Understanding metal accumulation at organ level in roots, leaves and seeds in O. glaberrima (OG) is crucial for improving physiological and metabolic aspects in growing Asian and African rice in salted areas. The micr...Understanding metal accumulation at organ level in roots, leaves and seeds in O. glaberrima (OG) is crucial for improving physiological and metabolic aspects in growing Asian and African rice in salted areas. The micro-analytical imaging techniques are required to reveal its accumulation and distribution within plant tissues. PIXE studies have been performed to determine different elements in rice plants. The existing microbeam analytical technique at the iThemba LABS will be applied for the 2D image mapping of fresh rice tissues to perform a concentration of low atomic mass elements (such as Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Br, Zn and K) with detection limits of typically 1-10 μg/g. Comparison of the distribution of the elements between leaves, root and seed samples using uptake and distribution of elements in particular environmental conditions with potential amount of salt in water have been performed. We are also expecting to indicate metal exclusion as salt tolerance strategies from leaves, root, and seed compartments using matrix correlation between samples and between elements on rice species.展开更多
It is predicted that the current atmospheric CO2 concentration will be doubled and global mean temperature will increase by 1.5-6＆#176;C by the end of this century. Although a number of studies have addressed the sep...It is predicted that the current atmospheric CO2 concentration will be doubled and global mean temperature will increase by 1.5-6＆#176;C by the end of this century. Although a number of studies have addressed the separate effects of CO2 and temperature on plant-insect interactions, few have concerned with their combined impacts. In the current study, a factorial experiment was carried out to examine the effect of a doubling CO2 concentration and a 3℃ temperature increase on a complete generation of the brown planthopper （Nilaparvata lugens） on rice （Oryza sativa）. Both elevated CO2 and temperature increased rice stem height and biomass of stem parts. Leaf chlorophyll content increased under elevated CO2, but only in ambient temperature treatment. Water content of stem parts was reduced under elevated temperature, but only when coupled with elevated CO2. Elevated CO2 alone increased biomass of root and elevated temperature alone enhanced leaf area and reduced ratio of root to stem parts. Brown planthopper （BPH） nymphal development was accelerated, and weight of and honeydew excretion by the F1 adults was reduced under elevated temperature only. Longevity of brachypterous females was affected by a signiifcant interaction between CO2 and temperature. At elevated temperature, CO2 had no effect on female longevity, but at ambient temperature, the females lived shorter under elevated CO2. Female fecundity was higher at elevated than at ambient temperature and higher at elevated CO2 than at ambient CO2. These results indicate that the combined effects of elevated temperature and CO2 may enhance the brown planthopper population size.展开更多
The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of elevated [CO_2] with varying nutrient management on rice–rice production system. The experiment was conducted in the open field and inside open-top chamb...The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of elevated [CO_2] with varying nutrient management on rice–rice production system. The experiment was conducted in the open field and inside open-top chambers(OTCs) of ambient [CO_2](≈ 390 μmol L-1) and elevated [CO_2] environment(25% above ambient) during wet and dry seasons in 2011–2013at Kharagpur, India. The nutrient management included recommended doses of N, P, and K as chemical fertilizer(CF), integration of chemical and organic sources, and application of increased(25% higher) doses of CF. The higher [CO_2] level in the OTC increased aboveground biomass but marginally decreased filled grains per panicle and grain yield of rice, compared to the ambient environment. However, crop root biomass was increased significantly under elevated [CO_2]. With respect to nutrient management, increasing the dose of CF increased grain yield significantly in both seasons. At the recommended dose of nutrients, integrated nutrient management was comparable to CF in the wet season, but significantly inferior in the dry season, in its effect on growth and yield of rice. The [CO_2] elevation in OTC led to a marginal increase in organic C and available P content of soil, but a decrease in available N content. It was concluded that increased doses of nutrients via integration of chemical and organic sources in the wet season and chemical sources alone in the dry season will minimize the adverse effect of future climate on rice production in subtropical India.展开更多
Antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs)as new pollutants have become a global environmental pollution problem in recent years.Elevated atmospheric CO_(2) is one of the major factors affecting global climate change.But,the i...Antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs)as new pollutants have become a global environmental pollution problem in recent years.Elevated atmospheric CO_(2) is one of the major factors affecting global climate change.But,the impacts of elevated CO_(2) on soil ARGs in multiple antibiotics-contaminated paddy soils are largely unknown.In this study,six antibiotics including sulfadiazine(SDZ),sulfamethoxazole(SMZ),tetracycline(TC),oxytetracycline(OTC),enrofloxacin(ENR),and ciprofloxacin(CIP)were selected to investigate their combined effects on rice biomass,antibiotics accumulation,soil bacterial community and ARGs under elevated CO_(2) levels.Results showed that elevated CO_(2) significantly reduced the accumulation of SMZ,OTC,ENR,and CIP in rice grains by 18.98%,20.07%,41.73%,and 44.25%,respectively.Elevated CO_(2) could affect soil microbialβ-diversity,and tend to reduce the microbial functions of human diseases,organismal systems,and genetic information processing.In addition,elevated CO_(2) significantly decreased the abundance of sulfonamide ARGs,tetracycline ARGs,and quinolone ARGs by 19.59%,18.58%,and 28.96%,respectively,while increased that of multidrug ARGs by 11.54%.Overall,this study emphasized that elevated CO_(2) may mitigate the threat of antibiotics contamination to rice food security but aggravate the environmental risk of multidrug ARGs in soil,contributing to a better understanding of the consequences of elevated CO_(2) levels on food security and soil ecological health in multiple antibiotics-contaminated paddy fields.展开更多
Rice (\%Oryza sativa\% cv. Jindao 1187) was grown in open_top chambers which contained ambient and enriched CO\-2. CO\-2 elevation stimulated rice tillering during early vegetative stage. However, panicle dry weight p...Rice (\%Oryza sativa\% cv. Jindao 1187) was grown in open_top chambers which contained ambient and enriched CO\-2. CO\-2 elevation stimulated rice tillering during early vegetative stage. However, panicle dry weight per plant did not change at maturity stage. Root biomass was enhanced by high CO\-2. Root / shoot ratio was increased under high CO\-2 at maturity, indicating more carbon allocation to the below_bround part in rice under high CO\-2.展开更多
To study the effects of growing rice （Oryza sativa L.） leaves under the treatment of the short-term elevated CO2 during the period of sink-source transition, several physiological processes such as dynamic changes i...To study the effects of growing rice （Oryza sativa L.） leaves under the treatment of the short-term elevated CO2 during the period of sink-source transition, several physiological processes such as dynamic changes in photosynthesis, photosynthate accumulation, enzyme activities （sucrose phosphate synthase （SPS）, and sucrose synthase （SS））, and their specific gene （spsl and RSusl） expressions in both mature and developing leaf were measured. Rice seedlings with fully expanded sixth leaf （marked as the source leaf, L6） were kept in elevated （700 μmol/mol） and ambient （350 mol/L） CO2 until the 7th leaf （marked as the sink leaf, L7） fully expanded. The results demonstrated that elevated CO2 significantly increased the rate of leaf elongation and biomass accumulation of L7 during the treatment without affecting the growth of L6. However, in both developing and mature leaves, net photosynthetic assimilation rate （A）, all kinds of photosynthate contents such as starch, sucrose and hexose, activities of SPS and SS and transcript levels of spsl and RSusl were significantly increased under elevated CO2 condition. Results suggested that the elevated CO2 had facilitated photosynthate assimilation, and increased photosynthate supplies from the source leaf to the sink leaf, which accelerated the growth and sink-source transition in new developing sink leaves. The mechanisms of SPS regulation by the elevated CO2 was also discussed.展开更多
An experiments were carried out with treatments differing in nitrogen supply （0, 5 and 15 g N/m^2） and CO2 levels （350 and 700 μmol/mol） using OTC （open top chamber） equipment to investigate the biomass of Cala...An experiments were carried out with treatments differing in nitrogen supply （0, 5 and 15 g N/m^2） and CO2 levels （350 and 700 μmol/mol） using OTC （open top chamber） equipment to investigate the biomass of Calamagrostis angustifolia and soil active carbon contents after two years. The results showed that elevated CO2 concentration increased the biomass of C. angustifolia and the magnitude of response varied with each growth period. Elevated CO2 concentration has increased aboveground biomass by 16.7% and 17.6% during the jointing and heading periods and only 3.5% and 9.4% during dough and maturity periods. The increases in belowground biomass due to CO2 elevation was 26.5%, 34.0% and 28.7% during the heading, dough and maturity periods, respectively. The responses of biomass to enhanced CO2 concentrations are differed in N levels. Both the increase of aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were greater under high level of N supply （15 g N/m^2）. Elevated CO2 concentration also increased the allocation of biomass and carbon in root. Under elevated CO2 concentration, the average values of active carbon tended to increase. The increases of soil active soil contents followed the sequence of microbial biomass carbon （10.6%） 〉 dissolved organic carbon （7.5%） 〉 labile oxidable carbon （6.6%） 〉 carbohydrate carbon （4.1%）. Stepwise regressions indicated there were significant correlations between the soil active carbon contents and plant biomass. Particularly, microbial biomass carbon, labile oxidable carbon and carbohydrate carbon were found to be correlated with belowground biomass, while dissolved organic carbon has correlation with aboveground biomass. Therefore, increased biomass was regarded as the main driving force for the increase in soil active organic carbon under elevated CO2 concentration.展开更多
The impacts of elevated temperature and COon young silver birch(Betula pendula Roth) saplings after 0,25, 50 or 75% artificial defoliation were assessed by measuring plant height and dry mass of aboveground compartmen...The impacts of elevated temperature and COon young silver birch(Betula pendula Roth) saplings after 0,25, 50 or 75% artificial defoliation were assessed by measuring plant height and dry mass of aboveground compartments and roots and various morphological and physiological variables. Defoliation either increased or decreased plant growth depending on the severity of damage and the climatic treatment. At 21 °C and400 mg LCO, defoliated plants were not able to compensate for the lost foliage, but growth compensation and adaptation to the changed conditions were greater; growth of young defoliated silver birch saplings increased, which led to increased height and a tendency to enhance final aboveground and root biomass and leaf nitrogen and carbon content compared to the nondefoliated controls. Nevertheless, the short-term effect of the different climatic conditions did not result in a significant overgrowth of defoliated plants. A slight increase in temperature and COwere the most acceptable conditions for defoliated plants;however, a 4 °C increase with correspondingly higher COwas more stressful as shown by less growth in height and biomass allocation to leaves, stems and roots. The findings from the pilot experiment are more applicable to young birch trees, but stress on young trees may be reflected in future tree growth.展开更多
Studies on the relationship between plant nitrogen content and soil nitrogen reduction under elevated CO2 conditions and with different nitrogen additions in wetland ecosystems are lacking. This study was meant to ass...Studies on the relationship between plant nitrogen content and soil nitrogen reduction under elevated CO2 conditions and with different nitrogen additions in wetland ecosystems are lacking. This study was meant to assess the effects of elevated CO2 concentrations and inorganic nitrogen additions on soil and plant nitrogen cycling. A cultured riparian wetland, alligator weeds, and two duplicated open top chambers （OTCs） with ambient （380μmol/mol） and elevated （700 μmol/mol） CO2 concentrations at low （4 mg/L） and high （6 mg/L） nitrogen fertilization levels were used. The total plant biomass increased by 30.77% and 31.37% at low and high nitrogen fertilization levels, respectively, under elevated CO2 conditions. Plant nitrogen content decreased by 6.54% and 8.86% at low and high nitrogen fertilization levels, respectively. The coefficient of determination （R2） of soil nitrogen contents ranged from 0.81 to 0.96. Under elevated CO2 conditions, plants utilized the assimilated inorganic nitrogen （from the soil） for growth and other internal physiological transformations, which might explain the reduction in plant nitrogen content. A reduction in soil dissolved inorganic nitrogen （DIN） under elevated CO2 conditions might have also caused the reduction in plant nitrogen content. Reduced plant and soil nitrogen contents are to be expected due to the potential exhaustive use of inorganic nitrogen by soil microorganisms even before it can be made available to the soil and plants. The results from this study provide important information to help policy makers make informed decisions on sustainable management of wetlands. Larger-scale field work is recommended in future research.展开更多
Pinus Syvestfiformis is an important species as an indicator of global climate changes in Changbai Mountain, China. The water use efficiency (WUE) of this species (11 -year old ) was studied on response to elevated Co...Pinus Syvestfiformis is an important species as an indicator of global climate changes in Changbai Mountain, China. The water use efficiency (WUE) of this species (11 -year old ) was studied on response to elevated Co, concentration at 500±μLL' L-1 by directly injecting CO2 into the canopy under natural condition in 1998-1999. The results showed that the elevated Co, concentration reduced averagely stomatal opening, stomatal conductance and stomatal density to 78%, 80% and 87% respectively, as compared to normal ambient. The elevated Co, reduced the transpiration and enhances the water use efficiency (WUE) of plant.展开更多
为了明确水稻籽粒充实度对未来大气CO2浓度([CO2])和温度相伴升高的响应,应用T-FACE(Temperature and Free Air CO2 Enrichment)试验平台,以优质粳稻南粳9108为试材,研究[CO2]升高(对照+200μmol·mol^-1)和增温(对照+1℃)对水稻灌...为了明确水稻籽粒充实度对未来大气CO2浓度([CO2])和温度相伴升高的响应,应用T-FACE(Temperature and Free Air CO2 Enrichment)试验平台,以优质粳稻南粳9108为试材,研究[CO2]升高(对照+200μmol·mol^-1)和增温(对照+1℃)对水稻灌浆期和收获期不同粒位籽粒充实度和产量的影响。结果表明,与对照(A mbient)相比,高[CO2]增加了水稻产量和有效穗数,高温的结果与之相反。[CO2]和温度升高下,2015年和2016年水稻分别减产4.0%和14.0%,有效穗数相应减少3.5%和5.4%。强势粒千粒质量最大,比饱粒、中势粒和弱势粒千粒质量分别提高了8.0%~11.7%、10.5%~15.0%和38.8%~63.9%。与Ambient相比,[CO2]和温度升高对饱粒、强势粒、弱势粒千粒质量无显著影响,但[CO2]升高显著提高中势粒千粒质量(P<0.05),增温极显著降低了中势粒千粒质量(P<0.01)。收获期,[CO2]升高增加了强、弱势粒穗粒质量,减少了单穗粒质量和中势粒穗粒质量;增温降低了强、中势粒穗粒质量;[CO2]和温度升高降低了水稻单穗粒质量和中势粒穗粒质量。进一步分析,[CO2]或温度升高水稻强、弱势粒占穗质量比例增加,中势粒占穗质量比例减少。[CO2]和温度升高两年弱势粒占穗质量比例平均增加了33.1%,远高于强势粒占穗质量比例的增幅(12.4%),中势粒占穗质量比例平均减少了4.5%。收获期,强、中、弱势粒占穗质量比例分别为9.9%~15.9%、73.2%~84.8%、5.2%~10.6%。因此,中势粒穗粒质量及其比例的减少对产量的影响大于强势粒、弱势粒。2016年单穗粒质量和中势粒穗质量比2015年明显减少,导致2016年产量下降了17.3%~28.6%,增温加剧了产量的降幅,应与2016年水稻开花期高温、灌浆期多雨有关。综上所述,[CO2]和温度升高下弱势粒占穗质量比例的增加及中势粒千粒质量、穗粒质量及其占穗质量比例的减少,导致[CO2]升高不能弥补增温对产量的负效应。展开更多
The relationship between carbon assimilation and high-level expression of the maize PEPC in PEPC transgenic rice was studied by comparison to that in the untransformed rice, japonica kitaake. Stomatal conductance and ...The relationship between carbon assimilation and high-level expression of the maize PEPC in PEPC transgenic rice was studied by comparison to that in the untransformed rice, japonica kitaake. Stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rates in PEPC transgenic rice were higher than those of untransformed rice, but the increase of stomatal conductance had no statistical correlation with that of photosynthetic rate. Under high levels of light intensity, the protein contents of PEPC and CA were increased significantly. Therefore the photosynthetic capacity was increased greatly (50%) with atmospheric CO2 supply. While CO2 release in leaf was reduced and the compensation point was lowered correspondingly under CO2 free conditions. Treatment of the rice with the PEPC-specific inhibitor DCDP showed that overexpression of PEPC and enhancement of carbon assimilation were related to the stability of Fv/Fm. Labeling with 14CO2 for 20 s showed more 14C was distributed to C4 primary photosynthate asperate in PEPC transgenic rice, suggesting that there exists a limiting C4 photosynthetic mechanism in leaves. These results suggest that the primitive CO2 concentrating mechanism found in rice could be reproduced through metabolic engineering, and shed light on the physiological basis for transgenic breeding with high photosynthetic efficiency.展开更多
文摘Understanding metal accumulation at organ level in roots, leaves and seeds in O. glaberrima (OG) is crucial for improving physiological and metabolic aspects in growing Asian and African rice in salted areas. The micro-analytical imaging techniques are required to reveal its accumulation and distribution within plant tissues. PIXE studies have been performed to determine different elements in rice plants. The existing microbeam analytical technique at the iThemba LABS will be applied for the 2D image mapping of fresh rice tissues to perform a concentration of low atomic mass elements (such as Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Br, Zn and K) with detection limits of typically 1-10 μg/g. Comparison of the distribution of the elements between leaves, root and seed samples using uptake and distribution of elements in particular environmental conditions with potential amount of salt in water have been performed. We are also expecting to indicate metal exclusion as salt tolerance strategies from leaves, root, and seed compartments using matrix correlation between samples and between elements on rice species.
基金funded by the National Basic Research Program of China(2010CB951503)
文摘It is predicted that the current atmospheric CO2 concentration will be doubled and global mean temperature will increase by 1.5-6＆#176;C by the end of this century. Although a number of studies have addressed the separate effects of CO2 and temperature on plant-insect interactions, few have concerned with their combined impacts. In the current study, a factorial experiment was carried out to examine the effect of a doubling CO2 concentration and a 3℃ temperature increase on a complete generation of the brown planthopper （Nilaparvata lugens） on rice （Oryza sativa）. Both elevated CO2 and temperature increased rice stem height and biomass of stem parts. Leaf chlorophyll content increased under elevated CO2, but only in ambient temperature treatment. Water content of stem parts was reduced under elevated temperature, but only when coupled with elevated CO2. Elevated CO2 alone increased biomass of root and elevated temperature alone enhanced leaf area and reduced ratio of root to stem parts. Brown planthopper （BPH） nymphal development was accelerated, and weight of and honeydew excretion by the F1 adults was reduced under elevated temperature only. Longevity of brachypterous females was affected by a signiifcant interaction between CO2 and temperature. At elevated temperature, CO2 had no effect on female longevity, but at ambient temperature, the females lived shorter under elevated CO2. Female fecundity was higher at elevated than at ambient temperature and higher at elevated CO2 than at ambient CO2. These results indicate that the combined effects of elevated temperature and CO2 may enhance the brown planthopper population size.
基金National Agricultural Innovation ProjectIndian Council of Agricultural Research New Delhi is gratefully acknowledged for providing a financial grant(NAIP/COMP-4/C-30023/2008-09Dated 06-01-2009)for execution of the research project
文摘The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of elevated [CO_2] with varying nutrient management on rice–rice production system. The experiment was conducted in the open field and inside open-top chambers(OTCs) of ambient [CO_2](≈ 390 μmol L-1) and elevated [CO_2] environment(25% above ambient) during wet and dry seasons in 2011–2013at Kharagpur, India. The nutrient management included recommended doses of N, P, and K as chemical fertilizer(CF), integration of chemical and organic sources, and application of increased(25% higher) doses of CF. The higher [CO_2] level in the OTC increased aboveground biomass but marginally decreased filled grains per panicle and grain yield of rice, compared to the ambient environment. However, crop root biomass was increased significantly under elevated [CO_2]. With respect to nutrient management, increasing the dose of CF increased grain yield significantly in both seasons. At the recommended dose of nutrients, integrated nutrient management was comparable to CF in the wet season, but significantly inferior in the dry season, in its effect on growth and yield of rice. The [CO_2] elevation in OTC led to a marginal increase in organic C and available P content of soil, but a decrease in available N content. It was concluded that increased doses of nutrients via integration of chemical and organic sources in the wet season and chemical sources alone in the dry season will minimize the adverse effect of future climate on rice production in subtropical India.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21876083,42177003,42107004)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province,China(No.BK20220036).
文摘Antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs)as new pollutants have become a global environmental pollution problem in recent years.Elevated atmospheric CO_(2) is one of the major factors affecting global climate change.But,the impacts of elevated CO_(2) on soil ARGs in multiple antibiotics-contaminated paddy soils are largely unknown.In this study,six antibiotics including sulfadiazine(SDZ),sulfamethoxazole(SMZ),tetracycline(TC),oxytetracycline(OTC),enrofloxacin(ENR),and ciprofloxacin(CIP)were selected to investigate their combined effects on rice biomass,antibiotics accumulation,soil bacterial community and ARGs under elevated CO_(2) levels.Results showed that elevated CO_(2) significantly reduced the accumulation of SMZ,OTC,ENR,and CIP in rice grains by 18.98%,20.07%,41.73%,and 44.25%,respectively.Elevated CO_(2) could affect soil microbialβ-diversity,and tend to reduce the microbial functions of human diseases,organismal systems,and genetic information processing.In addition,elevated CO_(2) significantly decreased the abundance of sulfonamide ARGs,tetracycline ARGs,and quinolone ARGs by 19.59%,18.58%,and 28.96%,respectively,while increased that of multidrug ARGs by 11.54%.Overall,this study emphasized that elevated CO_(2) may mitigate the threat of antibiotics contamination to rice food security but aggravate the environmental risk of multidrug ARGs in soil,contributing to a better understanding of the consequences of elevated CO_(2) levels on food security and soil ecological health in multiple antibiotics-contaminated paddy fields.
文摘Rice (\%Oryza sativa\% cv. Jindao 1187) was grown in open_top chambers which contained ambient and enriched CO\-2. CO\-2 elevation stimulated rice tillering during early vegetative stage. However, panicle dry weight per plant did not change at maturity stage. Root biomass was enhanced by high CO\-2. Root / shoot ratio was increased under high CO\-2 at maturity, indicating more carbon allocation to the below_bround part in rice under high CO\-2.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30270800and 40231003).
文摘To study the effects of growing rice （Oryza sativa L.） leaves under the treatment of the short-term elevated CO2 during the period of sink-source transition, several physiological processes such as dynamic changes in photosynthesis, photosynthate accumulation, enzyme activities （sucrose phosphate synthase （SPS）, and sucrose synthase （SS））, and their specific gene （spsl and RSusl） expressions in both mature and developing leaf were measured. Rice seedlings with fully expanded sixth leaf （marked as the source leaf, L6） were kept in elevated （700 μmol/mol） and ambient （350 mol/L） CO2 until the 7th leaf （marked as the sink leaf, L7） fully expanded. The results demonstrated that elevated CO2 significantly increased the rate of leaf elongation and biomass accumulation of L7 during the treatment without affecting the growth of L6. However, in both developing and mature leaves, net photosynthetic assimilation rate （A）, all kinds of photosynthate contents such as starch, sucrose and hexose, activities of SPS and SS and transcript levels of spsl and RSusl were significantly increased under elevated CO2 condition. Results suggested that the elevated CO2 had facilitated photosynthate assimilation, and increased photosynthate supplies from the source leaf to the sink leaf, which accelerated the growth and sink-source transition in new developing sink leaves. The mechanisms of SPS regulation by the elevated CO2 was also discussed.
基金supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No KZCX2-YW-309)the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No 2004CB418507)
文摘An experiments were carried out with treatments differing in nitrogen supply （0, 5 and 15 g N/m^2） and CO2 levels （350 and 700 μmol/mol） using OTC （open top chamber） equipment to investigate the biomass of Calamagrostis angustifolia and soil active carbon contents after two years. The results showed that elevated CO2 concentration increased the biomass of C. angustifolia and the magnitude of response varied with each growth period. Elevated CO2 concentration has increased aboveground biomass by 16.7% and 17.6% during the jointing and heading periods and only 3.5% and 9.4% during dough and maturity periods. The increases in belowground biomass due to CO2 elevation was 26.5%, 34.0% and 28.7% during the heading, dough and maturity periods, respectively. The responses of biomass to enhanced CO2 concentrations are differed in N levels. Both the increase of aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were greater under high level of N supply （15 g N/m^2）. Elevated CO2 concentration also increased the allocation of biomass and carbon in root. Under elevated CO2 concentration, the average values of active carbon tended to increase. The increases of soil active soil contents followed the sequence of microbial biomass carbon （10.6%） 〉 dissolved organic carbon （7.5%） 〉 labile oxidable carbon （6.6%） 〉 carbohydrate carbon （4.1%）. Stepwise regressions indicated there were significant correlations between the soil active carbon contents and plant biomass. Particularly, microbial biomass carbon, labile oxidable carbon and carbohydrate carbon were found to be correlated with belowground biomass, while dissolved organic carbon has correlation with aboveground biomass. Therefore, increased biomass was regarded as the main driving force for the increase in soil active organic carbon under elevated CO2 concentration.
基金financially supported by the Longterm Research Programme ‘‘Sustainable Forestry and Global Changes’’ implemented by the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry
文摘The impacts of elevated temperature and COon young silver birch(Betula pendula Roth) saplings after 0,25, 50 or 75% artificial defoliation were assessed by measuring plant height and dry mass of aboveground compartments and roots and various morphological and physiological variables. Defoliation either increased or decreased plant growth depending on the severity of damage and the climatic treatment. At 21 °C and400 mg LCO, defoliated plants were not able to compensate for the lost foliage, but growth compensation and adaptation to the changed conditions were greater; growth of young defoliated silver birch saplings increased, which led to increased height and a tendency to enhance final aboveground and root biomass and leaf nitrogen and carbon content compared to the nondefoliated controls. Nevertheless, the short-term effect of the different climatic conditions did not result in a significant overgrowth of defoliated plants. A slight increase in temperature and COwere the most acceptable conditions for defoliated plants;however, a 4 °C increase with correspondingly higher COwas more stressful as shown by less growth in height and biomass allocation to leaves, stems and roots. The findings from the pilot experiment are more applicable to young birch trees, but stress on young trees may be reflected in future tree growth.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2009B17714)the National Program on Key Basic Research Projects of China(Grant No.2012CB719800)
文摘Studies on the relationship between plant nitrogen content and soil nitrogen reduction under elevated CO2 conditions and with different nitrogen additions in wetland ecosystems are lacking. This study was meant to assess the effects of elevated CO2 concentrations and inorganic nitrogen additions on soil and plant nitrogen cycling. A cultured riparian wetland, alligator weeds, and two duplicated open top chambers （OTCs） with ambient （380μmol/mol） and elevated （700 μmol/mol） CO2 concentrations at low （4 mg/L） and high （6 mg/L） nitrogen fertilization levels were used. The total plant biomass increased by 30.77% and 31.37% at low and high nitrogen fertilization levels, respectively, under elevated CO2 conditions. Plant nitrogen content decreased by 6.54% and 8.86% at low and high nitrogen fertilization levels, respectively. The coefficient of determination （R2） of soil nitrogen contents ranged from 0.81 to 0.96. Under elevated CO2 conditions, plants utilized the assimilated inorganic nitrogen （from the soil） for growth and other internal physiological transformations, which might explain the reduction in plant nitrogen content. A reduction in soil dissolved inorganic nitrogen （DIN） under elevated CO2 conditions might have also caused the reduction in plant nitrogen content. Reduced plant and soil nitrogen contents are to be expected due to the potential exhaustive use of inorganic nitrogen by soil microorganisms even before it can be made available to the soil and plants. The results from this study provide important information to help policy makers make informed decisions on sustainable management of wetlands. Larger-scale field work is recommended in future research.
文摘Pinus Syvestfiformis is an important species as an indicator of global climate changes in Changbai Mountain, China. The water use efficiency (WUE) of this species (11 -year old ) was studied on response to elevated Co, concentration at 500±μLL' L-1 by directly injecting CO2 into the canopy under natural condition in 1998-1999. The results showed that the elevated Co, concentration reduced averagely stomatal opening, stomatal conductance and stomatal density to 78%, 80% and 87% respectively, as compared to normal ambient. The elevated Co, reduced the transpiration and enhances the water use efficiency (WUE) of plant.
文摘为了明确水稻籽粒充实度对未来大气CO2浓度([CO2])和温度相伴升高的响应,应用T-FACE(Temperature and Free Air CO2 Enrichment)试验平台,以优质粳稻南粳9108为试材,研究[CO2]升高(对照+200μmol·mol^-1)和增温(对照+1℃)对水稻灌浆期和收获期不同粒位籽粒充实度和产量的影响。结果表明,与对照(A mbient)相比,高[CO2]增加了水稻产量和有效穗数,高温的结果与之相反。[CO2]和温度升高下,2015年和2016年水稻分别减产4.0%和14.0%,有效穗数相应减少3.5%和5.4%。强势粒千粒质量最大,比饱粒、中势粒和弱势粒千粒质量分别提高了8.0%~11.7%、10.5%~15.0%和38.8%~63.9%。与Ambient相比,[CO2]和温度升高对饱粒、强势粒、弱势粒千粒质量无显著影响,但[CO2]升高显著提高中势粒千粒质量(P<0.05),增温极显著降低了中势粒千粒质量(P<0.01)。收获期,[CO2]升高增加了强、弱势粒穗粒质量,减少了单穗粒质量和中势粒穗粒质量;增温降低了强、中势粒穗粒质量;[CO2]和温度升高降低了水稻单穗粒质量和中势粒穗粒质量。进一步分析,[CO2]或温度升高水稻强、弱势粒占穗质量比例增加,中势粒占穗质量比例减少。[CO2]和温度升高两年弱势粒占穗质量比例平均增加了33.1%,远高于强势粒占穗质量比例的增幅(12.4%),中势粒占穗质量比例平均减少了4.5%。收获期,强、中、弱势粒占穗质量比例分别为9.9%~15.9%、73.2%~84.8%、5.2%~10.6%。因此,中势粒穗粒质量及其比例的减少对产量的影响大于强势粒、弱势粒。2016年单穗粒质量和中势粒穗质量比2015年明显减少,导致2016年产量下降了17.3%~28.6%,增温加剧了产量的降幅,应与2016年水稻开花期高温、灌浆期多雨有关。综上所述,[CO2]和温度升高下弱势粒占穗质量比例的增加及中势粒千粒质量、穗粒质量及其占穗质量比例的减少,导致[CO2]升高不能弥补增温对产量的负效应。
基金supported by the State Key Basic Research and Development Plan(G1998010100)in China.
文摘The relationship between carbon assimilation and high-level expression of the maize PEPC in PEPC transgenic rice was studied by comparison to that in the untransformed rice, japonica kitaake. Stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rates in PEPC transgenic rice were higher than those of untransformed rice, but the increase of stomatal conductance had no statistical correlation with that of photosynthetic rate. Under high levels of light intensity, the protein contents of PEPC and CA were increased significantly. Therefore the photosynthetic capacity was increased greatly (50%) with atmospheric CO2 supply. While CO2 release in leaf was reduced and the compensation point was lowered correspondingly under CO2 free conditions. Treatment of the rice with the PEPC-specific inhibitor DCDP showed that overexpression of PEPC and enhancement of carbon assimilation were related to the stability of Fv/Fm. Labeling with 14CO2 for 20 s showed more 14C was distributed to C4 primary photosynthate asperate in PEPC transgenic rice, suggesting that there exists a limiting C4 photosynthetic mechanism in leaves. These results suggest that the primitive CO2 concentrating mechanism found in rice could be reproduced through metabolic engineering, and shed light on the physiological basis for transgenic breeding with high photosynthetic efficiency.
