Intra-atrial course of right coronary artery:A case report

BACKGROUND Intra-atrial right coronary artery(RCA)is a rare and generally asymptomatic anomaly of development of the coronary arteries.This malformation could potentially expose the patient to a catastrophic outcome in the case of injury during interventional or surgical procedures.Currently,only a few case reports and no systematic reviews are available in the literature.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 54-year-old man with atypical chest pain who underwent multi-detector computed tomography angiography(MDCTA).The exam revealed no significant coronary artery stenoses;however,an intra-atrial course of mid RCA was evident.Medical therapy was administered,and the patient was discharged to home without undergoing a conventional angiography.Previously reported autoptic and clinical cases were retrieved from the PubMed literature database to compare the clinicopathological features of this case.CONCLUSION MDCTA depicted the abnormal course of the coronary artery in this patient as an intra-atrial course of the mid RCA.Finding this abnormality was crucial to avoid an inadvertent injury during interventional or surgical procedures.

Chest pain showing precordial ST-segment elevation in a 96-year-old woman with right coronary artery occlusion:A case report

BACKGROUND Typically,right coronary artery(RCA)occlusion causes ST-segment elevation in inferior leads.However,it is rarely observed that RCA occlusion causes STsegment elevation only in precordial leads.In general,an electrocardiogram is considered to be the most important method for determining the infarct-related artery,and recognizing this is helpful for timely discrimination of the culprit artery for reperfusion therapy.In this case,an elderly woman presented with chest pain showing dynamic changes in precordial ST-segment elevation with RCA occlusion.CASE SUMMARY A 96-year-old woman presented with acute chest pain showing precordial STsegment elevation with dynamic changes.Myocardial injury markers became positive.Coronary angiography indicated acute total occlusion of the proximal nondominant RCA,mild atherosclerosis of left anterior descending artery and 75%stenosis in the left circumflex coronary artery.Percutaneous coronary intervention was conducted for the RCA.Repeated manual thrombus aspiration was performed,and fresh thrombus was aspirated.A 2 mm×15 mm balloon was used to dilate the RCA with an acceptable angiographic result.The patient’s chest pain was relieved immediately.A postprocedural electrocardiogram showed alleviation of precordial ST-segment elevation.The diagnosis of acute isolated right ventricular infarction caused by proximal nondominant RCA occlusion was confirmed.Echocardiography indicated normal motion of the left ventricular anterior wall and interventricular septum(ejection fraction of 54%),and the right ventricle was slightly dilated.The patient was asymptomatic during the 9-mo follow-up period.CONCLUSION Cardiologists should be conscious that precordial ST-segment elevation may be caused by occlusion of the nondominant RCA.

Sirolimus-eluting stent fractures associated with aneurysm and very late stent thrombosis in the right coronary artery

Although the occurrence of coronary stent fracture is rare,recent reports showed that stent fracture after sirolimus-eluting stent(SES)implantation may be associated with neointimal hyperplasia and restenosis.We report two cases of stent fracture that occurred late after elective SES implantation into the right coronary artery(RCA)that were related to the aneurysm,restenosis,thrombosis,and vessel occlusion.……

Congenital absence of the right coronary artery:A case report

BACKGROUND As a rare anomaly,congenital absence of the right coronary artery(RCA)occurs during the development of coronary artery.Patients with congenital absence of the RCA often show no clinical symptoms,and this disease is considered benign.The left coronary artery gives blood supply to the whole myocardium.The prevalence of congenital absence of the RCA is approximately 0.024%-0.066%.There are few cases reported as for this disease.In this work,a patient,with congenital absence of the RCA diagnosed by coronary angiography(CAG),was described.CASE SUMMARY A 41-year-old man arrived at our hospital for treatment,due to the repeated palpitations for a duration of one year.Considering the possibility of coronary heart disease,the patient underwent CAG that indicated the congenital absence of the RCA.Unfortunately,the patient refused to accept computed tomography coronary angiography(CTCA),to further confirm the congenital absence of the RCA.CONCLUSION Single coronary artery is a rare type of coronary artery abnormality,which usually has no obvious clinical manifestations and is considered as a benign disease.CAG is the main means by which congenital absence of the RCA can be diagnosed,and the disease can also be further confirmed by CTCA.

Fluid-Structure Interaction Analysis for Drug Transport in a Curved Stenotic Right Coronary Artery

A blockage of blood vessels resulting from thrombus or plaque deposit causes serious cardiovascular diseases. This study developed a computational model of blood flow and drug transport to investigate the effectiveness of drug delivery to the stenotic sites. A three-dimensional (3D) model of the curved stenotic right coronary artery (RCA) was reconstructed based on the clinical angiogram image. Then, blood flow and drug transport with the flexible RCA wall were simulated using the fluid structure interaction (FSI) analysis and compared with the rigid RCA wall. Results showed that the maximal total displacement and von Mises stress of the flexible RCA model are 2.14 mm and 92.06 kPa. In addition, the effective injecting time point for the best performance of drug delivery was found to be between 0 s and 0.15 s (i.e., the fluid acceleration region) for both rigid and flexible RCA models. However, there was no notable difference in the ratio of particle deposition to the stenotic areas between the rigid and flexible RCA models. This study will be significantly useful to the design of a drug delivery system for the treatment of the stenotic arteries by targeting drugs selectively to the stenotic sites.

Urgent Off-Pump Revascularisation in ACS and Cardiogenic Shock with Anomalous Origin of Right Coronary Artery from Left Anterior Descending Artery: A Case Report

A 55-year-old female known case of essential hypertension and diabetes was brought to the Emergency Department in a drowsy state with cardiogenic shock. At presentation systolic BP was 70 mm Hg, pulse rate was 44/min and random blood sugar was 239 mg/dl. Troponin I was 8.07. Electrocardiography showed junctional rhythm and bradycardia. Ejection Fraction (LVEF) was 15% - 20%. Coronary angiography was done which revealed single vessel disease in LAD with anomalous origin of RCA from midsegment of LAD. Patient was immediately taken up for Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (OPCAB). Right saphenous vein graft was harvested and anastomosed proximally to aorta and distally to LAD on beating heart using Medtronic Octopus heart stabilizer and coronary shunts. Wound closed in layers after achieving complete hemostasis. Patient was taken off ventilatory support on first post-operative day and discharged in a stable condition on fourth post-operative day. Post-operative Echocardiography showed LVEF increased from 15% - 20% at time of admission to 38% and 52% after 3 months and 12 months of surgery respectively.

Atypical double right coronary artery:a case report and literature review

Coronary artery anomalies are a kind of rare congenital coronary disease most of which are nonmalignant and asymptomatic,while some could lead to severe clinical manifestations and even sudden cardiac death.Here,we reported an atypical anomaly of a double right coronary artery with no obvious atherosclerosis on angiograms,in a 51-year-old woman who showed mild symptoms and had ischemic signs on electrocardiogram.This anomaly is neither similar to the typical appearances of a split right coronary artery nor a large right ventricle branch,is probably account for the potential risk of myocardial ischemia and highly likely to be missed during coronary angiography.

Delayed right coronary ostial obstruction after J-valve deployment in transcatheter aortic valve implantation: A case report

BACKGROUND Aortic stenosis is the most common valve disease in adults.Transcatheter aortic valve implantation(TAVI)is being increasingly applied for intermediate-to lowrisk patients.Here,we describe an uncommon complication of delayed right coronary obstruction in a transapical TAVI case.CASE SUMMARY A 73-year-old woman with a EuroSCORE II of 1.21%underwent transapical TAVI because of severe aortic stenosis.The surgical procedure was uneventful.However,during routine monitoring after valve placement,the patient had a sudden onset of slow heart rate,the systolic blood pressure dropped sharply from 115 to 60 mmHg,and the central venous pressure abruptly increased from 10 to 33 cmH2O.The patient had a poor response to vasoactive agents.Transesophageal echocardiography revealed poor myocardial contractility,and electrocardiography showed a significant depression of ST-segment.Another angiography was performed immediately,which suggested complete obstruction of the right coronary artery.An emergency protocol was initiated.Cardiopulmonary bypass was established immediately.An aortic biological valve replacement under cardiopulmonary bypass was performed.CONCLUSION Perioperative monitoring,early recognition,and diagnosis of obstruction of coronary arteries in TAVI are important.Transesophageal echocardiography is a useful diagnostic and monitoring tool in this situation.Emergency protocols should be established during TAVI.

Variant of Wellen’s syndrome in type 1 diabetic patient: A case report

BACKGROUND Wellen’s syndrome is a form of acute coronary syndrome associated with proximal left anterior descending artery(LAD)stenosis and characteristic electro-cardiograph(ECG)patterns in pain free state.The abnormal ECG pattern is classified into type A(biphasic T waves)and type B(deeply inverted T waves),based on the T wave pattern seen in the pericodial chest leads.CASE SUMMARY We present the case of a 37-year-old male with history of type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM),gastroparesis,mild peripheral artery disease and right toe cellulitis on IV antibiotics who presented to the emergency department with nausea,vomiting and abdominal pain for 3 d and as a result couldn’t take his insulin.Noted to have fasting blood sugar 392 mg/dL.Admitted for diabetic gastroparesis.During the hospital course,the patient was asymptomatic and denied any chest pain.On admission,No ECG and troponin draws were performed.On day 2,the patient became hypoxic with oxygen saturation 80%on room air,intermittent mild right-sided chest pain which he attributed to vomiting from his gastroparesis.Initial ECG done was significant for Biphasic T wave changes in leads V2 and V3 and elevated high sensitivity troponin.Patient was transitioned to cardiac intensive care unit and cardiac catheterization performed with result significant for extensive coronary artery disease.CONCLUSION This case highlights an exceptional manifestation of Wellen's syndrome,wherein the right coronary artery and circumflex artery display a remarkable 100%constriction,alongside a proximal LAD stenosis of 90%-95%.Notably,this occurrence transpired in a patient grappling with extensive complications arising from T1DM.Moreover,it underscores the utmost significance of promptly recognizing the presence of Wellen's syndrome and swiftly initiating appropriate medical intervention.