Minors' Rights:Right to Privacy vs. Right to Know

I. An Overview of the Right of Privacy for Minors and Relevant Obligee＇s Right to Learn Their Privacy The right to privacy has been recognized as an important personal right by China＇s practitioners and theorists of law although it is not an independent part of the Civil Law. In general, the right of privacy refers to the ＂right of the natural person to enjoy tranquility of private life and his or her right not to allow other persons to invade, learn, use, reveal or publish the kind of information relevant to his private life.＂

Federation Boosting Tree for Originator Rights Protection

The problem of data island hinders the application of big data in artificial intelligence model training,so researchers propose a federated learning framework.It enables model training without having to centralize all data in a central storage point.In the current horizontal federated learning scheme,each participant gets the final jointly trained model.No solution is proposed for scenarios where participants only provide training data in exchange for benefits,but do not care about the final jointly trained model.Therefore,this paper proposes a newboosted tree algorithm,calledRPBT(the originator Rights Protected federated Boosted Tree algorithm).Compared with the current horizontal federal learning algorithm,each participant will obtain the final jointly trained model.RPBT can guarantee that the local data of the participants will not be leaked,while the final jointly trained model cannot be obtained.It is worth mentioning that,from the perspective of the participants,the scheme uses the batch idea to make the participants participate in the training in random batches.Therefore,this scheme is more suitable for scenarios where a large number of participants are jointly modeling.Furthermore,a small number of participants will not actually participate in the joint training process.Therefore,the proposed scheme is more secure.Theoretical analysis and experimental evaluations show that RPBT is secure,accurate and efficient.

The People’s Right To Know

Govt officials publicly declare their assets in the ongoing fight against corruption

Judicial Protection of Internet Privacy: Subject of Tort, Standard and Forms of Liability

As one of the basic human rights, and one confirmed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the right to privacy has been written into China’s General Principles of Civil Law and Tort Law. However, in judicial practice, there has been no unified standard in defining a tort of privacy, especially a tort of internet privacy. With the increasing popularity of the internet, torts of internet privacy are becoming more and more rampant and severe. Focusing on "internet hunts", a common tort of internet privacy, this paper examines how to affirm a tortious act of internet privacy, as well as forms of liability. It also expounds the practical judicial issues such as the object of prosecution trials.

Voluntary and Compulsory "AIDS" Screening from the Perspective of Human Rights:A Study Based on HIV Exceptionalism

HIV screening can be used to detect,control and prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS.The attitude towards HIV screening relates to the general trend of human rights protection of AIDS sufferers and infectors.HIV exceptionalism has been adopted in traditional international practice.That means the specific notified,voluntary consent shall be obtained from examinees before they are screened.However,there is move to abandon HIV exceptionalism in order to detect more infectors and treat AIDS the same as another infectious disease.This has resulted in 'compulsory screening' and 'consent after notification'.In China, 'voluntary' screening, 'real-name detection' and 'compulsory screening' exist in different regions.Thus,it is crucial to identify the legal regulation principle of HIV screening from the perspective of human rights.

WTO框架下转基因食品标识的消费者知情权研究

转基因食品两大阵营的代表欧盟和美国在转基因食品标识制度上存在严重分歧。该分歧的价值核心是,消费者知情权能否作为转基因食品强制标识的合法理由。欧美这两种不同的标识制度在国际贸易规则中相遇时,冲突在所难免。然而,在现行的倾向于支持贸易自由化的国际贸易规则内,消费者知情权很难通过WTO的合法性审查。这种局面不仅不利于转基因食品的发展而且使WTO的合法性和权威性也面临挑战。对此,WTO应当进行根本性的扩展或者通过多边协议来解决像消费者知情权这样重要的非经济议题。

WTO与我国的政务公开制度

WTO透明度原则对我国的政务公开制度提出了新的要求。正视我国实行政务公开的困难和动力 ,采取必要措施 ,努力构建合理的政务公开制度是加入 WTO后的当务之急。

应对加入WTO的挑战迎接行政信息公开时代的来临

行政信息公开是人民主权原则的内在要求,也是信息化革命的必然结果。在全球经济、法律一体化的趋势下,加强行政信息公开立法已成为一国法制建设中的一项重要任务。特别是我国加入WTO之后,世界贸易组织关于透明度的规则对我国信息公开提出了很高的要求。如何应对加入WTO的挑战,加强行政信息公开法制建设已成为迫切的现实需要。而我国目前已开展的政务公开运动只是政府推动型的一项政府办事制度改革,缺乏规范性、稳定性、统一性,公开范围、程序规定都不明确,也缺少相关的法律监督和救济,需要进一步完善。

'Location Privacy'—where do we stand?

With introducing Global Positioning System(GPS),one of position determination technologies,into non-military area from military locating utilities in United States,it brings both positive and negative effect into our society simultaneously.On the one hand,the location data from these new tracking and positioning system are becoming universally available for commercial,government,educational,scientific and non-profit purposes to improve people’s daily life.On the other hand,the application of GPS also raises some impact to personal location privacy,like everything else in this world which would bring us goodness invariably carries the ability to cause harm.In this article,I will briefly talk about the advantages of GPS tracking technology firstly.Then,I will analysis the problems raised by the application of GPS technology in details,such as the concerns about personal location privacy,the moral dilemma and the right dispute when using GPS tracking children or automobile.Finally,I will introduce some safeguards which can minimize the conflicts between the applications of GPS and location privacy information protection.

The Improvement of China’s AIDS Notification System from the Perspective of Human Rights

China has established a two-level normative structure AIDS notification system with the AIDS Prevention and control Regulations as the core and local regulations as the supplement The problem is that the local legislations have different provisions with regard to the subject of notification and whether to adopt mandatory notification, which confronts the implementation of the AIDS notification system and the prevention of AIDS transmission with real difficulties The different attitudes of local legislations to the mandatory notification system for AIDS essentially reflects the dilemma of legislators in balancing the right to privacy of HIV-infected patients and the right to health of their sexual partners from the perspective of rights limitations, this paper aims to conducts interest balance analysis in the aspects of social urgency, public interest, substantive damage and the right to know of others and holds the view that when these two rights conflict with each other, priority should be given to the right to health of HIV-infected patients and their sexual partner as well as public health In terms of specific systems, the AIDS Prevention and control Regulations should establish a mandatory notification system and local legislation should take into consideration of local conditions to make specific provisions on issues of notification subject, notification procedures and confidentiality obligations after notification.

Human Rights Protection in the Modernization of China's State Governance

In China, the development of human rights is an inherent part of good governance, as reflected in the following: Firstly, people are able to participate in social and public administration through exercising their 'democratic rights' under the constitution. Secondly, citizens' fundamental human rights and other civil rights are protected by law. Thirdly, people's rights to know and to express are expanding. Fourthly, the Chinese government is responsive to people's demands, ready to accept their supervision, and is doing its best to improve their living standard. To modernize governance, China must adhere to human rights principles by guaranteeing people's rights to participation, to information and to supervision, and by protecting the fundamental rights of the disadvantaged.

Human Rights Protection in Genome Editing

Introducing the human rights perspective into the multi-dimensional governance of human genome editing activities would help define boundaries for the behaviors of stakeholders such as the state, researchers, ethics committee members, and the public, and clarify specific practices of these subjects or entities to meet the requirements of human rights obligations. Based on the human dignity principle, humans must never be used as a means to an end in scientific research. The right to physical and mental health requires the implementation of the principles of informed consent, the primacy of life, and risk control in genome editing, as well as the proper treatment of embryos. The right to privacy corresponds to the confidentiality obligations and non-intervention obligations of relevant parties, and the protection of sensitive personal information points to the special compliance requirements regarding information processing. Differential treatment of genome-edited humans requires objective and reasonable justification, and should also meet the requirements of the proportionality principle.

《民法典》背景下个人信息保护的司法考察与制度完善

大数据时代,为充分保障个人的信息安全,我国相继施行的《民法典》《个人信息保护法》对此作出了较为全面的规定。考察相关规则的司法适用,发现我国个人信息保护存在个人信息与隐私权界定不清、损害赔偿威慑作用不足、公益诉讼制度效用未充分发挥、“知情—同意”标准不一且流于形式等问题。为解决上述问题,可通过构建可识别的场景化模式界定个人信息,引入情境脉络完整性理论判定隐私,审慎引入惩罚性赔偿,明晰个人信息保护公益诉讼的适用条件,构建“国家—行业—平台”三层规则体系实现实质同意,全面保护个人信息。

数据要素流通与安全的研究范畴与未来发展趋势

针对数据从信息技术时代的受控共享向数据技术时代的数据要素泛在流通演化的趋势,分析了数据共享与数据要素流通的差异,阐述了什么样的数据才能成为数据要素,提出了数据成为数据要素所必须具有的6个属性,定义了数据要素流通模型及主要环节,明确了数据要素流通的研究范畴,梳理了数据要素流通研究范畴的相关概念,厘清了研究范畴所涵盖的关键核心技术,并对未来需要突破的关键技术进行了展望。

脑机接口技术背景下精神完整权的逻辑证成和制度构想

面对脑机接口技术对人的隐私、精神完整性和心理连续性造成的威胁,身体权虽能够提供一定保障,但是尚不足以表彰其特殊性,尤其是对于非侵入式的。隐私权虽然能够保障公民免予心智思想被探知,但是不能兼及改变。思想自由、认知自由和精神自决保障公民寻求主动干预以塑造一个人大脑状态的积极面向有些激进。脑机接口技术对于心智思想的干预,不但直接、严重,甚至可能永远,因此要确立一种精神完整权。不论何种用途、侵入程度、接口类型,该技术研究应用都必须经过告知同意,不得强制以物理力或以隐瞒的方式为之。与为了保障公民心理健康权,强调国家的实现义务不同,精神完整权关涉隐私、身份、自主,聚焦于一种对抗国家不得干预的权能。

刑事审判阶段涉案财物处置中案外人的权利保障

刑事诉讼程序中公民的财产权利长期被忽视,涉案财物处置与案外人利益息息相关。从当前我国立法及司法实践来看,刑事审判阶段涉案财物处置中对案外人财产权保障不足,缺乏必要的救济程序,影响了对案外人利益的保护。具体表现为涉案财物与案外人概念不清,案外人的知情权、参与权保障不足等诸多问题。因此,以《刑诉法解释》第279条为中心,从涉案财物情况告知义务主体和送达方式、案外人参与权的法律基础、案外人参与刑事诉讼的流程等角度进行分析和探讨,加强案外人在刑事诉讼中的权利保障。

截屏社交的“刺猬困境”——聊天记录再传播中隐私边界的游移与重塑

截屏社交指个体将聊天内容截屏并转发给他人,以期拉近社交距离的行为。截屏社交会打破聊天双方的隐私平衡,使原本私密的聊天记录面临隐私风险。对此,个体需保持边界敏感、重塑边界契约;平台需提供技术支持,加强用户信息自决权、强化审核把关、简化维权通道;法律应破除适用障碍,从法理层面与实践层面共同着手,保障截屏社交中的信息安全。