Identification of management practices that can improve soil health is critical to improving the sustainability of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production. The objective of this study was to examine the long-term ...Identification of management practices that can improve soil health is critical to improving the sustainability of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production. The objective of this study was to examine the long-term effects of continuous soybean, corn-soybean, and soybean-cotton rotations with chicken litter and cover crops (hairy vetch, wheat, fallow) on soil health parameters, including nutrient accumulation and soil organic matter dynamics under a split plot design. The depth intervals of soil sampling were 0 - 15, 15 - 30, 30 - 60, and 60 - 90 cm. Chicken litter resulted in 62.1% and 32.8% higher water extractable organic soil N content than fallow and wheat, respectively, in the surface 0 - 15 cm of soil only. However, there was no significant difference in 1-day Solvita respiration, water extractable organic C, C/N ratio, health score, moisture, earthworm, organic matter, pH, or CEC of soil among fallow, hairy vetch, chicken litter, and wheat regardless of soil depth. Unexpectedly, annual application of chicken litter at 4.4 Mg ha−1 as an N source or growing a winter-season cover crop such as hairy vetch or wheat for continuous 16 years did not significantly increase soil organic matter or water extractable organic soil C. Annual application of chicken litter at 4.4 metric tons (Mg) ha–1 for 16 years increased soil nitrate-nitrogen (NO3−-N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) contents by 92%, 400%, 134%, 20%, 43%, 206%, and 430% in 0 - 15 cm depth compared with their initial soil values, respectively, extracted with Haney H3A-2 (2 g L–1 lithium citrate + 0.6 g L–1 citric acid + 0.4 g L–1 malic acid + 0.4 g L–1 oxalic acid) solution. The increases enhanced soil supply of these nutrients to following crops, but also increased the risks of losing them to the environment. Hairy vetch caused higher H3A extracted soil manganese (Mn) content than fallow and chicken litter in 0 - 60 cm. There was no significant difference in 1-day Solvita respiration, water extractable organic C and N, health score, moisture, organic matter, pH, CEC, or population of earthworm of soil among continuous soybean, corn-soybean, and soybean-cotton in any soil depth. Another major finding of this study was that continuous soybean exerted no adverse effect on soil health relative to the commonly used corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean and soybean-cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) rotations under no-tillage after 16 years. To mitigate the risks of nutrient runoff and leaching from long-term chicken litter application, we recommend reducing litter application rates and integrating cover crops into crop rotations to enhance nutrient cycling and reduce environmental impacts.展开更多
稻田绿肥秸秆协同还田是稻田培肥地力的有效措施,本文基于2年田间试验研究了绿肥稻秆协同还田下氮肥减量对水稻产量、产量构成要素及土壤养分含量的影响。试验于2018—2020年在陕西省汉中市汉台区进行,设置5个处理:(1)冬闲+水稻秸秆不还...稻田绿肥秸秆协同还田是稻田培肥地力的有效措施,本文基于2年田间试验研究了绿肥稻秆协同还田下氮肥减量对水稻产量、产量构成要素及土壤养分含量的影响。试验于2018—2020年在陕西省汉中市汉台区进行,设置5个处理:(1)冬闲+水稻秸秆不还田+不施肥(CK);(2)冬闲+水稻秸秆不还田+常规施氮(NPK);(3)冬种紫云英+水稻秸秆还田+常规施氮(GRN1);(4)冬种紫云英+水稻秸秆还田+减氮20%(GRN2);(5)冬种紫云英+水稻秸秆还田+减氮30%(GRN3)。结果表明:水稻产量方面,年际间差异较大,2019年度GRN1处理‘荃香优1521’产量最高为10,047 kg hm^(-2),显著高于NPK处理,增幅为6.7%;其次为GRN2和GRN3,但与NPK差异不显著;2020年度GRN2和GRN3处理‘黄华占’产量较NPK处理显著增加,增幅分别为6.6%和5.8%。绿肥稻秆协同还田处理均可以显著提高水稻产量,较CK和NPK增幅分别为67.9%~83.0%和2.8%~6.7%。土壤养分方面,紫云英稻秆协同还田提高了耕层0~20 cm土壤有机碳和速效磷,GRN2处理较NPK处理分别提高了6.8%~13.2%和9.9%~12.6%。相关分析表明,水稻株高、单株鲜重、根茬鲜重、每穗实粒数及千粒重与水稻产量呈显著正相关,与NPK相比,2年GRN2处理可以显著提高水稻有效穗13.0%~29.3%,每穗实粒数4.5%~14.3%;GRN2处理可以显著提高水稻株高10.4%,单株鲜重23.6%,根茬鲜重30.0%。紫云英-水稻轮作条件下,绿肥稻秆协同还田同时氮肥减量20%,提高了水稻产量性状及农艺性状,增强了土壤汇碳功能,增加了土壤养分,从而有利于维持水稻稳产高产,是适宜汉中地区的水稻绿色种植模式。展开更多
文摘Identification of management practices that can improve soil health is critical to improving the sustainability of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production. The objective of this study was to examine the long-term effects of continuous soybean, corn-soybean, and soybean-cotton rotations with chicken litter and cover crops (hairy vetch, wheat, fallow) on soil health parameters, including nutrient accumulation and soil organic matter dynamics under a split plot design. The depth intervals of soil sampling were 0 - 15, 15 - 30, 30 - 60, and 60 - 90 cm. Chicken litter resulted in 62.1% and 32.8% higher water extractable organic soil N content than fallow and wheat, respectively, in the surface 0 - 15 cm of soil only. However, there was no significant difference in 1-day Solvita respiration, water extractable organic C, C/N ratio, health score, moisture, earthworm, organic matter, pH, or CEC of soil among fallow, hairy vetch, chicken litter, and wheat regardless of soil depth. Unexpectedly, annual application of chicken litter at 4.4 Mg ha−1 as an N source or growing a winter-season cover crop such as hairy vetch or wheat for continuous 16 years did not significantly increase soil organic matter or water extractable organic soil C. Annual application of chicken litter at 4.4 metric tons (Mg) ha–1 for 16 years increased soil nitrate-nitrogen (NO3−-N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) contents by 92%, 400%, 134%, 20%, 43%, 206%, and 430% in 0 - 15 cm depth compared with their initial soil values, respectively, extracted with Haney H3A-2 (2 g L–1 lithium citrate + 0.6 g L–1 citric acid + 0.4 g L–1 malic acid + 0.4 g L–1 oxalic acid) solution. The increases enhanced soil supply of these nutrients to following crops, but also increased the risks of losing them to the environment. Hairy vetch caused higher H3A extracted soil manganese (Mn) content than fallow and chicken litter in 0 - 60 cm. There was no significant difference in 1-day Solvita respiration, water extractable organic C and N, health score, moisture, organic matter, pH, CEC, or population of earthworm of soil among continuous soybean, corn-soybean, and soybean-cotton in any soil depth. Another major finding of this study was that continuous soybean exerted no adverse effect on soil health relative to the commonly used corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean and soybean-cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) rotations under no-tillage after 16 years. To mitigate the risks of nutrient runoff and leaching from long-term chicken litter application, we recommend reducing litter application rates and integrating cover crops into crop rotations to enhance nutrient cycling and reduce environmental impacts.
文摘稻田绿肥秸秆协同还田是稻田培肥地力的有效措施,本文基于2年田间试验研究了绿肥稻秆协同还田下氮肥减量对水稻产量、产量构成要素及土壤养分含量的影响。试验于2018—2020年在陕西省汉中市汉台区进行,设置5个处理:(1)冬闲+水稻秸秆不还田+不施肥(CK);(2)冬闲+水稻秸秆不还田+常规施氮(NPK);(3)冬种紫云英+水稻秸秆还田+常规施氮(GRN1);(4)冬种紫云英+水稻秸秆还田+减氮20%(GRN2);(5)冬种紫云英+水稻秸秆还田+减氮30%(GRN3)。结果表明:水稻产量方面,年际间差异较大,2019年度GRN1处理‘荃香优1521’产量最高为10,047 kg hm^(-2),显著高于NPK处理,增幅为6.7%;其次为GRN2和GRN3,但与NPK差异不显著;2020年度GRN2和GRN3处理‘黄华占’产量较NPK处理显著增加,增幅分别为6.6%和5.8%。绿肥稻秆协同还田处理均可以显著提高水稻产量,较CK和NPK增幅分别为67.9%~83.0%和2.8%~6.7%。土壤养分方面,紫云英稻秆协同还田提高了耕层0~20 cm土壤有机碳和速效磷,GRN2处理较NPK处理分别提高了6.8%~13.2%和9.9%~12.6%。相关分析表明,水稻株高、单株鲜重、根茬鲜重、每穗实粒数及千粒重与水稻产量呈显著正相关,与NPK相比,2年GRN2处理可以显著提高水稻有效穗13.0%~29.3%,每穗实粒数4.5%~14.3%;GRN2处理可以显著提高水稻株高10.4%,单株鲜重23.6%,根茬鲜重30.0%。紫云英-水稻轮作条件下,绿肥稻秆协同还田同时氮肥减量20%,提高了水稻产量性状及农艺性状,增强了土壤汇碳功能,增加了土壤养分,从而有利于维持水稻稳产高产,是适宜汉中地区的水稻绿色种植模式。
