Atomically Adjustable Rhodium Catalyst Synthesis with Outstanding Mass Activity via Surface-Li mi ted Cation Exchange

Rh has been widely studied as a catalyst for the promising hydrazine oxidation reaction that can replace oxygen evolution reactions for boosting hydrogen production from hydrazine-containing wastewater.Despite Rh being expensive,only a few studies have examined its electrocatalytic mass activity.Herein,surface-limited cation exchange and electrochemical activation processes are designed to remarkably enhance the mass activity of Rh.Rh atoms were readily replaced at the Ni sites on the surface of NiOOH electrodes by cation exchange,and the resulting RhOOH compounds were activated by the electrochemical reduction process.The cation exchange-derived Rh catalysts exhibited particle sizes not exceeding 2 nm without agglomeration,indicating a decrease in the number of inactive inner Rh atoms.Consequently,an improved mass activity of 30 A mg_(Rh)^(-1)was achieved at 0.4 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode.Furthermore,the two-electrode system employing the same CE-derived Rh electrodes achieved overall hydrazine splitting over 36 h at a stable low voltage.The proposed surface-limited CE process is an effective method for reducing inactive atoms of expensive noble metal catalysts.

Hydrogenation of Benzene at Presence of Rhodium Support Catalyst

In this article, hydrogenation of benzene in liquid phase at presence rhodium support catalyst is considered, where as carrier is used pillar structural montmorillonite obtaining from bentonite clay. The degree of using an internal surface of porous system is depended of the size particles.

HYDROFORMYLATION CATALYSIS USING POLYMER-SUPPORTED MULTINUCLEAR RHODIUM CARBONYL CLUSTER CATALYSTS

A series of polymer-supported tetranuclear rhodium carbonyl cluster catalysts were prepared b the reaction of Rh4（CO）12with several kinds of polymer supports such as crosslinked poly （N-vinylpyrrolidone） （PNVP） and crosslinked poly （ styrene-co-maleic anhydride） （PMAn）, and subsequently were used to catalyze the hydroformylation of olefins. The catalysts were characterized by IR, SEM and XPS. The influence of the supports structure and crosslinking, metal’s content and particle size of the supports on the catalysts hydroformylation properties was studied. The factors which affect the catalytic conversion were also examined. The experimental results show that the polymer-supported Rh cluster catalysts possess very high catalytic activity and aldehyde selectivity as well as good reproducibility.

Synthesis of Polymer-Supported Heteronuclear Rhodium- Cobalt Bimetallic Carbonyl Cluster Catalysts and Their Hydroformylation Properties

Tetranuclear Rh-Co bimetallic cluster was synthesized and characterized by IR and XPS. The properties of the anchored catalysts, its stability and the ligand effect were also studied. The experimental results show that the optimal conditions for the hydroformylation of hexene-1 are as follows: the temperature is 80℃, reaction time 8 h, pressure 5. 88×105 Pa, and molar ratio of H2/CO 1. 2/1. 0. Functional groups attached to the donor atom(N) possess more or less some influence on the catalytic behavior. Compared with the homogeneous cluster, the polymer-supported bimetallic cluster is more stable. After the catalytic reaction, the structure of the anchored catalysts was not destroyed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization indicates that there is a weak interaction between the polymer support and the active metals.

铑基非均相催化剂在烯烃氢甲酰化反应中的应用研究进展

烯烃氢甲酰化反应是工业中合成醛的重要过程,铑基均相催化剂难以回收的缺点会大大增加烯烃氢甲酰化反应的成本。负载固相多相催化剂因其简便的分离循环操作而广受关注,但存在反应活性较差、金属流失量较大和催化剂制备成本较高等问题,开发催化性能和回收性能好的非均相铑基催化剂具有广阔的前景。以无机固体载体固定化催化剂、HRh(CO)(PPh_(3))_(3)封装型多相催化剂、多孔有机配体(POL)材料负载催化剂和单原子金属间纳米催化剂这4类催化剂为主线,综述了用于烯烃氢甲酰化反应中多相负载型铑基催化剂的研究进展。在多相负载型铑基催化剂中,膦配体组成及制备条件、载体种类及性质和铑与其他金属协同作用等均能对其催化烯烃氢甲酰化反应的催化性能产生影响,对上述4类催化剂的优、缺点和发展前景进行了简要分析。在今后的研究中,建议设计给电子能力强、空间位阻大的膦配体,发掘高比表面积、多级孔道结构的无机/有机载体,深入探究金属纳米粒子间的相互作用,进一步提高铑基催化剂在烯烃氢甲酰化中的催化性能和回收性能。

Hydrosilylation of olefins over rhodium complex anchored over thioether-functionalized MCM-41

The hydrosilylation of alkenes with triethoxysilane has been achieved at 120 C in the presence of 0.01 mol%of thioetherfunctionalized MCM-41 anchored rhodium complex,affording the corresponding addition products in 68-91%yields.This supported rhodium complex can be reused several times without noticeable loss of activity.Our system not only solves the basic problems of catalyst separation and recovery,but also avoids the use of phosphine ligands.

Methane oxybromination over Rh-based catalysts:Effect of supports

Bromine mediation has been regarded as one of the most efficient ways to activate and convert methane to useful organics.This article reports the effects of active components(Rh,Ru,Pd and Pt)and supports(SiO2,Mg O and Al2O3)on the catalysis of methane oxybromination.Among the prepared catalysts,Rh/SiO2 is the best in performance(CH4 conversion of ca.20%and CH3Br selectivity exceeding 70%).The results reveal that support type has a notable influence on the catalytic performance of Rh,especially on product distribution.The high selectivity to CH3 Br over Rh/SiO2 is attributed to its low propensity for CH3Br oxidation.It was found that Rh small in particle size shows high catalytic activity and CH3Br selectivity.Although silicalite-1 zeolite suffers from a certain degree of structural damage due to the presence of high temperature steam,the use of silicalite-1 as support results in a performance comparable to that of Rh/SiO2.

Mechanistic Investigation on Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Cycloaddition of 2-Vinylphenol Derivatives with Ethyne or Carbon Monoxide by DFT Study

Rhodium-catalyzed cycloaddition reaction was calculated by density functional theory M06-2X method to directly synthesize benzoxepine and coumarin derivatives.In this work,we conducted a computational study of two competitive mechanisms in which the carbon atom of acetylene or carbon monoxide attacked and inserted from two different directions of the six-membered ring reactant to clarify the principle characteristics of this transformation.The calculation results reveal that:(i)the insertion process of alkyne or carbon monoxide is the key step of the reaction;(ii)for the(5+2)cycloaddition reaction of acetylene,higher energy is required to break the Rh−O bond of the reactant,and the reaction tends to complete the insertion from the side of the Rh−C bond;(iii)for the(5+1)cycloaddition of carbon monoxide,both reaction paths have lower activation free energy,and the two will generate a competition mechanism.

煤化工装置配体催化剂消耗分析及研究

为了提升煤基混合碳四综合利用装置的经济附加值,进一步降低煤基混合碳四生产2丙基庚醇(以下简称“2 PH”)产品羰基合成反应配体催化剂的消耗,结合煤化工生产装置上的实际案例,通过优化反应温度、氢碳比、配体催化剂浓度、反应器补水操作及缓冲溶液配置比例和注入量等相关操作,找到了适合工业装置高、低负荷运行的最佳操作条件和工艺参数,降低配体催化剂的分解消耗,延长铑催化剂的使用寿命,使得煤化工装置经济效益增加显著。

铱/铑/钌复合催化剂催化甲醇羰基化合成醋酸的研究

随着醋酸行业竞争越来越激烈,降低生产成本以提高市场竞争力显得非常重要。研究了在保持催化活性的基础上采用价格相对低廉、稳定性较好的贵金属铱,钌来部分替代贵金属铑在羰基化合成醋酸中的可行性。

原子荧光光谱法测定三苯基膦羰基铑催化剂中的砷含量

采用原子荧光光谱法测定三苯基膦羰基铑催化剂中的砷含量,考察了消解酸的种类和用量、共存元素铑的干扰及消除方法,验证了测定方法的准确度和精密度。实验结果表明,在5.0 mL硝酸+2.0 mL高氯酸的混合酸体系中,催化剂可消解完全,采用共沉淀的方法,pH在9~10时,可完全消除铑对砷含量测定的影响。当砷含量在1.0~10.0μg/L范围内时,砷含量与荧光强度的关系曲线呈线性,相关系数大于0.999。测定结果的相对标准偏差小于5%,加标回收率在92%~106%之间,满足分析测试要求。

Rh/CPOL-BP1&PPh 3的制备及其在烯烃氢甲酰化反应中的应用

以乙酰丙酮二羰基铑为金属前驱体,新型双膦共聚物CPOL-BP1&PPh_(3)为载体制备Rh/CPOL-BP1&PPh_(3)催化剂。采用TEM、BET、XPS、FT-IR等方法表征。结果表明,该催化剂具有较大的比表面积及丰富的微孔-介孔结构,Rh原子以(20~40)nm的间距分布在载体上。最佳反应条件为反应压力1.0 MPa,反应温度100℃,乙烯流量1 L·h^(-1),乙烯转化率可达95%;在400 h的长周期实验中丙醛收率基本保持不变,催化剂稳定性良好。

超级微波消解-ICP-AES法测定铑炭催化剂中铑含量

建立一种采用超级微波消解,ICP光谱法测定5%Rh/C催化剂中Rh含量的方法。通过单因素实验和正交优化,对称样量、酸体系、消解温度、消解时间等因素进行考察,确定最佳消解方法:约0.10 g试样在密闭消解罐中,以9 mL硝酸和1 mL过氧化氢为酸体系,240℃消解温度下保持40 min,经赶酸定容后,采用ICP-AES法测定溶液中的贵金属含量。该方法简便、快捷,消解试样完全且结果稳定,相对标准偏差小于1.0%。

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定尾气净化用金属载体催化剂中的铂、钯和铑含量

如何精准地测定汽车尾气催化剂的贵金属含量(铂、钯、铑),对于控制贵金属的成本、回收贵金属及控制催化剂的性能具有重要意义。试验采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法来测定尾气用净化金属载体催化剂中的铂(Pt)、钯(Pd)和铑(Rh)含量。具有而言,含有尾气净化用金属载体催化剂的试样采用盐酸进行预处理,然后加入聚环氧乙烷溶液降低胶粒对过滤的影响,过滤产物在马弗炉(300℃)内进行炭化处理,并加入20 g Na_(2)O_(2),经过沉淀凝聚实现富集分离。最后,采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪对分离的铂、钯、铑的含量进行测定。在样品测定过程中,Pt、Pd和Rh的加标回收率分布范围表现良好,分别为97.1%~109.0%、91.0%~101.8%和93.2%~102.2%。该方法具有快速定量分析、检出限较低、精密度良好、动态范围宽的特点,为贵金属检测行业的标准制定奠定了数据理论支撑。

Methane oxidative carbonylation catalyzed by rhodium chalcogen halides over carbon supports

Gas phase carbonylation of methane is studied in the presence of molecular oxygen over pure carbon carriers and carbon supported rhodium chalcogen halides. Activated carbons and fullerene blacks have been used as carbon supports. XPS and IR-spectroscopy data show the formation of rhodium chalcogen halides in solids prepared by different methods. We have found that the productivity of acetic acid by carbon supported rhodium chalcogen halides depends strongly on the carbon carrier and the method of the catalyst preparation. Namely, the catalyst with highest productivity for the acetic acid is prepared by synthesizing the rhodium chalcogen halide over the carbon support followed by thermal destruction. We have also found that rhodium chalcogen halides over activated carbons are more active compared with fullerene supported catalysts.

Catalytic perfomance of rhodium chalcogen halides and rhodium chalcogenides over silica supports in methane oxidative carbonylation

The gas phase methane oxidative carbonylation was studied in the presence of molecular oxygen over silica materials including their mechanical mixtures with rhodium chalcogen chlorides obtained in non-aqueous inorganic media. The formation of Rh4SCl7, Rh4S9Cl2, Rh4SesCl3 and Rh3Se3Cl solids was confirmed by elemental analysis, IR absorption spectroscopy, XPS and X-ray diffraction. Silica, vanadium-, and molybdenum-containing mesoporous molecular sieves have been used as supports. It was found that productivity of oxygenates （methanol, methyl acetate and acetic acid） depends mainly on the method of the catalyst preparation and the type of the support.

SYNTHESIS AND CATALYTIC HYDROSILYLATION PROPERTY OF POLYSILOXANE-SUPPORTED MERCAPTOSELENAETHER PLATINUM OR RHODIUM COMPLEX

Silica-bound mercaptoselenaether-containing silsesquioxane and its platinum or rhodium complex were synthesized from gamma-(2,3-epithiopropyl) propyltrimethoxysilane via ring-opening reaction with bis(2-hydroxyethyl) selenide, followed by hydrolysis and immobilization on fumed silica, and then reacting with potassium chloroplatinite or rhodium chloride in acetone under nitrogen atmosphere. It was found that two noble metal complexes can catalyze the hydrosilylation of olefins with triethoxysilane effectively. The influences of temperature, the amount of complex used, the nature of olefin on catalytic activity were investigated.

三苯基膦功能化聚酰胺/铑催化烯烃氢甲酰化

以三(3-氨基苯基)膦与联苯-4,4′-二甲酸为原料合成了一种三苯基膦功能化的聚酰胺有机载体,并通过红外光谱、固体核磁对其结构进行表征。聚酰胺载体与Rh(acac)(CO)_(2)组成的多相催化体系可以有效地催化1-己烯的氢甲酰化反应。研究表明,该多相催化剂具有较好的化学稳定性和催化效果。在90℃下,甲苯溶剂中,催化剂在15 h内完全催化转化1-己烯生成庚醛和2-己烯,产物中醛的选择性为37.4%。通过离心的方法可以实现催化剂与产物的快速分离及多次利用。催化剂的循环使用研究表明,在使用5次后,对1-己烯的催化活性仍高达100%,醛的选择性在34.9%以上,产物醛的正异构比约为2.5。

Rh/CeO_(x-)C_(3)N_(4)催化剂的制备及其催化水合肼制氢性能研究

本研究将CeO_(x)引入催化剂载体中,在N_(2)气氛下高温焙烧制得CeO_(x)掺杂的氮化炭材料作为载体,通过浸渍还原法将活性组分Rh负载到CeO_(x-)C_(3)N_(4)载体上合成Rh/CeO_(x-)C_(3)N_(4)催化剂,并探究其对催化水合肼制氢的性能的影响。研究结果表明,Rh/CeO_(x-)C_(3)N_(4)催化剂中,活性组分Rh与CeO_(x)之间存在协同效应,其中,CeO_(x)的掺杂有效地分散和稳定金属活性组分,为催化反应提供更多的活性位点。因此,该催化剂对催化水合肼制氢具有良好的催化活性。所制备的Rh/CeO_(x-)C_(3)N_(4)催化剂催化水合肼展现出最好的催化活性,初始转化率TOF值高达1959.24 h^(-1)。循环五次后,催化活性依然保持良好,表明其拥有良好的稳定性。