.Hence,it has great application prospects in wireless broadcast networks,especially energyand bandwidth-limited systems such as satellite broadcast systems and Planetary Networks(PNs).

AN ADAPTIVE OPPORTUNISTIC RETRANSMISSION CONTROL SCHEME ENVIRONMENT-AWARE-BASED FOR WIRELESS MULTIMEDIA MESH NETWORKS

In this paper, we propose an aware-based adaptive opportunistic retransmission control scheme for wireless multimedia Mesh networks. The proposed scheme provides maximum retransmis-sion count optimization based on environment-aware to improve packet relay probability. The scheme discriminates the types of packet loss in wireless link by means of environment information and selects the retransmission count by taking the IEEE 802.11 wireless channel characteristics into consideration. Furthermore, the maximum retransmission count of MAC is adjusted adaptively. Extensive simulations demonstrate that the proposed scheme significantly reduces packet collision probability and packet loss rate, and thus improves network throughput.

The Overload Reduction in SIP Servers through Exact Regulation of the Retransmission Timer of the Invite Message

To initiate voice, image, instant messaging and general multimedia communication, the Session communication must initiate between two participants. SIP (Session initiation protocol) is an application layer control, which task is creating management, and terminating this kind of Sessions. With regard to the independence of SIP from the Transport layer protocols, the SIP messages can be transferred on a variety of Transport layer protocols such as TCP or UDP. The mechanism of Retransmission, which has been embedded in SIP, is able to compensate the missing Packet loss, if needed. The application of this mechanism is when SIP messages are transmitted on an unreliable transmission layer protocol such as UDP. This mechanism, while facing with SIP proxy with overload, causes excessive filling of proxy queue, delays the increase of other contacts and adds the amount of the proxy overload. We in this article, while using UDP, as the Transport layer protocol, by regulating the Invite Retransmission Timer appropriately (T1), have improved the SIP functionality. Therefore, by proposing an Adaptive Timer of Invite message retransmission, we have tried to improve the time of Session initiation and as a result, improving the performance. The performance of the proposed SIP, by the SIPP software in a real network environment has been implemented and evaluated and its accuracy and performance has been demonstrated.

A New HARQ Scheme for 5G Systems via Interleaved Superposition Retransmission

Within the framework of the 5G new radio(NR),we propose a new hybrid automatic repeat request(HARQ)scheme to improve the throughput performance.The difference between the proposed scheme and the conventional one lies in the first retransmission,where the erroneous coded block group is interleaved and superimposed(XORed)onto a fresh coded block group.At the receiver,an iterative message-passing decoding algorithm can be employed to recover the target erroneous code block group(CBG).Only when the superposed retransmission fails,the conventional incremental redundancy(IR)or repetition redundancy(RR)retransmission is initiated.In any case,since the first retransmission is along with but has negligible effect on the fresh CBG,it costs neither transmitted power nor bandwidth.Monte-Carlo simulation results reveal that the presented HARQ schemes can achieve throughput improvements up to 10%over block fading channels and up to 50%over fast fading channels in comparison with the original 5G CBG-level HARQ scheme but without excessively increasing the implementation complexity.

Optimizing Utility of Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks under the Energy and Retransmission Constraint

In Cognitive radio ad hoc networks （CRAHNs）, the secondary users （SUs） or cognitive radio nodes （CRs） are always equipped with limited energy and have a high error probability of data transmission. To address this issue, we first describe the network utility under energy constraint as a max-min model, where the re-transmission strategy with network coding is employed. Additionally, the expression of retransmission probability is presented in terms of power and bit error rate （BER）. Moreover, since the max-min model is non-convex in both objective and constraints, we use a normal- form game to find a near-optimal solution. The simulation results show that the proposed approach could achieve a higher network utility than the compared approaches.

Adaptive Retransmission Design for Wireless Federated Edge Learning

As a popular distributed machine learning framework,wireless federated edge learning(FEEL)can keep original data local,while uploading model training updates to protect privacy and prevent data silos.However,since wireless channels are usually unreliable,there is no guarantee that the model updates uploaded by local devices are correct,thus greatly degrading the performance of the wireless FEEL.Conventional retransmission schemes designed for wireless systems generally aim to maximize the system throughput or minimize the packet error rate,which is not suitable for the FEEL system.A novel retransmission scheme is proposed for the FEEL system to make a tradeoff between model training accuracy and retransmission latency.In the proposed scheme,a retransmission device selection criterion is first designed based on the channel condition,the number of local data,and the importance of model updates.In addition,we design the air interface signaling under this retransmission scheme to facilitate the implementation of the proposed scheme in practical scenarios.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed retransmission scheme is validated through simulation experiments.

Effect of organic mineral supplementation in reducing oxidative stress in Holstein calves during short‑term heat stress and recovery conditions

Background This study investigated the effects of inorganic and organic minerals on physiological responses,oxidative stress reduction,and rumen microbiota in Holstein bull calves(123.81±9.76 kg;5 months old)during short-term heat stress(HS)and recovery periods.Eight Holstein calves were randomly assigned to four treatment groups:no mineral supplementation(Con),inorganic minerals(IM),organic minerals(OM),and high-concentration organic minerals(HOM)and two thermal environments(HS and recovery)using 4×2 factorial arrangement in a crossover design of four periods of 35 d.Calves were maintained in a temperature-controlled barn.The experimental period consisted of 14 d of HS,14 d of recovery condititon,and a 7-d washing period.Results Body temperature and respiration rate were higher in HS than in the recovery conditions(P<0.05).Selenium concentration in serum was high in the HOM-supplemented calves in both HS(90.38μg/dL)and recovery periods(102.00μg/dL)(P<0.05).During the HS period,the serum cortisol was 20.26 ng/mL in the HOM group,which was 5.60 ng/mL lower than in the control group(P<0.05).The total antioxidant status was the highest in the OM group(2.71 mmol Trolox equivalent/L),followed by the HOM group during HS,whereas it was highest in the HOM group(2.58 mmol Trolox equivalent/L)during the recovery period(P<0.05).Plasma malondialdehyde and HSP70 levels were decreased by HOM supplementation during the HS and recovery periods,whereas SOD and GPX levels were not significantly affected(P>0.05).The principal coordinate analysis represented that the overall rumen microbiota was not influenced by mineral supplementation;however,temperature-induced microbial structure shifts were indicated(PERMANOVA:P<0.05).At the phylum level,Firmicutes and Actinobacteria decreased,whereas Fibrobacteres,Spirochaetes,and Tenericutes increased(P<0.05),under HS conditions.The genus Treponema increased under HS conditions,while Christensenella was higher in recovery conditions(P<0.05).Conclusion HOM supplementation during HS reduced cortisol concentrations and increased total antioxidant status in Holstein bull calves,suggesting that high organic mineral supplementation may alleviate the adverse effects of HS.

Enhanced cooperative packet retransmission employing joint cooperative diversity and symbol mapping diversity

A joint cooperation diversity and symbol mapping diversity (SMD) strategy is proposed for cooperative packet retransmission system with high-order modulation such as 16QAM. Substantial SER/BER (symbol error rate/bit error rate) gains result from multiple packet transmissions over independent paths and distinct bit-to-symbol mappings for each packet transmis-sion. The SER/BER performance of relay assisted retransmission system is analyzed. Simulation results show that the joint-diversity strategy can provide more BER gains than other relaying strategies (i.e., decode-and-forward and constellation rearrangement relaying strategies) when no relay makes a decision error; but if some relays make decision errors, the joint-di-versity strategy outperforms other relaying strategies only when the relays are closer to the source than to the destination.

Best-retransmission count selection for environment optimization over wireless heterogeneous networks

This paper proposes an environment-aware best- retransmission count selected optimization control scheme over IEEE 802.11 multi-hop wireless networks. The proposed scheme predicts the wireless resources by using statistical channel state and provides maximum retransmission count optimization based on wireless channel environment state to improve the packet delivery success ratio. The media access control （MAC） layer selects the best-retransmission count by perceiving the types of packet loss in wireless link and using the wireless channel charac- teristics and environment information, and adjusts the packet for- warding adaptively aiming at improving the packet retransmission probability. Simulation results show that the best-retransmission count selected scheme achieves a higher packet successful delivery percentage and a lower packet collision probability than the corresponding traditional MAC transmission control protocols.

Iron supplementation during malaria infection in pregnancy and childhood:A review

Malaria presents a significant global public health challenge,with severe malarial anaemia being a primary manifestation of the disease.The understanding of anaemia caused by malaria remains incomplete,making the treatment more complex.Iron is a crucial micronutrient essential for haemoglobin synthesis,oxygen delivery,and other vital metabolic functions in the body.It is indispensable for the growth of human beings,as well as bacteria,protozoa,and viruses in vitro and in vivo.Iron deficiency is among the most common nutritional deficiencies and can have detrimental effects during developmental stages of life.Malaria-induced iron deficiency occurs due to the hemolysis of erythrocytes and the suppression of erythropoiesis,leading to anaemia.Meeting iron requirements is particularly critical during pivotal life stages such as pregnancy,infancy,and childhood.Dietary intake alone may not suffice to meet adequate iron requirements,thus highlighting the vital role of iron supplementation.While iron supplementation can alleviate iron deficiency,it can exacerbate malaria infection by providing additional iron for the parasites.However,in the context of pregnancy and childhood,iron supplementation combined with malaria prevention and treatment has been shown to be beneficial in improving birth outcomes and ensuring proper growth and development,respectively.This review aims to identify the role and impact of iron supplementation in malaria infection during the life stages of pregnancy and childhood.

Efficacy of a Diabetes Specific Nutrition Supplement on Glycemic, Anthropometric, Dietary and Gut Health Markers in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: An RCT

With increasing incidence of diabetes, use of diabetes specific nutrition supplements (DSNS) is common for better management of the disease. To study effect of 12-week DSNS supplementation on glycemic markers, anthropometry, lipid profile, SCFAs, and gut microbiome in individuals with diabetes. Markers studied were glycemic [Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), Post Prandial Glucose (PPG), HbA1c, Incremental Area under curve (iAUC), Mean Amplitude of Glycemic Excursions (MAGE), Time in/above Range (TIR/TAR)], anthropometry [weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference (WC)], lipid profile, diet and gut health [plasma short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)]. N = 210 adults were randomized to receive either DSNS with standard care (DSNS + SC;n = 105) or standard care alone (SC alone;n = 105). After 12 weeks, significant differences between DSNS + SC versus SC alone was observed in FBG [−3 ± 6 vs 14 ± 6 mg/dl;p = 0.03], PPG [−35 ± 9 vs −3 ± 9 mg/dl;p = 0.01], weight [−0.6 ± 0.1 vs 0.2 ± 0.1 kg;p = 0.0001], BMI [−0.3 ± 0.1 vs 0.1 ± 0.1 kg/m2;p = 0.0001] and WC [−0.3 ± 0.2 vs 0.2 ± 0.2 cm;p = 0.01]. HbA1C and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were significantly reduced in DSNS + SC [−0.2 ± 0.9;p = 0.04 and −5 mg/dl;p = 0.03] respectively with no change in control. Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) reported significant differences between DSNS + SC versus SC alone for mean glucose [−12 ± 65 vs 28 ± 93 mg/dl;p < 0.01], TAR 180 [−9 ± 42 vs 7 ± 45 mg/dl;p = 0.04], TAR 250 [−3 ± 27 vs 9 ± 38 mg/dl;p = 0.05], iAUC [−192 (1.1) vs −48 (1.1) mg/dl;p = 0.03]. MAGE was significantly reduced for both DSNS + SC (−19 ± 67;p < 0.001) and SC alone (−8 ± 70;p = 0.04), with reduction being more pronounced for DSNS + SC. DSNS + SC reported a decrease in carbohydrate energy % [−9.4 (−11.3, −7.6) %;p < 0.0001] and amount [−47.4 (−67.1, −27.7) g;p < 0.0001], increased dietary fiber [9.5 (7.2, 11.8) g;p < 0.0001] and protein energy % [0.9 (0.5, 1.3) %;p < 0.0001] versus SC alone. DSNS + SC reported significant increases versus SC alone in total (0.3 ng/ml;p = 0.03) and individual plasma SCFAs. The consumption of DSNS significantly improves the glycemic, anthropometric, dietary, and gut health markers in diabetes.

Efficacy of a Diabetes Specific Nutritional Supplement (DSNS) on Glycemic Response in Prediabetic Adults: A Two-Armed, Open-Labelled Randomized Controlled Study

It is well known that Diabetes Specific Nutritional Supplements (DSNSs) are linked to improved glycemic control in individuals with diabetes. However, data on efficacy of DSNSs in prediabetics is limited. This was a two-armed, open-labelled, randomized controlled six-week study on 199 prediabetics [30 - 65 years;Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) 5.7% - 6.4% and/or Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) 100-125 mg/dl]. Two parallel phases were conducted: Acute Blood Glucose Response (ABGR) and Intervention phase. Prediabetic participants were randomized into test (n = 100) and control (n = 99). The primary objective was to assess the ABGR of DSNS versus an isocaloric snack, measured by incremental Area under the Curve (iAUC). Test and control received 60 g of DSNS and 56 g of isocaloric snack (cornflakes) respectively, both in 250 ml double-toned milk on visit days 1, 15, 29 and 43. Postprandial Blood Glucose (PPG) was estimated at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes. During the 4 weeks intervention phase, the test group received DSNS with lifestyle counselling (DSNS + LC) and was compared with the control receiving lifestyle counselling alone (LC alone). Impact was studied on FBG, HbA1C, anthropometry, body composition, blood pressure, nutrient intake, and physical activity. The impact of DSNS was also studied using CGM between two 14-day phases: CGM1 baseline (days 1 - 14) and CGM2 endline (days 28 - 42). DSNS showed significantly lower PPG versus isocaloric snack at 30 (p 12, and chromium were reported by DSNS + LC versus LC alone. No other significant changes were reported between groups. It may be concluded that DSNS may be considered as a snack for prediabetic or hyperglycemic individuals requiring nutritional support for improved glycemic control.

Parent-offspring relationship recognition based on SSR and mtDNA confirmed resource supplement effect of Fenneropenaeus chinensis release

The resource of Fenneropenaeus chinensis has declined sharply due to excessive fishing intensity,ecological changes and diseases.In order to supplement the fishing yield and restore resources of F.chinensis,the relevant authorities have carried out the activities of stock enhancement and releasing.It can increase biomass and recover resources.However,compared with increasing biomass,there were still few reports on its effect on the recovery of resources.Resource recovery is a process related to whether the released individuals can form a reproductive population.Up to now,there has been a lack of evidence whether the released F.chinensis can complete the entire life history,and form reproduction population.In this study,gravid female shrimp after spawning migration were captured from coastal waters of Haiyang,Qingdao,and Yellow Sea.After identifying parentage relationships using simple sequence repeat(SSR)and mtDNA haplotype,it was finally confirmed that there were eight released individuals in the recapture samples.It was confirmed for the first time that at least part of the released F.chinensis can complete overwintering and reproductive migration,and maintain the migration habits as their wild counterparts.Therefore,we infered that the released shrimp can reproduce under natural conditions,these F.chinensis can form reproductive populations theoretically if without human intervention.These results indicated that enhancenment and release activities have a positive effect on resource recovery.

Review on dietary supplements as an effective improvement of Alzheimer's disease:focus on structures and mechanisms

Alzheimer’s disease(AD),the major form of neurodegenerative diseases that can severely impede normal cognitive function,makes it one of the most common fatal diseases.There are currently over 50 million AD patients worldwide.The neuropathology of AD is perplexing and there is a scarcity of disease-modifying treatments.Currently,early diagnosis of AD has been made possible with the discovery of biological markers associated with pathology,providing strong support for the improvement of the disease status.The search for inhibitors of AD markers from dietary supplements(DSs)has become a major hot topic.Especially with the widespread use of DSs,DSs containing polyphenols,alkaloids,terpenes,polysaccharides and other bioactive components can prevent AD by reducing Aβdeposition,inhibiting tau protein hyperphosphorylation,reconstructing synaptic dysfunction,weakening cholinesterase activity,regulating mitochondrial oxidative stress,neuronal inflammation and apoptosis.This review summarizes the anti-AD effects of the main DSs and their bioactive constituents,as well as the potential molecular mechanisms covers from 2017 to 2023.Additionally,we discussed the opportunities and challenges faced by DSs in the process of AD prevention and treatment,aiming to further provide new perspectives for functional food development.

Effects of a Cocktail Supplement of Ginkgo Biloba and Acai Extract on Cognitive Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, including cognitive impairment. Current treatments often involve synthetic drugs with significant side effects and potential for dependency. This study investigates the effects of a natural supplement combination of Ginkgo Biloba and Acai Extract on cognitive symptoms in a 77-year-old male with PD. The participant underwent a three-month supplementation regimen, with cognitive function assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test before and after the intervention. The results indicated an improvement in cognitive scores, suggesting that the combination of Ginkgo Biloba and Acai Extract may offer a promising alternative or adjunct to conventional PD treatments. This study highlights the potential of natural supplements in managing PD symptoms and calls for further research with larger sample sizes to confirm these findings. Human data was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki by the Roxbury District IRB Board (IRB Number: IRB00011767).

Impact of Different Rates of Nitrogen Supplementation on Soil PhysicochemicalProperties and Microbial Diversity in Goji Berry

Goji berry(Lycium barbarum L.)is substantially dependent on nitrogen fertilizer application,which can signifi-cantly enhance fruit yield and Goji berry industrial development in Ningxia,China.This study aimed to analyze the functions of differential nitrogen application rates including low(N1),medium(N2),and high(N3)levels in soil microbial community structure(bacterial and fungal)at 2 diverse soil depths(0-20,20-40 cm)through high-throughput sequencing technology by targeting 16S RNA gene and ITS1&ITS2 regions.All the observed physicochemical parameters exhibited significant improvement(p<0.05)with increased levels of nitrogen and the highest values for most parameters were observed at N2.However,pH decreased(p<0.05)gradually.The alpha and beta diversity analyses for bacterial and fungal communities’metagenome displayed more similarities than differences among all groups.The top bacterial and fungal phyla and genera suggested no obvious(p>0.05)differences among three group treatments(N1,N2,and N3).Furthermore,the functional enrichment analysis demonstrated significant(p<0.05)enrichment of quorum sensing,cysteine and methionine metabolism,and transcriptional machinery for bacterial communities,while various saprotrophic functional roles for fungal communities.Conclusively,moderately reducing the use of N-supplemented fertilizers is conducive to increasing soil nitrogen utilization rate,which can contribute to sustainable agriculture practices through improved soil quality,and microbial community structure and functions.

Analysis of Changing Landscape Pattern in Baiyangdian before and after Ecological Water Supplement Project Based on RS and GIS

By using TM remote sensing images of Baiyangdian Wetland in 1989,1999,2003 and 2004,taking the water area between Anxin County and Cangzhou where most of Baiyangdian Wetland water body lies for landscape classification,changes in landscape pattern of Baiyangdian before and after the water supplement were analyzed with landscape indexes calculated by Fragstats3.3. The results showed that after the water supplement,from the perspective of landscape cell index,fractal dimension of major ecosystems in Baiyangdian decreased to some extent;from the perspective of landscape diversity index,diversity index of the study region also decreased,which demonstrated that ecosystem diversity in this region reduced,land cover grew to simplification;and the decreasing evenness degree of the study region also showed the uneven development of its ecosystems. That is to say,water supplement has brought favorable ecological changes to the eco-environment of Baiyangdian,which has further optimized the health condition of ecosystems in this region.

Estimation of Digestible Energy Values of Plant Protein Supplement in Pig

[Objective] The aim of the study was to establish the effective and accurate formulas for estimating the digestible energy （DE） values of plant protein supplement in pig. [Method] By difference method with different amount of alternative feeds （20% -50%）, two4 x4 Latin- square-designed trials were taken on eight castrated male pigs [ Yorkshire x Landrace x Neijiang pig, initial body-weight： （46 ±2） kg ] to deter- mine the apparent digestible energy （ADE） of the eight kinds of plant protein supplement commonly used in China, that is, corn gluten meal （sol.）, soybean meal （ sol. ）, fababean, pea, rapeseed meal （ sol. ）, sesame meal （ sol. ）, rapeseed meal （ exp. ） and cotton seed meal （sol.）. [Resultl （1） Fiber was the most important factor to estimate the ADE of plant protein supplement in pigs, and ADF was the best one. （2） The most effective equations were as below： （ 1 ） OE （kJ/kg DM） = 14 741.86 - 185.01ADF＋54.01SCHO＋22.45CP （ R =0.988,RSD= 67.9,P〈0.01 ） ; （2） DE （kJ/kg DM） =22 223.26 -209.58ADF＋26.79SCHO-1.09GE （ Ff =0.989,RSD=66.9, P〈0.01 ） . [Conclusion] The accurate, practical and specific regression equations were established for DE prediction of plant protein supplement in pig.

The Effects of Nutrition Lick Brick and Salt Brick as Supplement Feed on the Production Performance of Tan Sheep

In the paper, the effects of nutrition lick brick and salt brick as supple-ment feed on the performance of Tan sheep were studied. 36 fattening Tan sheep with the average weight of about 23 kg were chosen, they were randomly divided into 3 groups according to the weight, and each group had 12 sheep. Control group was fed with normal daily ration, experimental group 1 was fed with normal daily ration＋nutrition lick brick, experimental group 2 was fed with normal daily ration＋salt brick, the experimental period was 60 d. The results showed that 1） compared with CK, daily gain of group 1 improved 17.09%（P〈0.01）, feed conversion ratio reduced 11.69%（P〈0.05）, and average gross profit per sheep improved 51.65 yuan; daily gain of group 2 improved 7.03%（P〈0.05）, feed conversion ratio reduced 4.06%（P〉0.05）, and average gross profit per sheep improved 19.78 yuan; 2） compared with group 2, daily gain of group 1 improved 9.40%（P〈0.05）, feed conversion ratio re-duced 7.96%（P〈0.05）, and average gross profit per sheep improved 31.87 yuan;these indicated that nutrition lick brick and salt brick as supplement feed for Tan sheep both can improve the production performance of Tan sheep, and the supple-mentary feeding effect of nutrition lick brick was better.