Construction and photocatalytic properties toward rhodamine B of CdS/Fe_(3)O_(4) heterojunction

A simple two-step hydrothermal method synthesized four different CdS/Fe_(3)O_(4)photocatalysts with varying ratios of mass of CdS to Fe_(3)O_(4).The composition and morphology of the prepared samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction(XRD),Raman spectrum,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).Solid UV reflectance spectra testing found that CdS/Fe_(3)O_(4)nanocomposites had good light absorption throughout the spectral range,promoting their photocatalytic properties.Under visible light irradiation,CdS/Fe_(3)O_(4)(2∶5)with a mass ratio of 2∶5 exhibited excellent photocatalytic perfor-mance,with a degradation rate of 98.8%for rhodamine B.Furthermore,after five cycles of photocatalytic degrada-tion reaction,the rhodamine B degradation rate remained at 96.2%,indicating that the photocatalysts have good pho-tocatalytic stability.

重金属捕获剂EDTC协同处理EDTA-Cu/RhB的去除特性

以乙二胺(C_(2)H_(8)N_(2))和二硫化碳(CS_(2))为原料,采用共混法合成重金属捕集剂N,N-双(二硫代羧基)乙二胺(EDTC)。考察物料配比、投加顺序、溶液pH、时间和温度等因素对EDTC作为药剂协同处理废水中络合态铜(EDTA-Cu)和染料罗丹明B(Rhodamine B,RhB)双组分体系的去除特性影响,并与单组分EDTA-Cu和RhB体系的去除效果进行对比。结果表明:常温下,于180mg/L的EDTA-Cu和1800mg/L的RhB水体中投加1.3g/L EDTC时,EDTA-Cu和RhB的去除量分别高达150mg/g和850mg/g,水体pH在2~10范围内运行稳定。与EDTC处理水体中单组分EDTA-Cu和RhB的去除效果相比,EDTC可有效同时去除水体中的络合铜和RhB,且具有协同效应。因此,EDTC可作为水处理药剂应用于协同处理带有络合态金属和染料的复杂废水。

生物炭内源溶解性有机物的释放对 RhB 吸附的影响

生物炭所释放的溶解性有机物(DOM)可能会与污染物相互作用,但DOM的组分及其在生物炭吸附过程中的影响机制尚不清楚。研究对不同热解温度制备的生物炭释放的DOM进行表征,分析其组分和理化性质,通过吸附动力学和吸附等温试验探究DOM在生物炭吸附RhB的过程中的影响机制。结果表明,热解温度和生物质原料均会影响DOM的组分,低温生物炭(300℃)比高温生物炭(500℃和700℃)能释放出更多的DOM,玉米秸秆生物炭的DOM释放量高于松木锯末生物炭,低温生物炭释放的DOM主要组分为富里酸类物质和腐植酸类物质,且其极性指数与生物炭相反。吸附试验表明,DOM的添加延长了酸改性生物炭对罗丹明B(RhB)的吸附平衡时间(90 min→210 min),同时也大大降低了酸改性生物炭对RhB的吸附量(ACS300:7.86 mg/g→2.26 mg/g;APS300:6.41 mg/g→1.61 mg/g),DOM可以与RhB形成络合物(吸附率:14.29%~30.77%),从而抑制其在生物炭上的吸附。此外,还发现DOM的富里酸类和腐植酸类含量与生物炭的吸附量呈负相关。因此,DOM释放量越多,生物炭对RhB吸附效率越低。

新型泡沫镍模板Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)@ZnO复合材料光降解RhB应用研究

工业染料废水的净化对缓解水资源危机至关重要,但传统的金属氧化物半导体光催化降解方法存在成本高、效率低等问题。与之形成鲜明对比的是,MXenes材料因其高比表面积和优秀的导电性,尤其是经过剥离的片状MXenes材料,在光照下展示出了卓越的电荷转移能力,MXenes材料的利用开辟了光催化反应的新途径。特别是,MXenes如Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)与传统ZnO相比,在催化效率和稳定性上都有显著提升。本研究将ZnO与Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)结合,制备了一种高比表面积的光催化复合材料,既增加了活性位点,也显著提高了光催化效率。通过水热法,成功将单层Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)涂覆在泡沫镍上,并在其上生长ZnO纳米棒,制备出高效的光催化降解材料。实验结果表明,性能最优的材料能在100 min内将RhB的降解率提升至97.7%,同时也有效降解了四环素和对氯苯酚。这证明MXenes材料和金属氧化物复合材料在光催化染料降解领域具有巨大的应用潜力。

二维BiOX光催化去除废水中RhB的研究

目的研究二维(2D)卤氧化铋(BiOX,X=Cl,Br,I)对水中罗丹明B(RhB)的去除性能和机理。方法通过溶剂热法合成2D BiOX。借助多种表征手段对BiOX的结构、形貌、光学性质等进行分析;研究紫外-可见光照下2D BiOX对水中RhB的光催化去除性能。结果BiOCl催化作用下,光照180 min后,RhB降解率可达98.8%。过程符合拟一阶反应动力学模型,反应速率常数k为22.9×10^(-3)min^(-1)。以叔丁醇和氯仿为捕获剂时,RhB降解率无明显变化;而以乙二胺四乙酸二钠和重铬酸钾为捕获剂时,RhB降解率显著下降。结论BiOCl的光催化活性高,可归因于其较快的载流子传递速率和较强的氧化还原能力。RhB光催化降解过程中起主要作用的活性物种为h^(+)和e^(-)。

Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B by Recyclable Ag Br/Polypyrrole(PPy)Nano-Catalysts

We investigated the removal of the organic dye rhodamine B in wastewater with recyclable AgBr/polypyrrole(PPy)nano-photocatalysts.With PPy as an active base for electron transfer,and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB)as both the soft-templating agent and the bromine source,a series of AgBr/PPy nano-photocatalysts containing various proportions of silver were prepared in a convenient one-step synthesis procedure.The synthesized catalysts were characterized by TG analysis to reveal that,in comparison with pure PPy,the interaction between PPy and AgBr led to increased thermal stability.Chemical combination of PPy and AgBr was observed through XRD and XPS analyses.For the morphology study,the AgBr particles were found to be well dispersed in the PPy nanowire network from SEM results.In the photodegradation experiments,up to 92%rhodamine B was degraded by the AgBr/PPy catalysts in the period of 1 hour under 254 nm UV light.The catalysts could maintain 60%catalytic efficiency after 3 cycles in the recyclability test.

Composite Activated Carbon from Canarium schweinfurthii/Polyethylene Terephthalate: Adsorption Test of Rhodamine B Dye Removal in Aqueous Solution

The present work deals on one hand with the valorization of wastes plastics, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and Canarium schweinfurthii (CS) for the preparation of polyethylene terephthalate activated carbon (PETAC) and Canarium schweinfurthii/polyethylene terephthalate activated carbon (CS/PETAC). These adsorbents, on the other hand, were used for removal Rhodamine B (RhB) in an aqueous solution. PET and CS precursors were subjected to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning colorimetry (DSC). Meanwhile PETAC and CS/PETAC were characterized using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nitrogen adsorption/desorption (N2-BET). The N2-BET results revealed an increase of the specific surface area from 6.75 m2/g to 1282.0 m2/g for PETAC and CS/PETAC. The results of characterization indicated the key role played by plastic wastes to enhance the structural and functional properties of CS/PETAC. The RhB removal from the aqueous solution onto PETAC and CS/PETAC was found to be independent of pH, with an optimal contact time of RhB removal within 10 min for materials. The non-linear adsorption isotherm data for the adsorption process showed that the Langmuir and Freundlich models best fitted the RhB adsorption onto PETAC meanwhile only the Freundlich adsorption isotherm gave the best fit for CS/PETAC according to the correlation coefficient value closed to unity. The pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order kinetic models best described the RhB dye removal on both adsorbents. Additionally, the Elovich model confirmed that chemisorption was the main mechanism followed. These findings proved that CS seeds and PET wastes are low-cost precursors that should be given an added value by transforming them into an outstanding carbon material for dye removal in liquid effluent.

Electrospun Nanofiber Membranes Containing Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) for Rhodamine B (RhB)

A simple method for the formation of molecularly imprinted membrane of Rhodamine B (RhB) was developed by electrospinning. RhB molecularly imprinted microspheres were produced by precipitation polymerization using RhB, acrylamide, ethylene glycol dimethacrylatea (EGDMA), azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and acetonitrile as template, functional monomer, cross-linking agent, initiator and porogen, respectively. Then molecularly imprinted membranes (MIMs) were produced via electrospinning technique with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as the matrix polymer. The as-prepared nanofiber membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Optimization studies with the aim to enhance the MIP selection adsorption were carried out with respect to the amount of membrane, pH and adsorption time. Linear range and detection limit were 0.01 ~ 20 μmol/L and 2.0 × 10-3 μmol/L, respectively. HPLC analysis showed that in the optimized conditions of separation and enrichment, the recovery rate can reach 97.8% ~ 117.1%, relative standard deviation (n = 3) was 1.36% ~ 2.19% in employing MIMs to the RhB simulated water samples. The results showed that the imprinted polymer exhibited higher affinity for Rhodamine B compared to non-molecularly imprinted polymers membranes (NIMs) and molecularly imprinted particles (MIP).

Fabrication of a monoclinic/hexagonal junction in WO_3 and its enhanced photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B

A series of WO3 samples with different crystalline phases were prepared by the thermal decomposition method from ammonium tungstate hydrate.X-ray diffraction（XRD）,scanning electron microscopy（SEM）,high-resolution transmission electron microscopy（HRTEM）,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and N2 adsorption-desorption were used to characterize the crystalline phase,morphology,particle size,chemical composition,and surface area of the WO3 samples.The formation of hexagonal（h-WO3） and monoclinic（m-WO3） crystal structures of WO3 at different temperatures or different times was confirmed by XRD.m-WO3 is formed at 600 ℃,while m-WO3 starts to transform into h-WO3 at 800℃.However,h-WO3,which forms at 800℃,may transform into m-WO3 by increasing the calcination temperature to 1000℃.SEM results indicate that m-WO3 particles exhibit a bulky shape with heavy aggregates,while h-WO3 particles exhibit a rod-like shape.Moreover,m-WO3 crystals are sporadically patched on the surface of the h-WO3 rod-like particles,resulting in the exposure of both m-WO3 and h-WO3 on the surface.It is observed that the monoclinic phase（m-WO3）/hexagonal phase（h-WO3） junction was fabricated by tuning the calcination temperature and calcination time.The relative ratios between m-WO3 and h-WO3 in the phase junction can readily be tailored by control of the calcination time.The photocatalytic activities of WO3 with different crystalline phases were evaluated by the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B as a model pollutant.A higher photocatalytic activity was observed in the WO3 sample with the m-WO3/h-WO3junction as compared with the sample with only m-WO3.The improvement of photocatalytic activity can be attributed to the reduction of the electron-hole recombination rate owing to the formation of the phase junction,whose presence has been confirmed by HRTEM and photoluminescence spectra.

可见光下Rhodamine B在钴掺杂TiO_2薄膜上的光催化降解

采用溶胶-凝胶法和涂覆成膜技术在钛片上制备了有可见光响应的Co2+掺杂TiO2薄膜(Co-TiO2).应用该薄膜光催化剂在可见光下进行了Rhodamine B(RhB)的光降解研究.结果表明,当Co2+的掺杂摩尔分数为0.02%时,光催化剂对RhB有最佳的光降解效果,而且在降解过程中存在光催化和光敏化的协同效应;同时在酸性体系中光降解RhB比在碱性体系中有较快的速率和较小的最大吸收峰位移,这可能与不同pH下,TiO2表面的荷电状态影响光降解过程有关.Co-TiO2光催化剂的使用,成功地实现了可见光下对RhB的光催化和光敏化协同降解,提高了可见光下RhB的光降解速率.

钢渣/氮掺杂改性活性炭催化过硫酸盐降解罗丹明B

以提高钢渣资源化利用和深度降解有机污染物为研究目标,通过改变氨气煅烧温度制备了系列钢渣/氮掺杂改性活性炭复合材料,并用于催化过硫酸钠处理罗丹明B(RhB)废水。同时采用N2吸附/脱附、XRD、XPS等手段对复合材料的孔结构和表面性质进行了表征。结果表明:氮元素的引入可改善复合材料中活性金属与活性炭之间的相互作用,从而提高复合材料的催化活性。以最优复合材料60%GZ/AC-N800为研究对象,在反应温度为35℃、PS加量为2 g/L和宽pH(3~11)操作条件下,反应30 min后罗丹明B(100 mg/L)的去除率可达88.7%~92.2%。动力学分析发现,60%GZ/AC-N800复合材料催化PS降解RhB符合准二级动力学。自由基掩蔽实验发现,该降解过程是自由基途径(SO_(4)^(·-)和·OH)和非自由基途径(^(1)O_(2))共同参与反应的氧化过程。

Ce(Ⅳ)-Rhodamine B-噻枯唑体系化学发光法测定噻枯唑

在酸性介质中,Ce(Ⅳ)可以氧化噻枯唑产生较弱的化学发光,罗丹明B可以显著增强此发光,且增加的发光强度与噻枯唑的质量浓度在一定范围内呈良好的线性关系,由此建立了测定噻枯唑的流动注射化学发光新方法。该法的检出限为12μg/L(3σ),线性范围为30～1 000μg/L,对500μg/L的噻枯唑连续平行测定11次,其相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.4%。用于测定环境水样中和大米中噻枯唑含量,回收率为96.4%～104.1%。

多羧酸镍配合物催化降解罗丹明B的活性与机理

由于纺织、印刷等工业规模的迅速扩张,生产过程中产生的染料废水对人类生存环境造成巨大压力。目前,在染料废水修复处理领域,基于SO_(4)^(·-)的高级氧化技术由于其氧化优势备受关注。通常,过一硫酸盐(PMS)可自分解产生SO_(4)^(·-),然而其生成效率很低,因此,探寻有效的PMS催化剂成为研究热点。本研究以5,5′-二苯醚间苯二甲酸(H 4odip)和Ni(NO_(3))_(2)·6H_(2)O为原料,采用溶剂热法制得一种三维结构配合物Ni 4(odip)2-(μ2-OH_(2))2(H_(2)O)8,该材料水稳定性较好且能够在弱酸弱碱环境下稳定存在。采用X射线单晶和粉末衍射、红外光谱、热重及元素分析对配合物的结构和组成进行了表征。利用紫外-可见分光光度计研究其催化降解罗丹明B的活性与机理,系统探讨了配合物和PMS用量、溶液反应温度和pH对罗丹明B降解性能的影响。与不加催化剂相比,配合物的加入可使罗丹明B的降解速率提高两倍。研究表明,在中性环境中,PMS/配合物催化体系具有更强的降解能力,降解率可达92.3%。活性氧物种(ROS)捕获实验和电子顺磁共振波谱结果表明该催化体系降解罗丹明B的ROS有SO_(4)^(·-)、·OH、1O_(2)和O_(2)^(·-),且此四种ROS在降解罗丹明B时的贡献作用相近。综合分析实验结果,该配合物在催化PMS用于染料废水修复处理领域可作为一种有效且能循环使用的新型多相催化剂。

Fe@Cu-Ni材料降解罗丹明B的机理与途径

文章采用直接还原法制备了Fe@Cu-Ni微电解材料,并探究了其对罗丹明B(Rh B)的降解效果。采用SEM、XRD和XPS对Fe@Cu-Ni进行了表征,分析了Fe@Cu-Ni对Rh B的降解机理和降解路径。Fe@Cu-Ni的枝晶结构为电子传递和富集提供了发散路径,有利于电荷转移。电子转移通道末端的Cu_(2)O和Fe与Ni掺杂对氧还原反应生成H_(2)O_(2)起着重要作用。由原位产生的H_(2)O_(2)催化生成的·OH是降解Rh B的关键活性物质。通过LC-MS/MS对Rh B的降解中间体进行了鉴定,结果表明,Rh B的降解主要来自于·H和·OH的协同作用。当pH=2、Fe@Cu-Ni催化剂用量为0.5 g/L、Rh B初始浓度为20 mg/L时,Rh B的降解效率可达98.7%。该研究强调了Fe@Cu-Ni复合材料在消除染料残留方面的潜力。

Ag_(3)PO_(4)修饰AgBr纳米线/Ti_(3)C_(2)双异质结光催化剂降解罗丹明B

以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为模板和溴源,通过添加Ti_(3)C_(2)MXene,使用共沉淀法制备了Ag_(3)PO_(4)修饰AgBr纳米线/Ti_(3)C_(2)双异质结光催化剂(Ag_(3)PO_(4)-AgBr NW/Ti_(3)C_(2)),采用SEM、TEM、XRD、XPS、紫外-可见漫反射光谱、荧光光谱对Ag_(3)PO_(4)-AgBr NW/Ti_(3)C_(2)进行了表征。以罗明丹B(RhB)为目标降解物,考察了质量分数1%的Ti_(3)C_(2)水分散液添加量对Ag_(3)PO_(4)-AgBr NW/Ti_(3)C_(2)光催化降解RhB的影响。结果表明,层状Ti_(3)C_(2)分布在AgBr纳米线周围,Ag_(3)PO_(4)纳米粒子修饰在两者之上,3种化合物之间形成Z型和肖特基双异质结;质量分数1%的Ti_(3)C_(2)分散液添加量为0.5 g制备的Ag_(3)PO_(4)-AgBr NW/Ti_(3)C_(2)-5具有最佳的光催化降解RhB性能,30 mg该光催化剂对30 mL质量浓度为10 mg/L RhB溶液的降解率为94.4%;超氧自由基和羟基自由基是Ag_(3)PO_(4)-AgBr NW/Ti_(3)C_(2)光催化降解RhB过程中起主要作用的活性物种;AgBr、Ag_(3)PO_(4)、Ti_(3)C_(2)三者之间形成的Z型和肖特基双异质结增强了光生电子-空穴对(e--h+)的分离效率,提升了Ag_(3)PO_(4)-AgBr NW/Ti_(3)C_(2)光催化性能。

复合催化剂Ag-Ti/碳纤维的制备及光催化降解罗丹明B

本文采用乙酸钛、AgNO3和碳纤维为原料,通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了新型Ag/TiO_(2)负载碳纤维光催化材料。通过XRD、SEM观察了微观形貌和结构。研究发现,所制备的复合光催化材料结晶性能良好,由于Ag的加入,复合光催化材料晶粒细化,催化活性更高。探讨了光催化剂对罗丹明B溶液降解效果的影响,发现当催化剂的用量为0.30g·L^(-1)、罗丹明B溶液的浓度为6mg·L^(-1)时,在Ag掺杂比为Ag/TiO_(2)=2∶1的复合光催化剂情况下,其降解活性最高,可达到88%以上,为解决染料废水的治理提供技术支持。

真空紫外协同Co^(2+)催化过硫酸氢钾降解罗丹明B

有机染料具有毒性强、色度高、不易降解等特性,为了高效去除有机染料,实验以真空紫外(VUV)为光源,研究了VUV协同Co^(2+)催化过硫酸氢钾(PMS)降解典型有机染料罗丹明B(RhB)的反应机制和转化途径.结果表明:①在RhB初始浓度为80 mg/L,Co^(2+)和PMS投加量分别为15μmol/L、0.5 mmol/L的条件下,VUV/Co^(2+)/PMS体系反应10 min,RhB去除率可达99.1%.VUV/Co^(2+)/PMS体系对RhB降解遵循一级动力学规律,反应速率常数(k)随初始质量浓度的增加而减小.②溶液初始pH对反应速率有较大的影响,随着pH减小,反应速率也同时减小.投加量为30 mmol/L的HCO_(3)^(−)、Cl^(−)均表现出显著的抑制作用,相较于对照组,RhB去除率由99.1%分别降至66.0%、84.2%,而NO_(3)^(−)和SO_(4)^(2−)抑制作用不显著;印染助剂柠檬酸钠也会显著抑制RhB降解.③自由基捕获实验和电子顺磁共振(EPR)测试结果表明,VUV/Co^(2+)/PMS体系中存在的氧化物种包括硫酸根自由基(SO_(4)^(−)·)、羟基自由基(·OH)、单线态氧(1O2).④根据紫外可见吸收光谱和质谱结果,初步推断RhB分子降解主要通过活性氧(ROS)攻击造成共轭结构破坏和N-位脱乙基等作用.另外,对总有机碳(TOC)进行测试,30 min时RhB矿化度可达到43.8%.研究显示,VUV/Co^(2+)/PMS体系能够有效去除RhB.

TpBD-3COOH COF的制备及对废水中罗丹明B吸附性能研究

研究了以三醛基间苯三酚(Tp)、4,4-二氨基联苯-2,2-二羧酸(DBd)和联苯二胺(BD)为原料,通过溶剂热法制备新型羧基官能化的二维共价有机框架材料TpBD-3COOH COF,并用于吸附罗丹明B染料废水,采用XRD、FT-IR、SEM对其形貌进行了表征。结果表明:在pH=4、TpBD-3COOH COF用量8 mg、废水中罗丹明B质量浓度10 mg/L条件下吸附60 min,罗丹明B去除率可达95%;5次重复试验后,TpBD-3COOH COF对罗丹明B的去除率仍可达70%以上,且吸附过程与准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型相吻合。

Detection of intermediates in the TiO_2-assisted photodegradation of Rhodamine B under visible light irradiation

The photocatalytic degradation of dye Rhodamine B （RhB） in the presence of TiO2 nanostdpe or P25 under visible light irradiation was investigated. The degradation intermediates were identified using Infrared spectra （IR spectra）, ^1H nuclear magnetic resonance （^1HNMR） spectra, and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy （GC-MS）. The IR and the ^1HNMR results showed that the large conjugated chromophore structure of RhB was efficiently destroyed under visible light irradiation in both the photocatalytic systems （TiO2 nanostfipe or P25 and Rhodamine B systems）. GC-MS results showed that the main identified intermediates were ethanediotic acid, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 4-hydroxy benzoic acid and benzoic acid, which were almost the same in the TiO2 nanostdpes and P25 systems. This work provides a good insight into the reaction pathway（s） for the TiO2-assisted photocatalytic degradation of dye pollutants under visible light irradiation.

Microwave photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B using TiO_2 supported on activated carbon:Mechanism implication

The photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B （RhB） was carried out using TiO2 supported on activated carbon （TiO2-AC） under microwave irradiation. Composite catalyst TiO2-AC was prepared and characterized using X-ray diffraction （XRD）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller （BET）. In the process of microwave-enhanced photocatalysis （MPC）, RhB （30 mg/L） was almost completely decoloured in 10 min, and the mineralization efficiency was 96.0% in 20 min. The reaction rate constant of RhB in MPC using TiO2-AC by pseudo first-order reaction kinetics was 4.16 times of that using Degussa P25. Additionally, according to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry （GC/MS） and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry （LC/MS） identification, the major intermediates of RhB in MPC included two kinds of N-de-ethylation intermediates （N,N-diethyl-N＇-ethyl-rhodamine （DER））, oxalic acid, malonic acid, snccinic acid, and phthalic acid, maleic acid, 3-nitrobenzoic acid, and so on. The degradation of RhB in MPC was mainly attributed to the destruction of the conjugated structure, and then the intermediates transformed to acid molecules which were mineralized to water and carbon dioxide.