The Way to Optimize the Right to Personal Data Portability in Chinese Practice——Based on Empirical Analysis of the Privacy Policies of 66 Mobile Apps

Although the existing legal norms and judicial practic-es can provide basic guidance for the right to personal data portabili-ty, it can be concluded that there are obstacles to the realization of this right through empirical research of the privacy policies of 66 mobile apps, such as whether they have stipulations on the right to personal data portability, whether they are able to derive copies of personal in-formation automatically, whether there are textual examples, whether ID verification is required, whether the copied documents are encrypt-ed, and whether the scope of personal information involved is consis-tent. This gap in practice, on the one hand, reflects the misunderstand-ing of the right to personal data portability, and on the other hand, is a result of the negative externalities, practical costs and technical lim-itations of the right to personal data portability. Based on rethinking the right to data portability, we can somehow solve practical problems concerning the right to personal data portability through multiple measures such as promoting the fulfillment of this right by legislation, optimizing technology-oriented operations, refining response process mechanisms, and enhancing system interoperability.

Survey on the Peasants' Will of Forest Land Transfer in the Reform of Collective Forest Right System——On the Case of 180 Peasant Households in Lishui City of Zhejiang Province

Taking sample survey in the eighteen villages of Yunhe, Longquan and Qingyuan County of Lishui City of Zhejiang Province, the results show that the forest land transfer of sample peasants is mainly transfer-out, the private treaty of forest land transfer is the main pattern of most peasant households, forest right trading market hasn't got wide approval in peasants, peasants' dependence on land is reducing, and so on. Through analysis, the reasons of influent transfer of forest land include peasant's subjective will, less type of transfer objects, dull information communication, big difference of expected price and imperfect development of intermediary organization. In order to promote a healthy development of forest land transfer, the paper puts forward proposals of strengthening policy publicity, improving system, identifying property right, pushing variety of transfer types, developing forest land market, cultivating subject of market and so on.

Study on Transfer Problem of Contract and Management Right of Agricultural Land in Anhui Province

The status quo and significance of contract and management right transfer of rural land are analyzed,and major problems existed in contract and management right transfer of rural land in Anhui Province are studied,containing unsound transfer market,insufficient flow demand motion,single transfer form,non-standard register,right determination and certificate issuing. On this basis,several policies and suggestions are proposed,such as combining practical use with suitable use of land right determination and certificate issuing,establishing multilayer rural social security system and expanding land management range.

Optioning Water Rights:A Potential Alternative to the Hanjiang-Weihe River Water Transfer Project,China

China has started shifting from relying on supply management to demand management strategy in addressing its water shortage problems.Water option,a financial derivative for water commodity,has been utilized to manage water demands in the United States and Europe since the 1990 s but is still novel to China.In this study we analyzed the pros and cons of China’s existing system for water rights transfers and proposed an alternative,flexible trading instrument-water options for China.Incorporating the uncertainty to water option pricing,this study first conducted an empirical analysis of the water option in the water-receiving area of the Hanjiang-Weihe River Transfer Project of China,and then evaluated the benefits of the water option applications.Results show that water option trading can bring water cost saving and increase the potential industrially added value for industrial enterprises in the receiving area,and trading of short-and-medium term water options is more favorable than the long-term water options trading.The novel water option trading proposed in this study,once verified through pilot studies,will be helpful in addressing water shortage problems in China.

Analysis of Hidden Danger in Farmer's Rights and Interests during Farmland Transfer——An Evaluation of Rights Safeguarding Effect of Farmland Transfer Contract

Taking Shuangliu County,Chengdu City,China as an example,evaluation index system for the rights protection effects of farmland transfer is established contract from three aspects of basic information,transfer agreement and legal safeguards in the contracts.According to the investigation data,weight of evaluation index is determined by both entropy weight and Analytic Hierarchy Process.Comprehensive index method is used to evaluate the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract in the flat dam,high hill and low hill in Shuangliu County,Chengdu,China.Result shows that the transfer agreement of farmland and the basic information of contract greatly affect the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract.There are differences in the five indices of the information of the signature of contract,pricing for payment,time limit for farmland transfer,transfer mode of farmland,and use range of farmland transfer.During the farmland transfer in reality,there are three hidden dangers in farmer's land rights and interests,which are the ill-formed transfer behavior,the relatively low income of farmers from farmland transfer,and the quality decline of farmland and difficult full reclamation in transfer period.Based on the evaluation result and investigation data,countermeasures are put forward to improve the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract.

Empirical Analysis on Transfer and Limitation of Land Contractual Management Right

Existing laws have three limitations on transfer of land contractual management right. The survey of 506 farmer households in Zhejiang,Jiangxi and Guangxi provinces indicates that most farmers have the consistent knowledge of limitation on " transfer being approved by the party giving out the contract in advance" with legislative requirements,but it is not effectively implemented in actual operation. As to limitation on transferee,no matter in cognition of farmers,or in real transfer process,the transferee is not totally limited to farmers engaged in agricultural production and management. For the constraint that the transferor should have stable non-agricultural occupation or stable income source, most farmers agree,but more than half of the farmers have not confirmed the transfer action in practice.

The Transfer of Land Contractual Management Rights in Ethnic Village--A Case Study of Ya'ergou Village in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

Based on field survey in Ya'ergou Village,Yuanzhou District,Guyuan City,the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,we analyze the status quo of the transfer of land contractual management rights in this village,and study the basic information,form,characteristics,and problems concerning the transfer of land contractual management rights in this nationality village.Then corresponding countermeasures are put forward for promoting the transfer of land contractual management rights in ethnic village as follows:strengthening the publicity of the policy in order to improve farmers' ideological understanding;raising the rent in order to promote the transfer of the land contractual management rights;diverting the governmental investment to the talented people within village;consolidating management and resolving disputes in the transfer timely and effectively.

论居住权处分权能的适用价值与立法探析

我国《民法典》对于居住权的处分权能采取绝对禁止适用原则。承袭于罗马法的我国居住权制度以人役性的社会保障为其制度功能起点,旨在完善我国的住房保障体系、实现“住有所居”的政策目标。通过分析司法实践中居住权出现的新模式以及域外典型国家居住权制度的发展演进过程,可以发现居住权处分权能在我国有着破除限制条件的现实价值。应在居住权类型化的基础之上,从居住权的多重制度功能角度出发,采取“三编协同”——即物权编、婚姻家庭编和继承编衔接之立法体例,对居住权处分权能的扩张进行针对性规范。在保证原有立法目的得以实现的前提下发挥居住权制度经济效益,为投资性居住权的发展提供法律支撑,凸显居住权用益物权之本质。

主体资质欠缺之采矿权转让合同效力的裁判路径与规则重塑

主体资质欠缺之采矿权转让合同效力裁判路径的多样性与理论证成的多元性构成了司法实务的难点。主体资质欠缺之采矿权转让合同效力的判断与未经审批之采矿权转让合同效力的判断具有牵连性,但又呈现出独立的规则特征,其裁判路径的多元性以及理论阐释的多样性,决定了研究价值的继续存在。裁判规则的统一、诚信守约人的保护以及采矿权高效流转等价值目标对裁判规则的重塑提出制度供给的需求。《矿产资源法》修订应注意区分采矿权资质对采矿权持有与行使的不同关系,完成主体资质与合同效力的松绑,实现采矿权转让主体资质与采矿权转让合同效力的彻底剥离,同时应明确规定采矿权转让合同原则上自成立之日起生效,避免解释论层面的不必要纷争。此外,《矿产资源法》修订需严格绑定主体资质与采矿权行使的关系,将国家对矿业秩序的要求植入采矿权的具体行权过程。司法实践可考虑适用《民法典》第215条确立的区分原则,采合同有效说作为修法尚未完成的过渡方案。

再流转中土地经营权的登记效力规则研究

再流转中的两种土地经营权在登记能力、登记效力上采区分原则。再流转阶段,基于土地承包经营权的土地经营权承继土地承包经营权的流转规则而采登记对抗效力,“未经登记,不得对抗善意第三人”应解释为未登记可以对抗恶意第三人以及能对抗善意第三人的必要条件为已登记,登记对抗效力表现为登记公示相较于其他公示方式的优先性与相对公信力,占有使用及向发包人备案作为认定第三人善意的实质调查内容在司法实践中发挥作用。以其他方式承包取得的土地经营权再流转须“经依法登记取得权属证书”为管理性规定,同时暗含登记连续性的目的,采登记生效效力的形式正当性在于此类土地经营权再流转的物权变动在实证法上的相对独立性,进而适用不动产物权公示的原则性规定,实质正当性在于通过市场机制高效利用农村“四荒地”土地资源的价值取向。另外,可结合此类土地经营权再流转的特殊规制目的适用善意取得制度。

放活土地经营权的法典表达述评及其体系化解释

我国《民法典》关于土地经营权流转的基本规范,需要结合“三权分置”改革的政策目标进行体系化解释。土地经营权的性质应采纳“二元说”。土地经营权的流转或者再流转未向农地所属集体经济组织备案的,不影响土地经营权流转或者再流转的效力。但土地经营权的再流转未经承包方书面同意的,该流转行为无效。土地经营权向工商企业等社会资本流转的,未经县级以上人民政府的行政许可,该流转行为亦无效。是否登记取得权属证书,应不影响土地经营权的流转。物权性土地经营权可以进行抵押,债权性土地经营权可以进行质押。其他方式承包产生的土地经营权的流转,可以部分参照适用家庭承包语境中土地经营权的流转规则。

区域“发展权转移”的机制修正——从资源交换到数字协同

伴随着农业社会向工业社会、数字社会的转变,区域发展需要积极实现机制更新。权利尤其是发展权的价值嵌入催生了区域发展的新路径。“南水北调”“西电东送”“西气东输”以及耕地指标流转等资源供给成为一种颇具特色的区域合作机制,但是这一机制的背后是资源的竞争,无法把农民从耕地上解放出来,无法促进中西部地区资源优势的产业转化,也无助于实现区域间的权利平等。基于数字社会的全场景化,“东数西算”致力于在国家的不同区域建立算力节点并最终形成算力体系,这一基于数字化转型的合作机制把中西部地区的资源优势转化为算力优势,赋予欠发达区域与发达区域相同的议价平台,逐步实现从资源互换到数字协同的机制转变,从而完成“发展权转移”的机制修正。

论CBA独家签约权制度——“周琦事件”引发的思考

“周琦事件”的症结源于CBA独家签约权制度,其旨在鼓励俱乐部自主培养球员并适当放开球员流动。但随着我国竞技体育职业化发展,球员利益保障规则缺失不仅暴露出该制度排除竞争与择业自由的法治困境,还反映出我国对体育特殊性理解的局限性导致该制度背后四方主体利益失衡。独家签约权制度源于域外保留制度,在欧美经历发展与完善并最终实现利益平衡。新《体育法》明确“竞技体育市场化、职业化”目标,为主体利益平衡确立价值导向。在此背景下,可在内部构建专门的转会交易谈判平台化解僵局,在外部通过体育仲裁以个案推动独家签约权制度的过渡完善,未来为自由球员转会制度的施行破除机制障碍。

NFT数字作品交易行为的“发行属性”与适用规则

NFT数字作品交易方兴未艾,但侵权问题频现,亟需合理的规制路径。NFT技术促进数字作品交易客体特定化并产生准物权变动的效果,使NFT数字作品区别于一般数字作品与传统作品,为发行权扩张提供了技术性支撑。但发行权的扩张尚面临诸多困境,包括“有形载体”要件的阻碍、“所有权转移要件”标准不明、发行权与信息网络传播权在数字环境中存在重叠等。基于此,应当厘清数字环境中发行权与信息网络传播权的关系;细化NFT数字作品交易领域的发行权适用标准,完成从“有形载体”到“作品与载体相对应”的转变,明确“出售”及“所有权转移”的认定;以“转让+删除”技术及征收版权转售费作为辅助手段,完成发行权在NFT数字作品交易中的嬗变与适用。

土地流转过程中农民权益保护研究

以土地承包经营权流转过程中农民权益保护为视角,从土地流转过程中农民主体地位、农民意愿的表达、流转收益分配、农民经济利益和生活环境情况等方面展开分析。从权利理论视角对土地流转过程中农民权益保护情况进行探讨,基于理论和实证的研究,从健全农村土地管理法规体系、完善农村土地产权制度、以市场机制为导向创新土地流转机制、大力发展农村土地流转服务、协调流转和耕地保护的关系、构建农村社会保障体系等方面提出完善建议,对深化农村土地制度改革、促进统筹城乡发展具有重要的现实意义和理论价值。

以遗嘱方式设立居住权的生效问题思考

《民法典》首次规定了居住权制度,但理论与实务对此颇有争议。以遗嘱方式设立居住权的生效要件应区分为遗嘱继承和遗赠两种方式。基于遗嘱继承设立居住权可以分为两个阶段:第一阶段发生在被继承人与继承人之间,继承开始时即发生物权变动效力;第二阶段发生在共同继承人之间,居住权生效要件与遗产分割效力相关。按照移转主义观点,在第二阶段中,当事人采用指定或者协议等意定方式分割,居住权应自登记时设立;当事人通过裁判方式分割,居住权则自法律文书生效时设立。基于遗赠设立居住权的生效要件要参照《民法典》第368条的规定,自登记时设立。

油气探矿权竞争性出让区块快速评价方法研究

油气探矿权竞争性出让是油气企业获取探矿权的重要途径。探矿权竞争性出让具有研究资料有限、研究程度低和评价周期短的特点。科学制定竞价方案的难点在于如何在短期内对出让区块的勘探潜力、资源规模和经济性作出全面快速准确的评价,目前尚未形成系统的评价方法。前期研究表明,优选合理的评价参数、建立合理的参数赋值标准是出让区块快速评价的关键,综合定量评价的结果是出让区块快速评价的核心。基于已出让区块资料条件和竞价规则,提出资料条件、地质条件(区带勘探潜力、烃源岩、储层、保存、圈闭、成藏配置)、资源量可靠性及工程技术等9类评价因素、18个评价参数及其赋值标准,建立了竞争性出让区块快速评价的参数体系。同时提出对竞争性出让区块勘探潜力、勘探风险和工程技术开展综合定量评价的油气勘探成功概率法,以及经济性评价的折现现金流法和类比法,从而为出让区块的竞价方案制定提供依据。将上述方法应用于部分已出让区块,所得出的竞价方案与实际竞价情况基本一致。

土地转出的决定:非农就业调节农地确权效果的研究

文章以2020年中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)数据为依托,从非农就业对农地确权和土地转出关系影响的理论分析出发,运用Logit模型实证检验农地确权对土地转出的影响和非农就业的调节作用。研究表明:(1)农地承包经营权登记颁证对农户土地转出有显著的正向影响,但影响具有时间的滞后性;(2)调节效应检验表明,非农就业对农地确权和土地转出的关系具有显著的调节作用,非农就业增强了农地确权对土地转出的正向影响。因此,为激活土地资源,推进乡村振兴,在保证农户的耕地权益和健全现行的耕地流转制度的基础上,还应多渠道促进农民实现非农就业,从而提升农户土地流转面积,实现农地规模经营。

公司法修订的理论应对与实践挑战(笔谈)

本期刊发的8篇笔谈文章,紧密围绕公司法修改的核心内容,从宏观到微观、从理论到实践展开了全方位探讨。宏观方面围绕我国公司法的制度体系、立法因应、立法目的展开讨论,微观方面围绕本次修订的核心内容,对五年限期认缴制、审计委员会、董事无因解任、未届期股权转让后出资责任、异议股东回购等具体制度展开讨论。西南政法大学赵万一教授、张才华在《从公司法修订看中国式法律制度体系的构建》一文中提出,法律制度的每一次重大修订都是在时代主题与发展趋势的深刻变革下接续创新而成,本次修订是一次根本性、全局性的重大修订,同时也是在推进中国式现代化宏伟历史征途中进行的一次修订。应时代之需,本次修订以深化国有企业改革、持续优化营商环境、加强产权保护、纯化公司治理理念等作为目标,以因应中国式法律体系的建构要求。中国政法大学李建伟教授、郑浩凌在《ESG在中国公司法立法的因应》一文中提出,从现实来看,信息披露是形成ESG投资市场的前提,应区分上市公司与非上市公司,进而构建“强制披露-自愿披露”的差序化披露模式,以更好保护利益相关者;从长远来看,将公司目标范式修正为对可持续性利益的追求,并通过建立ESG委员会、细化董事会职权,进而推动公司治理稳定与可持续发展。西南政法大学汪青松教授在《新公司法立法目的扩展彰显以人为本》一文中提出,新公司法大大扩展了公司法立法目的涵摄范围,可以从“规范”“保护”“完善”“弘扬”“维护”“促进”六个关键词来加以把握,并呈现出严谨有序的逻辑结构。其中规范与保护表达了立法目的的微观层面,完善与弘扬表达了立法目的的中观层面,维护与促进表达了立法目的的宏观层面。北京大学刘凯湘教授在《五年限期认缴制的解释与适用》一文中提出,新修订的公司法对有限公司和股份公司的股东认缴期限分别在不同程度上增加了强制性规定,在适用上,公司和公司债权人才是法定最长认缴期限制度的监督人,企业信用信息公示系统可以作为其辅助制度,向公司和公司债权人等社会公众作出违反法定最长认缴期限制度的警示。中国人民大学叶林教授、张冉在《新公司法下监事会制度的变革与挑战》一文中提出,新公司法采用了“原则上应当设置监事会或监事、在法定例外情形下不设监事会或监事”的崭新立场,出现了董事会审计委员会替代监事会模式、监事和监事会任意设置模式、监事和监事会法定设置模式等多种模式。职工利益保护模式发生了转型,职工民主在形式上失去了职工监事的保护载体,却加强了公司的行为义务,从而创设了一种行为规范和组织规范相结合的新型保护模式。在审计委员会行使监事会职权上,仍需要进行精细化作业。清华大学梁上上教授、袁崇霖在《董事无因解任规则的校准与限制》一文中提出,股东会对于董事的解任权是公司权力坐标系中调节平衡的砝码,真正需要配置它的是公司及其股东,而非立法者。公司法第71条第1款规定的董事无因解任规则依本质应属任意性规范,将其作为默认规则,可以发挥提示投资者的作用,并有利于减少纠纷,维持公司经营稳定。股东通过股东会行使无因解任权,应受到来自公司正义原则的实体和程序限制。南京大学王建文教授、汪辰光在《新公司法背景下未届期股权转让后出资责任的法律适用》一文中提出,对于未届出资期限股权转让后的出资责任承担问题,新公司法第88条第1款规定对认缴制的应用漏洞作出了填补。对于股权转让后出资责任的法律适用,首先应明确保护债权人利益为首要原则,其次应兼顾公司意志与股东私权,再次要在“遵循法的溯及力”与“合理地参照适用新法”之间做好协调,最后要充分发挥股东名册、工商登记的效用。中国政法大学朱晓娟副教授、潘米在《新公司法对少数股东回购请求权的创新评述》一文中提出,2023年修订公司法在规制双控人不当行为和保护中小投资者权益方面迈出了开创性步伐。对于保护少数股东具有重要制度价值的异议股东回购规则,设置三个条文对异议股东回购规则进行了制度重塑,但也在第89条第3款控股股东滥用股东权利规制范围,第89条第1款和第161条第1款规定传统异议股东回购请求权的适用条件等方面存在着不足。

有限公司股权对外转让行为的效力研究——以侵害股东优先购买权为视角

2023年《公司法》第84条就优先购买权作出规定,用以保护有限公司的人合性特征,但对侵害股东优先购买权具体情形仍未予言明,致使司法裁判和理论学说已有争议仍存在。亟待2023年《公司法》在其司法解释中对股权对外转让行为进行体系化完善。在股权转让行为方面,应采用区分原则明确股权转让行为系债权行为;在优先购买权性质认定方面,应采用公司组织法上的特殊权利说保障其他股东的顺位优势;在以侵害优先购买权主张股权转让合同无效时,应根据《民法典》规定分别对欺诈、通谋行为等情形的转让合同效力进行认定。