The key aspect to the successful implementation of BOT concept is the raising of finance by project sponsor,so financial engineering techniques and capital structuring skills are required to find the proper mix of deb...The key aspect to the successful implementation of BOT concept is the raising of finance by project sponsor,so financial engineering techniques and capital structuring skills are required to find the proper mix of debt and equity.The capital structure and present a model to determine the equity level from the aspects of financing scale,construction time and return on investment are analyzed.The resulting model can help the sponsor to avoid the capital risk,and offer the government a criterion to evaluate management ability of the sponsor.To show the application and availability of this model,a case study is conducted.Thus,this paper is concern with the determination of financing scale,construction time,and return on investment which would assist the sponsor to ensure that the equity level for optimal capital structure is available prior to the implementation stage in BOT project operation.展开更多
Qiyechangbai and Hadacongl were used to study the relationship of the leaf age of overwinter to bolting and, returning green by the difference of sowing time. The results showed that the earlier the seeds were sown, t...Qiyechangbai and Hadacongl were used to study the relationship of the leaf age of overwinter to bolting and, returning green by the difference of sowing time. The results showed that the earlier the seeds were sown, the older leaf age of overwinter was, the higher the rates of returning green and bolting rate were, the earlier the bolting time was. The leaf age of overwinter of Qiyechangbai sown August 31 to September 14 was 2.1-3.1 leaves and the rate of returning green was 86.5%-92.1%, while the leaf age of overwinter of Hadacongl sown September 7 to September 14 was 2.3-2.7 leaves and the rate of returning green was 88.5%-93.8%, both varieties didn＇t bolt. In addition, in the same sowing time, the bolting rate of Hadacong I was higher than that of Qiyechangbai slightly.展开更多
AIM To systemically review all studies reporting return to sport following tibial plateau fracture, in order to provide information on return rates and times to sport, and to assess variations in sporting outcome for ...AIM To systemically review all studies reporting return to sport following tibial plateau fracture, in order to provide information on return rates and times to sport, and to assess variations in sporting outcome for different treatment methods.METHODS A systematic search of CINAHAL, Cochrane, EMBASE, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, PEDro, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science was performed in January 2017 using the keywords "tibial", "plateau", "fractures", "knee", "athletes", "sports", "non-operative", "conservative", "operative", "return to sport". All studies which recorded return rates and times to sport following tibial plateau fractures were included. RESULTS Twenty-seven studies were included: 1 was a randomised controlled trial, 7 were prospective cohort studies, 16 were retrospective cohort studies, 3 were case series. One study reported on the outcome of conservative management(n = 3); 27 reported on the outcome of surgical management(n = 917). Nine studies reported on Open Reduction Internal Fixation(ORIF)(n = 193), 11 on Arthroscopic-Assisted Reduction Internal Fixation(ARIF)(n = 253) and 7 on Frame-Assisted Fixation(FRAME)(n = 262). All studies recorded "return to sport"rates. Only one study recorded a "return to sport" time. The return rate to sport for the total cohort was 70%. For the conservatively-managed fractures, the return rate was 100%. For the surgically-managed fractures, the return rate was 70%. For fractures managed with ORIF, the return rate was 60%. For fractures managed with ARIF, the return rate was 83%. For fractures managed with FRAME was 52%. The return rate for ARIF was found to be significantly greater than that for ORIF(OR 3.22, 95%CI: 2.09-4.97, P < 0.001) and for FRAME(OR 4.33, 95%CI: 2.89-6.50, P < 0.001). No difference was found between the return rates for ORIF and FRAME(OR 1.35, 95%CI: 0.92-1.96, P = 0.122). The recorded return time was 6.9 mo(median), from a study reporting on ORIF.CONCLUSION Return rates to sport for tibial plateau fractures remain limited compared to other fractures. ARIF provides the best return rates. There is limited data regarding return times to sport. Further research is required to determine return times to sport, and to improve return rates to sport, through treatment and rehabilitation optimisation.展开更多
BACKGROUND Scaphoid fracture is the most commonly fractured carpal bone in the athletic patient, accounting for over 85% of all sport-related carpal bone fractures, and is particularly common in sports involving high ...BACKGROUND Scaphoid fracture is the most commonly fractured carpal bone in the athletic patient, accounting for over 85% of all sport-related carpal bone fractures, and is particularly common in sports involving high impact injuries to the wrist. The management of such injuries comprises both conservative and surgical techniques, as guided by fracture location and type. Athletes demonstrate a unique challenge with regards to the management of scaphoid fractures due to their requirement to return to sport, as soon as able.AIM To review systemically all studies recording return to sport following scaphoid fractures, to collate information on return rates to sport(RRS) and mean return times(RTS) to sport and to determine differences in sporting outcome for the various treatment methods.METHODS A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHAL, Cochrane, Google Scholar, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and Scopus was performed in August 2018 using the keywords "scaphoid","fracture", "acute", "carpal", "athletes", "sports", "non-operative","conservative", "operative" and "return to sport". All studies that recorded RRS and RTS following scaphoid fractures were included. RTS was recorded as the length of time from commencement of either primary conservative management or primary surgical procedure to return to sport.RESULTS Eleven studies were included: Two randomised controlled trials, six retrospective cohort studies and three case series. Seven studies reported on conservative management(n = 77), and eight studies reported on surgical management(n =83). For conservative management, RRS was 90%(69/77), and the mean RTS was9.6 wk. Three studies allowed to return to sport in cast [RRS 89%(25/28); RTS 1.9 wk], and four studies required completion of cast treatment prior to returning to sport [RRS 90%(44/49); RTS 13.9 wk]. Four studies recorded fracture union data:Union rate 85%(47/55); mean time to union 14.0 wk. For surgical management,RRS was 98%(81/83), and RTS was 7.3 wk. Three studies reported on Percutaneous Screw Fixation [RRS 97%(32/33); RTS 6.5 wk], and five studies reported on Open Reduction Internal Fixation [RRS 98%(49/50); RTS 7.9 wk]. Six studies recorded fracture union data: Union rate 97%(69/71); mean time to union9.8 wk. On meta-analysis, RRS(RR = 1.09; 95% confidence interval(CI): 1.00-1.18;P < 0.045), RTS(MD 2.3 wk; 95%CI: 0.79-3.87; P < 0.002), union rates(RR = 1.14;95%CI: 1.01-1.28; P < 0.030) and mean times to union(MD 4.2 wk; 95%CI: 3.94-4.36; P < 0.001) were all significantly better for the surgical cohort compared to the conservative cohort.CONCLUSION Surgical management of scaphoid fractures can provide significantly improved RRS and RTS to sport compared to conservative management. Both treatments,however, remain acceptable options, and athletes should be fully informed of the benefits and risks of both prior to deciding treatment plans. Immediate return to sport in a cast should be avoided due to the significant risk of non-union.展开更多
Using China Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS) data between 1989 and 2011, this paper measures the returns to education in China based on the Mincer earnings function and reaches the following findings through an analy...Using China Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS) data between 1989 and 2011, this paper measures the returns to education in China based on the Mincer earnings function and reaches the following findings through an analysis of the tendency of continuous variations over a long timeframe: returns to education are on the rise within the range of samples both under relative and absolute scenarios; returns to different levels of education are characterized by increasing marginal return; no significant difference exists between the returns to junior middle school and the returns to primary school education. Further discussions consider that the requirements of job positions for the overall competence of personnel, differentiated decline of corporate demand for recruitment, lack of an evaluation system in the labor market, information asymmetry in the job market, the development strategy adopted in a particular stage of history and the current slow progress of economic transition have jointly led to the underemployment of college graduates and the great enthusiasm of parents investing in higher education for their children. Conclusions of this paper not only have important practical relevance to the ongoing implementation of China's innovation-driven development strategy, but offer inspirations for the new round of educational reform as well.展开更多
The Economic Production Quantity (EPQ) model is commonly used by practitioners in the fields of production and inventory management to assist them in making decision on production lot size. The common assumptions in t...The Economic Production Quantity (EPQ) model is commonly used by practitioners in the fields of production and inventory management to assist them in making decision on production lot size. The common assumptions in this model are that all units produced are perfect and shortages are not allowed. But, in real situation the defective items will be produced in each cycle of production and shortages and scrap are possible. These assumptions will underestimate the actual required quantity. Hence, the defective items can not be ignored in the production process. Rework process is necessary to convert those defective into finished goods. This study proposes EPQ model that incorporates both imperfect production quality and falsely not screening out a proportion of defects, thereby passing them on to customers, resulting in defect sales returns. To active this objective a suitable mathematical model is developed and the optimal production lot size which minimizes the total cost is derived. An illustrative example is provided and numerically verified. The validation of result in this model was coded in Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 10674112the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education under Grant No. 20096203110001+1 种基金the Foundation of Center of Theoretical Nuclear Physics of National Laboratory of Heavy Ion Accelerator of LanzhouFoundation of Northwest Normal University under Grant No. NWNUKJCXGC-03-62
文摘The key aspect to the successful implementation of BOT concept is the raising of finance by project sponsor,so financial engineering techniques and capital structuring skills are required to find the proper mix of debt and equity.The capital structure and present a model to determine the equity level from the aspects of financing scale,construction time and return on investment are analyzed.The resulting model can help the sponsor to avoid the capital risk,and offer the government a criterion to evaluate management ability of the sponsor.To show the application and availability of this model,a case study is conducted.Thus,this paper is concern with the determination of financing scale,construction time,and return on investment which would assist the sponsor to ensure that the equity level for optimal capital structure is available prior to the implementation stage in BOT project operation.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Undergraduation of Northeast Agricultural University(20060201)
文摘Qiyechangbai and Hadacongl were used to study the relationship of the leaf age of overwinter to bolting and, returning green by the difference of sowing time. The results showed that the earlier the seeds were sown, the older leaf age of overwinter was, the higher the rates of returning green and bolting rate were, the earlier the bolting time was. The leaf age of overwinter of Qiyechangbai sown August 31 to September 14 was 2.1-3.1 leaves and the rate of returning green was 86.5%-92.1%, while the leaf age of overwinter of Hadacongl sown September 7 to September 14 was 2.3-2.7 leaves and the rate of returning green was 88.5%-93.8%, both varieties didn＇t bolt. In addition, in the same sowing time, the bolting rate of Hadacong I was higher than that of Qiyechangbai slightly.
文摘AIM To systemically review all studies reporting return to sport following tibial plateau fracture, in order to provide information on return rates and times to sport, and to assess variations in sporting outcome for different treatment methods.METHODS A systematic search of CINAHAL, Cochrane, EMBASE, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, PEDro, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science was performed in January 2017 using the keywords "tibial", "plateau", "fractures", "knee", "athletes", "sports", "non-operative", "conservative", "operative", "return to sport". All studies which recorded return rates and times to sport following tibial plateau fractures were included. RESULTS Twenty-seven studies were included: 1 was a randomised controlled trial, 7 were prospective cohort studies, 16 were retrospective cohort studies, 3 were case series. One study reported on the outcome of conservative management(n = 3); 27 reported on the outcome of surgical management(n = 917). Nine studies reported on Open Reduction Internal Fixation(ORIF)(n = 193), 11 on Arthroscopic-Assisted Reduction Internal Fixation(ARIF)(n = 253) and 7 on Frame-Assisted Fixation(FRAME)(n = 262). All studies recorded "return to sport"rates. Only one study recorded a "return to sport" time. The return rate to sport for the total cohort was 70%. For the conservatively-managed fractures, the return rate was 100%. For the surgically-managed fractures, the return rate was 70%. For fractures managed with ORIF, the return rate was 60%. For fractures managed with ARIF, the return rate was 83%. For fractures managed with FRAME was 52%. The return rate for ARIF was found to be significantly greater than that for ORIF(OR 3.22, 95%CI: 2.09-4.97, P < 0.001) and for FRAME(OR 4.33, 95%CI: 2.89-6.50, P < 0.001). No difference was found between the return rates for ORIF and FRAME(OR 1.35, 95%CI: 0.92-1.96, P = 0.122). The recorded return time was 6.9 mo(median), from a study reporting on ORIF.CONCLUSION Return rates to sport for tibial plateau fractures remain limited compared to other fractures. ARIF provides the best return rates. There is limited data regarding return times to sport. Further research is required to determine return times to sport, and to improve return rates to sport, through treatment and rehabilitation optimisation.
文摘BACKGROUND Scaphoid fracture is the most commonly fractured carpal bone in the athletic patient, accounting for over 85% of all sport-related carpal bone fractures, and is particularly common in sports involving high impact injuries to the wrist. The management of such injuries comprises both conservative and surgical techniques, as guided by fracture location and type. Athletes demonstrate a unique challenge with regards to the management of scaphoid fractures due to their requirement to return to sport, as soon as able.AIM To review systemically all studies recording return to sport following scaphoid fractures, to collate information on return rates to sport(RRS) and mean return times(RTS) to sport and to determine differences in sporting outcome for the various treatment methods.METHODS A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHAL, Cochrane, Google Scholar, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and Scopus was performed in August 2018 using the keywords "scaphoid","fracture", "acute", "carpal", "athletes", "sports", "non-operative","conservative", "operative" and "return to sport". All studies that recorded RRS and RTS following scaphoid fractures were included. RTS was recorded as the length of time from commencement of either primary conservative management or primary surgical procedure to return to sport.RESULTS Eleven studies were included: Two randomised controlled trials, six retrospective cohort studies and three case series. Seven studies reported on conservative management(n = 77), and eight studies reported on surgical management(n =83). For conservative management, RRS was 90%(69/77), and the mean RTS was9.6 wk. Three studies allowed to return to sport in cast [RRS 89%(25/28); RTS 1.9 wk], and four studies required completion of cast treatment prior to returning to sport [RRS 90%(44/49); RTS 13.9 wk]. Four studies recorded fracture union data:Union rate 85%(47/55); mean time to union 14.0 wk. For surgical management,RRS was 98%(81/83), and RTS was 7.3 wk. Three studies reported on Percutaneous Screw Fixation [RRS 97%(32/33); RTS 6.5 wk], and five studies reported on Open Reduction Internal Fixation [RRS 98%(49/50); RTS 7.9 wk]. Six studies recorded fracture union data: Union rate 97%(69/71); mean time to union9.8 wk. On meta-analysis, RRS(RR = 1.09; 95% confidence interval(CI): 1.00-1.18;P < 0.045), RTS(MD 2.3 wk; 95%CI: 0.79-3.87; P < 0.002), union rates(RR = 1.14;95%CI: 1.01-1.28; P < 0.030) and mean times to union(MD 4.2 wk; 95%CI: 3.94-4.36; P < 0.001) were all significantly better for the surgical cohort compared to the conservative cohort.CONCLUSION Surgical management of scaphoid fractures can provide significantly improved RRS and RTS to sport compared to conservative management. Both treatments,however, remain acceptable options, and athletes should be fully informed of the benefits and risks of both prior to deciding treatment plans. Immediate return to sport in a cast should be avoided due to the significant risk of non-union.
文摘Using China Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS) data between 1989 and 2011, this paper measures the returns to education in China based on the Mincer earnings function and reaches the following findings through an analysis of the tendency of continuous variations over a long timeframe: returns to education are on the rise within the range of samples both under relative and absolute scenarios; returns to different levels of education are characterized by increasing marginal return; no significant difference exists between the returns to junior middle school and the returns to primary school education. Further discussions consider that the requirements of job positions for the overall competence of personnel, differentiated decline of corporate demand for recruitment, lack of an evaluation system in the labor market, information asymmetry in the job market, the development strategy adopted in a particular stage of history and the current slow progress of economic transition have jointly led to the underemployment of college graduates and the great enthusiasm of parents investing in higher education for their children. Conclusions of this paper not only have important practical relevance to the ongoing implementation of China's innovation-driven development strategy, but offer inspirations for the new round of educational reform as well.
文摘The Economic Production Quantity (EPQ) model is commonly used by practitioners in the fields of production and inventory management to assist them in making decision on production lot size. The common assumptions in this model are that all units produced are perfect and shortages are not allowed. But, in real situation the defective items will be produced in each cycle of production and shortages and scrap are possible. These assumptions will underestimate the actual required quantity. Hence, the defective items can not be ignored in the production process. Rework process is necessary to convert those defective into finished goods. This study proposes EPQ model that incorporates both imperfect production quality and falsely not screening out a proportion of defects, thereby passing them on to customers, resulting in defect sales returns. To active this objective a suitable mathematical model is developed and the optimal production lot size which minimizes the total cost is derived. An illustrative example is provided and numerically verified. The validation of result in this model was coded in Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0.
