Composition of Rice Stem Borers in Western Rice Areas of Sichuan Province and New Characteristics of Their Occurrence and Damage

[ Objective ] The paper was to study the composition of rice stem borers in western Sichuan Province and the characteristics of their occurrence and dam- age. [ Method ] Rice stem borers in western rice areas in Sichuan Province were composed of Chilo suppressalis, Tryporyza itwertulas and Sesamla inferens. C. sup- pressalis was the dominant population in most rice areas in western flee areas in Sichuan Province. T. incertulas had distribution and damage in Longquan, Qingbai- jiang and some rice areas, showing increasing trend of spread. The population of S. inferens was the minimum, but it caused serious damage in late period of rice. [ Conclusion] The result provided theoretical basis for proposing effective control measures against rice stem borers in western rice areas in Sichuan Province.

Differential effects of insecticides on mitochondrial membrane fluidity and ATPase activity between the wolf spider and the rice stem borer

Differential effects of methamidophos and three pyrethroids on ATPase activity and membrane fluidity of mitochondria were investigated between the wolf spider（Pirata subpiraticus（Boes.et Str.））and the rice stem borer（Chilo suppressalis（Walker））.Based on a comparison of LD_（50） values,the toxicities of the tested insecticides were higher to the wolf spider than to the rice stem borer.Cyhalothrin at 1×10^（–4） mmol L^（–1） caused inhibition of the mitochondrial Na~＋-K~＋-ATPase and Ca^（2＋）-Mg^（2＋）-ATPase activities,and it’s inhibitions on Na＋-K＋-ATPase and Ca^（2＋）-Mg^（2＋）-ATPase activities were significantly higher in the wolf spider（44 and 28%）than in the rice stem borer（19 and 11%）.Methamidophos at 1×10^（–4） mmol L^（–1） decreased Ca^（2＋）-Mg^（2＋）-ATPase activity by 16 and 27%in the wolf spider and the rice stem borer,respectively,but no significant effect on the specific activity of Na＋-K＋-ATPase was observed.The DPH（1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene）fluorescence polarization values of mitochondrial membranes were not significantly affected by methamidophos in either species.However,cyhalothrin and alpha-cypermethrin induced the values of DPH polarization of mitochondrial membrane increasing with the concentration of cyhalothrin and alpha-cypermethrin from 20 to 100μmol L^（–1） in the rice stem borer and the wolf spider.Effect of ethofenprox on fluidity of the wolf spider and the rice stem borer was contrary.These results suggest that both inhibition of membrane ATPase and changes of membrane fluidity could be appended to the action mechanisms of pyrethroid insecticides.

Relationship between Resistance of Rice Stem Borer and Insecticide Use Intensity in South China

[Objective] This study aimed to survey the effect of insecticide use intensity on the resistance of rice stem borer in South China. [Method] The data includes 19 counties from Guangdong Province and Guangxi Province from 1991 to 2010. A fixed effect model was established to evaluate the effect of insecticide use intensity on the resistance of rice stem borer. [Result] The regression results suggest that one-period lagged total number of insecticide sprays has significant effect on the infestation level of rice stem borer. [Conclusion] Although rice stem borer is a migratory rice pest, insecticide use intensity has significant effect on the resistance level of rice stem borer in South China.

Rice(Oryza sativa L.)Breeding among Hassawi Landrace and Egyptian Genotypes for Stem Borer(Chilo agamemnon Bles.)Resistance and Related Quantitative Traits

Rice stem borer(Chilo agamemnon Bles.)is a primary insect pest of rice and is a major limiting factor to rice production.Breeding for insect-resistant crop varieties has been an economic way of integrated pest management(IPM)as it offers a viable and ecologically acceptable approach.This study was aimed to evaluate rice genotypes for their resistance against rice stem borer.Seven parental genotypes with twenty one F1 crosses were evaluated for genotypic variation in field experiments.Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for the studied traits in almost all crosses and parents.In addition,the mean squares of parents versus their crosses were signifi-cant for stem borer resistance and other associated traits.Moreover,both general combining ability(GCA)and specific combining ability(SCA)variances were highly significant for all characters studied in the F1 generation.Based on GCA,4 genotypes(Sakha101,Gz6903-3-4-2-1,Gz9577-4-1-1 and Hassawi)exhibited highly significant negative values for stem borer resistance(–0.53,–1.06,–0.18 and–0.49,respectively)indicating they are the best combiners for stem borer resistance.Based on SCA analysis,nine cross combinations showed highly significant negative effects for stem borer resistance.Similarly,the cross Giza178
Hassawi was the best combination with significantly highest value for early maturity.In addition,seven crosses showed highly significant negative SCA for plant height trait.On the other hand,for panicle length,number of primary branches/panicle,panicle weight and 1000-grain weight,seven,four,eight and six crosses showed highly significant positive SCA,respectively.The result further revealed that the non-additive dominance genetic variance was higher than the additive variance for all evaluated traits indicating that non-additive genetic variances have a role in their inheritance.The broad-sense heritability estimates were high for all the studied traits.The stem borer resistance was significantly correlated with panicle weight and 1000-grain weight,which also showed a highly significant correlation with grain yield/plant.Thus these traits can be effectively employed in a breeding program to confer resistance against stem borer infestation in rice.It was further supported by biplot analysis,which clustered these potentially important traits into two quadrants showing their importance in any future breeding program to control stem borer infestation.This study has contributed valuable information for evaluation of genetic diversity in the local rice germplasm and its utilization in futuristic rice genetic improvement programs.

Comparative Efficacies of Next-Generation Insecticides Against Yellow Stem Borer and Their Effects on Natural Enemies in Rice Ecosystem

The efficacies of some next-generation insecticides against the rice yellow stem borer(YSB),Scirpophaga incertulas(Walk.), and their compatibilities with natural enemies were investigated during 2014 and 2015. Three newer insecticides, chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G, dinotefuran 20% SG, and methoxyfenozide 24% SC, and two commonly used insecticides, carbufuran 5 G and quinalphos 25 EC,were evaluated in the field for their efficacies against YSB and their non-target effects on natural enemies.Application of chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G at 10.96 kg/hm^2 resulted in the greatest reduction in YSB infestation(deadhearts and whiteheads) and greatest increase of yield compared to the untreated control plots, followed by methoxyfenozide 24% SC at 0.41 L/hm^2, dinotefuran 20% SG at 0.15 kg/hm^2,carbufuran 5 G at 10.96 kg/hm^2, and quinalphos 25 EC at 1.50 L/hm^2. All the insecticides reduced the numbers of predators viz., lady bird beetles, wolf spiders, carabid beetles, earwigs, green mirid bugs, and damselflies. Numbers of adults of the egg parasitoids Trichogramma sp., Telenomus sp. and Tetrastichus sp. were significantly reduced in insecticide-treated plots compared to untreated control plots. In all field trials, the harmful effects of the five insecticides were in the following rank order(least harmful to most harmful): chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G, carbufuran 5 G, dinotefuran 20% SG, methoxyfenozide 24% SC,and quinalphos 25 EC. On the basis of reduction in YSB infestation, increase in grain yield, and compatibility with natural enemies, chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G was proved to be the best of all the insecticides for YSB management system, although the study suggested minimizing its retail price for enhancement of cost effectiveness in farmers' fields.

Mechanism of rice variety resistance to the yellow stem borer,Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker)

Yellow stem borer(YSB),Scir-pophaga incertulas(Walker)has be-come the main rice insect pest onceagain along the Changjiang Riversince 1990s.Unfortunately,no ricevariety with resistance to YSB hasbeen reported so far.Japonica Zhen-dao 2 with moderate resistance toYSB was found.In 10 rice vari-eties with different resistance levels,YSB individuals showed distinct de-velopmental rates,and the asyn-chronous development even occurredin the same rice variety.In this

Development of lepidopteran pest-resistant transgenic japonica rice harboring a synthetic cry2A* gene

A synthetic cry2A^＊ gene enco ding Bacillus thuringiensis（Bt） δ-endotoxi n that resi st ance to lepidopteran pest was transformed into japonica rice variety Jijing 88, which is the most widely cultivated variety in Jilin Province, Northeast China, by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. A total of 106 independent transformants overexpressing cry2A^＊ gene driven by ubiquitin（Ubi） promoter was produced. Three single-copy homozygous transgenic lines were finally selected based on the results of PCR analysis, se gregation ratio of Bast a resistance, and Southern hybridiza tion analyse s. RT-PCR and enzyme linke dimmune sorbent assay（ELISA） revealed that cry2A^＊ transcripts and protein were highly expressed in these lines. The high level of Cry2A^＊ protein expression resulted in high resistance to rice striped stem borer as evidence d by insect feeding bioassays. Our results demonst rate that cry2A^＊ transgenic japonica rice confers resistance to the rice striped stem borer in the laboratory conditions.

广西越冬稻螟种类及其空间分布型研究

【目的】水稻螟虫在广西广泛分布,严重威胁水稻生产,明确广西稻螟的越冬情况及其空间分布型,了解水稻螟虫的种类及分布情况,为其预测预报及科学防治提供依据。【方法】分别在桂东北、桂西北、桂东南、桂西南和沿海地区,共27个市(县)进行越冬螟虫调查,并采用棋盘式取样法,将稻桩带回室内仔细剥查鉴定螟虫种类及数量,分析螟虫种群的空间分布型。【结果】本次越冬调查结果表明,广西越冬螟虫种类有大螟(Sesamia inferens)、二化螟(Chilo suppressalis)、三化螟(Scirpophaga incertulas)和台湾稻螟(Chilotraea auricilia),其中大螟和二化螟为优势种。三化螟主要分布在纬度23°-25°,其他螟虫在广西越冬未呈现明显规律。空间分布参数表明,除13、20和22号田块大螟呈均匀分布外,其他田块螟虫均呈聚集分布,且聚集度随密度的增加而升高。大部分田块螟虫聚集原因是由环境因素引起的。【结论】在广西,越冬螟虫呈聚集分布,大螟和二化螟为田间越冬优势种群,台湾稻螟次之,三化螟零星发生。

性诱剂-赤眼蜂协同防治水稻二化螟应用效果

为优化水稻二化螟的生物防治策略,提高害虫的生物防治效率,将性信息素诱控与田间释放赤眼蜂两项生物防治方法协同应用,探索两个单项防治技术联合应用效果,并比较分析生物防治与化学防治的应用效果。结果表明,性诱剂-赤眼蜂协同防控效果远高于两项技术单独应用,仅比化学防治效果略低,适宜田间推广应用。

昆虫性信息素智能迷婚剂防治水稻二化螟效果研究

为探讨昆虫性信息素智能迷婚剂对二化螟的防控效果,设置智能迷婚剂,利用性诱剂进行了田间蛾量调查,并调查了二化螟的危害情况,发现迷向防治区性诱剂引诱的二化螟总量明显低于药剂防治区,同时,迷向防治改变了性诱剂的诱蛾动态.当田间蛾量较大时,药剂防治区的诱蛾量明显高于迷向防治区,且差异具有统计学意义.迷向法防治后,水稻二化螟的危害株率明显降低,防效为92.3%±1.8%,防效明显高于药剂防治区.研究结果表明,昆虫性信息素智能迷婚剂是水稻二化螟的一种高效绿色防控技术,能大量减少化学农药的使用.

34%乙多·甲氧虫SC防治盘锦稻区二化螟效果初报

研究了34%乙多·甲氧虫SC对盘锦地区水稻田二化螟的防治效果及对水稻的安全性。田间试验结果表明:34%乙多·甲氧虫SC田间用量24 g/667 m^(2)、20 g/667 m^(2),于二化螟卵孵化盛期,即每代次二化螟幼虫为害显状初期开始第一次施药,连施2次,间隔7~10 d,对一代二化螟防效分别为94.6%、88.2%,对二代二化螟防效分别为86.4%、84.7%。对照药剂25%乙基多杀菌素WG田间用量15 g/667 m^(2),240 g/L甲氧虫酰肼SC田间用量28 g/667 m^(2)对一代二化螟的防效分别为97.8%、78.5%;对二代二化螟防效分别为89.8%、69.5%。参试药剂处理区水稻生长正常。综上,34%乙多·甲氧虫SC对二化螟防效较理想,且对水稻安全。

我国赤眼蜂工厂化繁育技术改进及防治农业害虫应用现状

自20世纪50年代,我国即开始系统研究赤眼蜂的人工繁育与田间释放应用技术,在适于赤眼蜂规模化繁殖的中间寄主种类研究与应用方面取得了举世瞩目的成就。近几年,我国在利用大卵(柞蚕卵)和小卵(米蛾卵)为中间寄主工厂化繁育赤眼蜂技术方面取得了一些进展。本文从大卵繁蜂涉及的配套生产设备、生产工艺以及小卵繁蜂过程中的幼虫人工饲料配方、饲养盘和成蛾收集技术方面取得的进展进行了归纳,并介绍了一次长效放蜂技术和大、小卵蜂混合释放技术在玉米螟和水稻二化螟防治的应用。2004年以来,吉林省累计推广松毛虫赤眼蜂防治玉米螟近1300万hm2,我国在推广应用赤眼蜂防治农业害虫方面取得巨大成功。最后,对赤眼蜂工厂化生产中存在的技术问题以及发展方向进行了探讨。

水稻二化螟性信息素技术:大量诱捕二化螟的防治效果研究

应用二化螟性信息素 (3种主要组分为 Z11- 16 - Ald,Z13- 18- Ald和 Z9- 16 - Ald,剂量为 30 0 μg)对 6 0 hm2早稻田的越冬代和第一代二化螟成虫进行了大面积诱捕 ,田间采用绿色水盆诱捕器 ,布设密度为 2 5个 /hm2。对照区为 2 4 hm2种植者使用化学农药代替性信息素防治的水稻田 ,结果表明诱捕区的卵块数比对照区有明显下降 ,下降率为 74 .39% ;第一代二化螟成虫的发生量较对照区有明显下降 ,下降率为 6 1.4 1% ;诱捕区田间稻丛的百株枯鞘率、枯心率和白穗率比对照区有明显下降 ,下降率分别为 70 .90 %、5 7.0 1%和 4 4 .30 % ;诱捕区未使用农药 ,但防治效果好于对照区 (平均施药 1.2 4次 )

二化螟温带和亚热带地理种群的滞育特征与抗寒性差异

研究了二化螟[Chilo suppressalis(Walker)]北京和福州两个地理种群滞育诱导、低温存活、过冷却点和滞育幼虫抗寒生理指标的变化。结果表明,北京种群在22℃、25℃和28℃下滞育诱导的临界光周期分别为13h55min、13h44min和13h6min,显著长于福州种群的12h35min、12h30min和12h25min。采自于北京的田间种群滞育幼虫过冷却点达-15.13℃,显著低于北京实验种群(-8.28℃)和福州实验种群(-7.60℃),表明自然环境的调节与诱导作用和滞育幼虫的抗寒性高度相关。在-25℃～-10℃测试范围内,随着温度下降,二化螟滞育幼虫的死亡率明显上升,但不同种群的死亡率有明显差异。在相同低温下北京实验种群的半致死时间(LT50)长于福州种群,表明随着地理纬度的上升,二化螟种群的耐寒性增强。二化螟滞育与非滞育幼虫的体重差异显著,滞育幼虫体内含水量低于非滞育幼虫,但蛋白质及糖的含量均高于非滞育幼虫,表明幼虫体内蛋白质、糖和水含量与抗寒性密切相关。

水稻二化螟性信息素技术:粘胶诱捕器、性诱剂保存期和剂量(英文)

对不同剂量、不同保存期的性诱剂和几种常见诱捕器进行了田间诱蛾效果比较研究。结果表明 ,诱芯所含的性诱剂的剂量以 30 0μg为宜 ;在低温条件下保存 1年对其诱蛾效果影响不大 ;泥盆诱捕器的诱蛾效果不理想 ,粘胶诱捕器的诱蛾效果也不及水盆诱捕器 ,但操作较为方便 ;在田间设置时 。

基于L-M优化算法的水稻螟虫预测模型及其初步应用

农村稻区水稻螟虫发生量与多种气候因素相关,各因素之间存在相互作用,是非线性系统。神经网络能有效地描述非线性模型多输入和不确定的特性。传统的BP网络在训练时易陷入局部极小点从而导致训练时间长、收敛速度慢,采用Levenberg-Marquardt优化算法(简称L-M算法)能克服其缺点。在MATLAB中应用L-M算法对辽宁盘锦田间稻区进行水稻螟虫发生量的仿真预测,试验结果表明L-M优化算法的预测精度和收敛速度明显提高,为稻区防控虫害和精确喷药提供参考,具有实用价值。

二化螟水稻类群与茭白类群成虫羽化节律和交配节律研究

比较研究了二化螟Chilosuppressalis(Walker)水稻类群与茭白类群成虫的羽化和交配节律 ,研究结果表明 :两类群的羽化节律大体一致 ;但交配节律存在明显差异 :水稻类群成虫的交配高峰出现在熄灯后 4 5h ;茭白类群成虫的交配高峰出现在熄灯后 7 0～ 7 5h。

二化螟性诱剂和诱盆设置技术的研究

通过对二化螟性诱剂水盆诱捕器及其设置高度比较研究，结果表明：诱捕器的口径大小以２４ｃｍ为佳，绿色水盆的诱蛾量比其他颜色的要大；在越冬代诱捕中，诱盆的高度在２０ｃｍ左右效果较好；性诱剂离水面的高度对二化螟雄蛾的诱捕有一定影响，其高度在０５～１０ｃｍ的诱蛾量最高。

二化螟对氟虫腈抗性初探

采用点滴测定法,于2001～2004年对江、浙、皖3省12个县市的二化螟进行了氟虫腈的抗性调查。江苏及安徽等地二化螟对氟虫腈仍处于敏感状态,但江苏无锡和浙江慈溪二化螟的敏感性明显下降(抗性倍数RR分别为3.1和3.6倍),浙江苍南二化螟已出现中等水平的抗性(RR为21.2倍)。由此认为,二化螟目前仍处于对氟虫腈抗性发展的早期阶段。解毒酶抑制剂的活体增效实验发现,TPP、DEM能明显提高氟虫腈对抗性二化螟的毒力(增效比SR分别为1.8和1.6),但PBO在敏感性和抗性二化螟中的增效作用均不显著(SR为1.1～1.2)。表明酯酶和谷胱甘肽转移酶与二化螟对氟虫腈抗性的形成有一定关系。不同杀虫剂的比较毒力测定表明,三唑磷和敌百虫由于产生了抗性,对二化螟的毒力很低,乙酰甲胺磷本身对二化螟的毒力也不高,已很难再用来防治抗性二化螟。但哒嗪硫磷、二嗪磷、溴氰菊酯和阿维菌素对二化螟的毒力较高,而且尚没有明显的抗性产生,在二化螟抗性治理中,可以用作氟虫腈的轮换防治药剂。

乙虫脒对水稻螟虫的作用方式和应用研究

通过室内生物测定和田间试验 ,较系统地研究了乙虫脒对水稻螟虫的内吸、触杀和杀卵活性以及田间效果 ,同时评价了其对天敌的安全性。结果表明 :1)乙虫脒对二化螟和三化螟的内吸活性很好 ,且对二化螟的活性高于三化螟 ,2 5mg/ L乙虫脒对二化螟和三化螟的内吸杀虫效果分别为 90 .9%和 50 .0 % ,10 0mg/ L乙虫脒对三化螟的杀虫效果为 92 .3%。 2 )触杀活性高 ,对三化螟和二化螟的接触 L D50 值分别为 6 .4×10 -5μg/头和 2 .13× 10 -5μg/头 ,大大低于甲胺磷的 L D50 值 (1.331× 10 -3 和 1.781× 10 -3 μg/头 )。 3)综合活性好 ,对二化螟和三化螟分别只需 2 0和 2 5mg/ L即可达到 85%以上的防治效果。 4 )有一定的杀卵活性 ,2 0 0mg/ L对二化螟和三化螟的杀卵效果分别为 83.4 %和 0 .7% ,50 0 mg/ L对三化螟的杀卵效果为 93.4 %。 5)田间试验表明 ,112 .5g/ hm2 (a.i.,下同 )乙虫脒可有效控制三化螟枯心 ,在江苏省高淳地区 30 0 g/ hm2 可有效控制三化螟白穗 ,而在江苏省如东地区 6 7.5g/ hm2 即对三化螟和大螟白穗有较好的控制效果。此外 ,112 .5g/hm2 还对飞虱有较好的控制作用。 6 )对寄生蜂和蜘蛛较安全。