Reverse Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of (-)-Menthyl Methacrylate

The reverse atom transfer radical polymerization(RATRP) of (-)-menthyl methacrylate ((-)-MnMA) with AIBN(AIBN/CuCl2/bipyridine(bipy) or (-)sparteine((-)Sp) =1/2/4) initiating system in THF has been studied. The dependence of the specific rotation on molecular weight was investigated.

REVERSE ATOM TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION OF STYRENE WITH COPPER-BASED CATALYST

'Living'/controlled radical polymerization of styrene was carried out with diethyl 2,3-dicyano-2,3-diphenylsuccinate (DCDPS)/CuCl2/bipyridine (bipy) initiation system at 120 degreesC. The molecular weights of resultant PSt increased with the monomer conversion and the polydispersities were in the range of 1.37 similar to1.52. A linear ln([M](o)/[M]) versus time plot was also obtained indicating the constant concentration of growing radicals during the polymerization with this initiation system. End group analysis by H-1-NMR spectroscopic studies showed that the end groups of the polymer obtained is omega -functionalized by a chlorine group from the catalyst and alpha -functionalized by a (carbethoxy-cyano-phenyl)methyl group from the fragments of the initiator. Having CI atom at the chain end, the PSt obtained can be used as a macroinitiator to promote a chain-extension reaction with fresh St and block copolymerization reaction with a second monomer, such as methyl methacrylate, in the presence of CuCl/bipy catalyst via a conventional ATRP process.

DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL CHIRAL IONIC LIQUIDS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN FREE RADICAL POLYMERIZATION OF METHYL METHACRYLATE

Two new chiral ionic liquids, 1 -((-)-menthoxycarbonylmethylene)-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphateand 1-((-)-menthoxycarbonylmethylene)-3-hexadecylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, were designed an d prepared. Theirchemical structures were characterized by ~1H-NMR. Reverse atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate(MMA) in these two ionic liquids was carried out using AIBN/CuCl_2/bipy as the initiating system. The resultant well-definedpolymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was employed as a macroinitiator to induce the atom transfer radical polymerization ofmenthyl methacrylate (MnMA) in chlorobenzene, which yielded a PMMA-b-PMnMA diblock copolymer with narrow polydispersity.

“LIVING”/CONTROLLED RADICAL POLYMERIZATION OF ETHYL METHYLACRYLATE WITH 2,2’-AZOBISISOBUTYRONITRILE/FERRIC CHLORIDE/TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE INITIATION SYSTEM

'Living'/controlled radical polymerization of ethyl methacrylate (EMA) was carried out with a 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN)/ferric chloride (FeCl_3)/triphenylphosphine (PPh_3) initiation system at 85℃. Thc numberaverage molecular weight (M_n) increases linearly with monomer conversion and the rate of polymerization is first order withrespect to monomer concentration. The M_w of PEMA ranges from 3900 to 17600 and the polydispersity indices are quitenarrow (1.09～1.22). The conversion can reach up to～100% and M_w of the polymers obtained is close to that designed. Thepolymerization mechanism belongs to the reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The polymer was end-functionalized by chlorine atom, which acts as a macroinitiator to proceed extension polymerization in the presence ofCuBr/bipy catalyst system via an ATRP process. The presence of ω-chlorine in the PEMA obtained was identified by ~1H-NMR spectrum.

Aggregation-induced emission polymers via reversible-deactivation radical polymerization Special Collection:Distinguished Australian Researchers

Aggregation-induced emission(AIE)is a unique phenomenon whereby aggregation of molecules induces fluorescence emission as opposed to the more commonly known aggregation-caused quenching(ACQ).AIE has the potential to be utilized in the large-scale production of AIE-active polymeric materials because of their wide range of practical applications such as stimuli-responsive sensors,biological imaging agents,and drug delivery systems.This is evident from the increasing number of publications over the years since AIE was first discovered.In addition,the evergrowing interest in this field has led many researchers around the world to develop new and creative methods in the design of monomers,initiators and crosslinkers,with the goal of broadening the scope and utility of AIE polymers.One of the most promising approaches to the design and synthesis of AIE polymers is the use of the reversible-deactivation radical polymerization(RDRP)techniques,which enabled the production of well-controlled AIE materials that are often difficult to achieve by other methods.In this review,a summary of some recent works that utilize RDRP for AIE polymer design and synthesis is presented,including(i)the design of AIE-related monomers,initiators/crosslinkers;the achievements in preparation of AIE polymers using(ii)reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer(RAFT)technique;(iii)atom transfer radical polymerization(ATRP)technique;(iv)other techniques such as Cu(0)-RDRP technique and nitroxide-mediated polymerization(NMP)technique;(v)the possible applications of these AIE polymers,and finally(vi)a summary/perspective and the future direction of AIE polymers.

Reverse atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene in emulsion initiated by AIBN or V50

Reverse atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene was conducted in emulsion by using Cu(II)/2,2′- bipydine or Cu(II)/phen complexes, AIBN or V50 as the ini- tiator, Brij-98 or OP-10 as the surfactant. The results of GPC showed that both polymerization processes exhibit living characters when using AIBN as the initiator. However, when V50 was used, the monomer conversion was fairly low and the whole polymerization was not controlled well. The meas- urement of particle size and its distribution told us that the latex particles were mean and stable when using Brij-98 as the surfactant.

Degradable and Recyclable Polymers by Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization

Reversible deactivation radical polymerization(RDRP)provides unprecedented control over polymer composition,size,functionality,and topology.Various materials,such as linear polymers,star polymers,branched polymers,graft polymers,polymer networks,and hybrid materials,have been prepared by RDRP.The ability to control polymer topology also enabled precision synthesis of well-defined polymer topologies with degradable functional groups located at specific locations along a polymer chain.This review outlines progress in the synthesis of degradable polymers designed by RDRP,organized by topology and synthetic route.Recent progress in the depolymerization of polymers using RDRP mechanisms is highlighted and critically discussed.

Molar Mass Dispersity Control by lodine-mediated Reversibledeactivation Radical Polymerization

Dispersity(D)of polymers has a great effect on the properties of polymeric materials,and therefore how to control θ is very important but still a huge challenge in polymer synthesis,especially for reversible-deactivation radical polymerization(RDRP)strategy.Herein,we successfully developed a novel strategy to adjust D of polymers by visible light-controlled reversible complexation mediated living radical polymerizatio n(RCMP)and combi nation of single-electron transfer-degenerative chain tran sfer living radical polymerization(SET-DTLRP)at room temperature.In RCMP system,2-iodo-2-methylpropionitrile(CP-I)and ethyl 2-iodo-2-phenylacetate(EIPA)were used as alkyl iodide initiators,by using methyl methacrylate(MMA)as the model monomer and n-butylacrylate(BA)as the end-capping reagent to regulate D of polymers.Subsequently,we successfully prepared the block copolymer PMMA-b-PBA with adjustable D by reactivating the polymer end-chains via SET-DTLRP in the presence of copper wire,fully dem on strati ng that it is a promising strategy that can keep the"living"feature of polymers while regulating their molar mass dispersities easily.

Mechanism study and molecular design in controlled/“living” radical polymerization

This tutorial review summarizes recent progress in the research field of controlled/"living" radical polymerization (CLRP) from Soochow University.The present paper gives a broad overview of the mechanism study and molecular design in CLRP.The mechanism study in CLRP aided by microwave,initiated by γ-radiation at low temperature,mediated by iron,in reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and the mechanism transfer between different CLRP processes are reviewed and summarized.The molecular design in CLRP,especially in RAFT polymerization for mechanism study,and in achieving tailor-made functional polymers is studied and discussed in the later part.

Recent advances in “living”/controlled radical polymerization of phosphorus-containing monomers and their potential applications

Special research attention has been paid to phosphorus-containing materials and their corresponding applications. This mini review considers recent publications devoted to the "living"/controlled radical(co)polymerization of phosphorus-containing monomers. In addition, different properties of the polymers involved in the phosphonate group in various chemical environments are demonstrated, and their potential applications are briefly discussed.

Dispersity Regulation in Photo-controlled Radical Polymerization by Merging Aryl Sulfonyl Chloride Initiators and Mixed Disulfide Agents

On-demand regulation of molecular weight distribution(MWD)is crucial to influence the properties of polymers.In this work,we reported an organocatalyzed photo-controlled radical polymerization(photo-CRP)from the tosyl chloride initiator by combining two disulfides as chain transfer agents.This novel synthetic protocol allows facile access toward well-defined polymers with tunable MWDs and predetermined molecular weights.Experiments including structural characterization,kinetic investigation and chain-extension polymerization exhibited good chain-growth control for polymers of different dispersities.Given the easy accessibility of the initiating site(sulfonyl chloride)on many aromatic sources,this work presents a promising avenue to modify such substances with polymers of tailored MWDs,chain lengths and repeating units under metal-free and mild conditions driven by light.

氯乙烯聚合研究进展

聚氯乙烯(PVC)由于其低成本和通用性,应用领域广泛。自由基聚合在PVC工业生产上获得广泛应用,随着PVC市场竞争日趋激烈,具有低刺激性气味、高增塑剂吸收率和高热稳定性等性能的高品质通用型PVC更易受市场青睐,沉淀聚合法能够避免分散剂的使用,可以获得特殊性能PVC树脂;可逆失活自由基聚合技术具有潜在的应用前景,近年来获得广泛的关注,包括可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合、原子转移自由基聚合和氮氧稳定自由基聚合等。本文分别围绕自由基聚合和可逆失活自由基聚合两个方面总结了近期国内外氯乙烯聚合的研究进展,并提出发展建议。

基于光引发可逆加成断裂链转移自由基聚合的3D打印

针对高分子化学本科教学中“活性自由基聚合”知识点抽象,学生难以理解的教学难题,开展了光引发可逆加成断裂链转移(RAFT)自由基聚合3D打印实验。实验首先合成O-(乙基)-S-(2-丙酸乙酯基)黄原酸酯(EXEP),随后使用商用光敏树脂,进行添加/不添加EXEP条件下的3D打印。随后使用得到的打印体开展荧光功能后修饰与焊接对比实验。通过对比实验现象,深入理解活性自由基聚合机理及其对产物后功能化能力的影响,实现“活性自由基聚合”原理的“可视化”和实例化应用展示。本实验将基础理论有机融合到趣味实验中,实验耗时合理,操作简便,效果明显,符合本科教学实验基本要求,有助于提升学生综合分析能力,激发学生深入研究的兴趣,培养其创新意识及拓展延伸的能力。

基于一磷酸腺苷的RAFT接枝棉织物的结构和阻燃性能

采用可逆加成断裂链转移自由基聚合(RAFT)方法,基于纤维基二硫代酸酯类RAFT链转移剂(Cell-CTA),以偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂,以改性一磷酸腺苷(AAMP)为阻燃单体,在纯棉织物上进行RAFT接枝聚合改性,制备了接枝阻燃棉织物(Cell-g-PAAMP)。采用红外光谱、扫描电镜、拉曼光谱等方法对Cell-g-PAAMP的化学结构、表面形貌及其燃烧后残炭的形态和石墨化程度进行了表征。采用热重分析仪、数显氧指数测定仪、织物强力仪、透气性能测试仪对Cell-g-PAAMP的阻燃性能和物理机械性能进行了分析。Cell-g-PAAMP红外光谱中,1199 cm^(-1)处新出现P=O双键的伸缩振动峰,说明已成功制备Cell-g-PAAMP。扫描电镜和拉曼光谱结果表明,Cell-g-PAAMP表面粗糙,有颗粒状物质附着于表面,燃烧后残炭形态保持基本完整且结构致密,石墨化程度提高。与纯棉织物对比,Cell-g-PAAMP初始分解温度降低,热稳定性提高,极限氧指数提高,获得了良好的阻燃效果。Cell-g-PAAMP透气性和断裂强力下降,但断裂伸长率却大幅增加。

水分散体系中由BPO或KPS引发的苯乙烯反向原子转移自由基聚合

分别以过氧化二苯甲酰 (BPO)和过硫酸钾 (KPS)为引发剂、1 ,1 0 邻二氮菲为催化剂配体、十二烷基磺酸钠为乳化剂 ,在水分散体系中进行了苯乙烯的反向原子转移自由基聚合反应 .结果表明 ,对于BPO引发的苯乙烯乳液聚合反应 ,必须由CuBr和CuBr2 形成复合催化剂体系才能达到较好的控制效果 ,其中CuBr可以是直接加入到催化剂体系中 ,也可以是由CuBr2 与Cu0 就地快速反应生成 .CuBr迅速地与BPO反应而实现活性聚合中所谓的“快引发” ,从而有效地控制苯乙烯的聚合反应 .对于KPS引发的苯乙烯乳液聚合体系 ,反应介质的pH值对聚合有很大的影响 ,反应速度随着反应介质pH值的升高而加快 .实验结果表明 。

通过RATRP法在硅胶表面接枝两亲性嵌段聚合物

首先将叔丁基过氧化氢引到硅胶表面,然后,以氯化铜为催化剂,联二吡啶为配体,实现了甲基丙烯酸甲酯的反向原子转移自由基聚合,并以此杂化材料作为大分子引发剂,实现了丙烯酰胺的原子转移自由基聚合,得到了结构可控的硅胶-聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯-b-聚丙烯酰胺两亲性嵌段共聚物,并用XPS,GPC,SPM和TG等对其进行了表征与测试。结果表明,该反应体系符合"活性聚合"的特征。

“活性”/控制自由基聚合的研究进展

本文对“活性”/控制自由基聚合的研究进展做了综述 ,并讨论了其主要聚合引发体系的应用现状和前景。

水介质中可控活性自由基聚合的研究进展

综述了均相水溶液体系和分散、悬浮、乳液及微乳液等非均相水溶液体系中的可控 活性自由基聚合的研究现状。对一些最常见的可控自由基聚合方法 ,如氮氧调控聚合、原子转移自由基聚合和可逆加成 断裂链转移聚合方法的聚合情况进行了详细的介绍。展望了水介质中可控

“活性”/可控自由基聚合的研究进展

对聚合物分子的组成和结构进行精密控制是当前聚合物研究的重要领域 ,“活性” 可控自由基聚合可以对自由基聚合进行控制 ,其综合了自由基聚合和离子聚合的优点。本文介绍了实现“活性” 可控自由基聚合的 5种途径 ,认为利用“活性”

含有热引发转移终止剂的引发体系在反向原子转移自由基聚合中的应用

原子转移自由基聚合 (ATRP)是实现活性聚合的一种颇为有效的途径 ,可以实现多种单体的活性自由基聚合 .反向原子转移自由基聚合 (ReverseATRP)的概念始提出于 1995年 ,是对传统ATRP的改进和拓展 .近年来关于此体系的引发剂的拓展、过渡金属及单体的适用性都得到了很大发展 .