A Generalized Array Factor for Time-Modulated Hexagonal Based Antenna Array Geometry With Novel Trapezoidal Switching

The concept of the time-modulated array has been emerging as an alternative to the complex phase shifters,which lowers the cost of the array feeding network due to the utilization of radio frequency(RF)switches.The various forms of hexagonal antenna array geometries can be used for applications like surveillance tracking in phased array radar and wireless communication systems.This work proposes the generalized array factor(AF)for the hexagonal antenna array geometry based on time modulation.The time modulation in generalized hexagonal geometry can maintain the fixed static amplitude excitation,giving more flexibility over time.Furthermore,a novel trapezoidal switching function is also proposed and applied to the generalized array factor to enable future researchers to use this array factor in the field of advancement to observe how switching schemes like trapezoidal and rectangular affect the array pattern's side lobe level(SLL).The generalized equation can be utilized for the analysis and synthesis of radiation characteristics of the time-modulated hexagonal array(TMHA),time-modulated concentric hexagonal array(TMCHA),time-modulated hexagonal cylindrical array(TMHCA),and time-modulated hexagonal concentric cylindrical array(TMHCCA).The numerical result illustrates the generation of AF of time-modulated hexagonal structures and also shows that the trapezoidal switching sequence outperforms the rectangular switch using the cat swarm optimization(CSO)approach.

Composite Fractional Trapezoidal Rule with Romberg Integration

The aim of this research is to demonstrate a novel scheme for approximating the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral operator.This would be achieved by first establishing a fractional-order version of the 2-point Trapezoidal rule and then by proposing another fractional-order version of the(n+1)-composite Trapezoidal rule.In particular,the so-called divided-difference formula is typically employed to derive the 2-point Trapezoidal rule,which has accordingly been used to derive a more accurate fractional-order formula called the(n+1)-composite Trapezoidal rule.Additionally,in order to increase the accuracy of the proposed approximations by reducing the true errors,we incorporate the so-called Romberg integration,which is an extrapolation formula of the Trapezoidal rule for integration,into our proposed approaches.Several numerical examples are provided and compared with a modern definition of the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral operator to illustrate the efficacy of our scheme.

Study of a Hydraulic Jump in an Asymmetric Trapezoidal Channel with Different Sluice Gates

In this study,the main properties of the hydraulic jump in an asymmetric trapezoidal flume are analyzed experimentally,including the so-called sequent depths,characteristic lengths,and efficiency.In particular,an asymmetric trapezoidal flume with a length of 7 m and a width of 0.304 m is considered,with the bottom of the flume transversely inclined at an angle of m=0.296 and vertical lateral sides.The corresponding inflow Froude number is allowed to range in the interval(1.40<F1<6.11).The properties of this jump are compared to those of hydraulic jumps in channels with other types of cross-sections.A relationship for calculating hydraulic jump efficiency is proposed for the considered flume.For F1>5,the hydraulic jump is found to be more effective than that occurring in triangular and symmetric trapezoidal channels.Also,when■mes>8 and■>5,the hydraulic jump in the asymmetrical trapezoidal channel downstream of a parallelogram sluice gate is completely formed as opposed to the situation where a triangular sluice is considered.

Sliding behaviors of the trapezoidal roof rock block under a lateral dynamic disturbance

The surrounding rock of underground space is always affected by external dynamic disturbance from the side position,such as blasting vibration from a stope at the same level or seismic waves from adjacent strata.A series of laboratory tests,numerical simulations and theoretical analyses were carried out in this study to disclose the sliding mechanism of roof rock blocks under lateral disturbance.Firstly,the experiments on trapezoidal key block under various clamping loads and disturbance were conducted,followed by numerical simulations using the fast Lagrangian analysis of continua(FLAC3D).Then,based on the conventional wave propagation model and the classical shear-slip constitutive model,a theoretical model was proposed to capture the relative displacement between blocks and the sliding displacement of the key block.The results indicate that the sliding displacement of the key block increased linearly with the disturbance energy and decreased exponentially with the clamping load when the key block was disturbed to slide(without instability).Meanwhile,when the key block was disturbed to fall,two types of instability process may appear as immediate type or delayed type.In addition,the propagation of stress waves in the block system exhibited obvious low-velocity and lowfrequency characteristics,resulting in the friction reduction effect appearing at the contact interface,which is the essential reason for the sliding of rock blocks.The results can be applied to practical underground engineering and provide valuable guidance for the early detection and prevention of rockfalling disasters.

Flow measurement and parameter optimization of right-angled flow passage in hydraulic manifold block

This study was conducted to investigate the flow field characteristics of right-angled flow passage with various cavities in the typical hydraulic manifold block.A low-speed visualization test rig was developed and the flow field of the right-angled flow passage with different cavity structures was measured using 2D-PIV technique.Numerical model was established to simulate the three-dimensional flow field.Seven eddy viscosity turbulence models were investigated in predicting the flow field by comparing against the particle image relocimetry(PIV)measurement results.By defining the weight error function K,the S-A model was selected as the appropriate turbulence model.Then,a three-factor,three-level response surface numerical test was conducted to investigate the influence of flow passage connection type,cavity diameter and cavity length-diameter ratio on pressure loss.The results show that the Box-Benhnken Design(BBD)model can predict the total pressure loss accurately.The optimal factor level appeared in flow passage connection type II,14.64 mm diameter and 67.53%cavity length-diameter ratio.The total pressure loss decreased by 11.15%relative to the worst factor level,and total pressure loss can be reduced by 64.75%when using an arc transition right-angled flow passage,which indicates a new direction for the optimization design of flow passage in hydraulic manifold blocks.

Comparison of Flow Characteristics Around Refractive and Right-angled Groins in Barotropic and Baroclinic Conditions

Groins are employed to prevent nearshore areas from erosion and to control the direction of flow. However, the groin structure and its associated flow characteristics are the main causes of local erosion. In this study, we investigate the flow patterns around refractive and right-angle groins. In particular, we analytically compare the flow characteristics around a refractive groin and study the degree of accuracy that can be achieved by using a right-angle groin of various projected lengths. To compare the flow characteristics, we replaced the right-angle groin with an approximation of a refractive groin. This replacement had the least effect on the maximum velocity of flow in the channel. Moreover, we investigated the distribution of the density variables of temperature and salinity, and their effects on the flow characteristics around the right-angle groin. A comparison of the flow analysis results in baroclinic and barotropic conditions reveals that the flow characteristic values are very similar for both the refractive and right-angle groins. The geometry of the groin, i.e., right-angle or refractive, has little effect on the maximum speed to relative average speed. Apart from the angular separation, the arm length of the groin in downstream refractive groins has less effect on other flow characteristics than do upstream refractive groins. We also correlated a number of non-dimensional variables with respect to various flow characteristics and groin geometry. These comparisons indicate that the correlation between the thalweg height and width of the channel and groin arm＇s length to projection length have been approximated using linear and nonlinear formulas regardless of inner velocity in the subcritical flow.

Effect of periodic heat transfer on the transient thermal behavior of a convective-radiative fully wet porous moving trapezoidal fin

A moving trapezoidal profiled convective-radiative porous longitudinal fin wetted in a single-phase fluid is considered in the current article.The periodic variation in the fin base temperature is taken into account along with the temperature sensitive thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer coefficients.The modeled problem,which is resolved into a non-linear partial differential equation(PDE),is made dimensionless and solved by employing the finite difference method(FDM).The results are displayed through graphs and discussed.The effects of amplitude,frequency of oscillation,wet nature,Peclet number,and other relevant quantities on the distribution of temperature through the fin length and with the dimensionless time are investigated.It is deciphered that the periodic heat transfer gives rise to the wavy nature of the fin thermal profile against time.The analysis is beneficial in the design of fin structures for applications like solar collectors,space/airborne applications,and refrigeration industries.

Text Sentiment Analysis Based on Multi-Layer Bi-Directional LSTM with a Trapezoidal Structure

Sentiment analysis,commonly called opinion mining or emotion artificial intelligence(AI),employs biometrics,computational linguistics,nat-ural language processing,and text analysis to systematically identify,extract,measure,and investigate affective states and subjective data.Sentiment analy-sis algorithms include emotion lexicon,traditional machine learning,and deep learning.In the text sentiment analysis algorithm based on a neural network,multi-layer Bi-directional long short-term memory(LSTM)is widely used,but the parameter amount of this model is too huge.Hence,this paper proposes a Bi-directional LSTM with a trapezoidal structure model.The design of the trapezoidal structure is derived from classic neural networks,such as LeNet-5 and AlexNet.These classic models have trapezoidal-like structures,and these structures have achieved success in the field of deep learning.There are two benefits to using the Bi-directional LSTM with a trapezoidal structure.One is that compared with the single-layer configuration,using the of the multi-layer structure can better extract the high-dimensional features of the text.Another is that using the trapezoidal structure can reduce the model’s parameters.This paper introduces the Bi-directional LSTM with a trapezoidal structure model in detail and uses Stanford sentiment treebank 2(STS-2)for experiments.It can be seen from the experimental results that the trapezoidal structure model and the normal structure model have similar performances.However,the trapezoidal structure model parameters are 35.75%less than the normal structure model.

High frequency doubling efficiency THz GaAs Schottky barrier diode based on inverted trapezoidal epitaxial cross-section structure

A high-performance terahertz Schottky barrier diode(SBD)with an inverted trapezoidal epitaxial cross-sectional structure featuring high varactor characteristics and reverse breakdown characteristics is reported in this paper.Inductively coupled plasma dry etching and dissolution wet etching are used to define the profile of the epitaxial layer,by which the voltage-dependent variation trend of the thickness of the metal-semiconductor contact depletion layer is modified.The simulation of the inverted trapezoidal epitaxial cross-section SBD is also conducted to explain the physical mechanism of the electric field and space charge region area.Compared with the normal structure,the grading coefficient M increases from 0.47 to 0.52,and the capacitance modulation ratio(C^(max)/C_(min))increases from 6.70 to 7.61.The inverted trapezoidal epitaxial cross-section structure is a promising approach to improve the variable-capacity ratio by eliminating the accumulation of charge at the Schottky electrode edge.A 190 GHz frequency doubler based on the inverted trapezoidal epitaxial cross-section SBD also shows a doubling efficiency of 35%compared to that 30%of a normal SBD.

Analysis of Friction and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Tubes with Trapezoidal Cut Twisted Tape Inserts

The thermo-hydraulic properties of circular tubes with a twisted tape inside(used accordingly to induce turbulence and enhance heat transfer through the tube wall)are described for Reynolds Numbers ranging from 830 to 1990.Tapes twisted with the three distinct twist ratios are considered,namely,6,4.4 and 3.Air is used as the working fluid in several tests.For the sake of comparison,the standard tube with no insert is also examined.It is shown that in the presence of the twisted tape,the‘frictional factor’,‘Nusselt Number’and the‘thermal performance factor’are much higher than those obtained for the plain tube.Moreover,the tapes having the lowest twist ratio,i.e.,3,are more effective than the others in terms of heat transfer augmentation.The‘thermal performance factor’is greater than one for all the twisted tapes used in the experiments,which confirms the enhanced performances of the heat exchanger and the related savings in terms of total energy.

Modeling of Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer in a Trapezoidal Porous Bed on a Grid

We investigate heat and mass transfer in an isosceles trapezoidal cavity, filled with charcoal considered as a granular porous medium. The Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer flow model is coupled to the energy and mass equations with the assumption of non-thermal equilibrium. These equations are discretized by the finite volume method with an offset mesh and then solved by the line-by-line method of Thomas. The coupling between pressure and velocity is obtained by Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations. (SIMPLE) algorithm. The results show that the temperature in the cavity increases when the inclination angle of the sides walls decreases. The 15° inclination is selected as being able to offer better thermal performance in the cookstove combustion chamber.

Arithmetic Operations of Generalized Trapezoidal Picture Fuzzy Numbers by Vertex Method

In this article, we define the arithmetic operations of generalized trapezoidal picture fuzzy numbers by vertex method which is assembled on a combination of the (α, γ, β)-cut concept and standard interval analysis. Various related properties are explored. Finally, some computations of picture fuzzy functions over generalized picture fuzzy variables are illustrated by using our proposed technique.

梯形透明角膜切口在晶状体超声乳化术患者治疗中的临床效果

目的探讨梯形透明角膜切口在晶状体超声乳化术患者治疗中的临床效果。方法选取行晶状体超声乳化术的患者57例(68眼)作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将患者分为常规切口组和梯形切口组。常规切口组28例(34眼),男15眼,女19眼,年龄41~82(65.0±10.1)岁;梯形切口组29例(34眼),男21眼,女13眼,年龄46~87(66.0±11.1)岁。两组患者均接受白内障超声乳化吸出联合人工晶状体植入术,常规切口组采用3.0 mm透明角膜切口,梯形切口组为改进的梯形透明角膜切口。比较两组患者术后裸眼视力、眼压及角膜散光度以及术中及术后并发症发生情况。结果术后1周及3个月梯形切口组患者裸眼视力均优于常规切口组,差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.05);术后1周、1个月及3个月两组患者眼压及角膜散光度差异均无统计学意义(均为P>0.05)。术中常规切口组患者出现前房塌陷的眼数以及需要水密切口的眼数均大于梯形切口组,差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.05);术后常规切口组患者出现切口水肿、切口哆开的眼数均大于梯形切口组,差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.05)。术中常规切口组因前房变浅出现人工晶状体移位18眼,水密切口前房形成后人工晶状体位置正常;水密时2眼发生虹膜脱出切口嵌顿、3眼发生人工晶状体囊袋内旋转或囊口嵌顿。术中梯形切口组患者术毕3眼发生前房变浅,使用水密切口形成前房;无人工晶状体前囊口嵌顿、移位或虹膜脱出等情况。结论改良的梯形透明角膜切口可以在保证白内障患者术中前房稳定性的同时有效防止因术中前房塌陷而导致的人工晶状体移位,也能减少冲洗针头水密切口引起的相关并发症,使患者尽早恢复视力。

基于等腰梯形截面的多层单道有限元几何建模及合理性分析

提出了一种基于等腰梯形截面的WAAM多层单道有限元热力耦合仿真建模方法。首先,基于单层单道的等腰梯形函数模型,建立多层单道梯形函数模型。然后,通过对比多层单道的梯形函数模型和抛物线函数模型的几何偏差和散热性能指标,验证了多层单道梯形函数模型的合理性,并对多层单道沉积过程进行热力耦合仿真分析和对应的试验验证。仿真与试验结果表明,多层单道梯形函数模型的模拟结果与抛物线函数模型及试验结果均吻合较好,计算效率也得到一定的提高。

便携式数字多道脉冲幅度分析器的设计

为便于野外测试,设计了一款便携式的数字多道脉冲幅度分析器。采用ARM+FPGA的设计方案,通过嵌入式Linux系统实现控制和用户交互。脉冲信号经调理电路处理后,由采样电路转为数字信号,并在FPGA中完成滤波成形等数字处理,最终由嵌入式系统处理并显示能谱图。采用银粉样品测试,全能峰处能量分辨率为2.80%,道址漂移在2个道址以内,能够满足设计要求。

高地下水水位冻土区梯形渠道衬砌冻胀破坏断裂力学模型

冻胀荷载作用下初始裂纹的形成、扩展导致衬砌结构的断裂是寒区衬砌渠道冻害的主要原因之一。在已有研究基础上,综合考虑地下水水位影响的梯形渠道冻胀力学分析方法及线弹性断裂力学理论,提出高地下水水位梯形渠道冻胀断裂力学分析框架。该模型将衬砌结构表面初始裂纹的失稳扩展及开裂破坏简化为Ⅰ型断裂力学问题,并提出应力强度因子与危险截面位置的计算方法。以塔里木灌区某梯形渠道为原型分析地下水埋深w对衬砌各截面应力强度因子K_(FⅠ)(x)及合理板厚d r的影响规律。结果表明:地下水补给条件对K_(FⅠ)(x)的大小影响显著;当w减小时,K_(FⅠ)(x)呈非线性增大,此时渠道冻害风险也增大,与事实相符。地下水埋深越浅,保证结构安全所需衬砌板的合理厚度d r越大;当地下水埋深为3.0 m时,建议使用的合理板厚为9.0 cm。研究结果可为寒区渠道的抗冻胀设计提供科学依据。

基于模糊评判的无线传感器网络簇间数据转发算法

由于无线传感器网络在簇间数据转发过程中消耗能量较大、转发效率低,导致数据在转发过程中容易失效。为此,提出基于模糊评判的无线传感器网络簇间数据转发算法。建立无线传感器网络模型和通信模型,明确节点的运行方式和转发数据所消耗的能量,构建模糊综合评判模型,选取梯形隶属度函数计算传感器节点的相似度和活跃度,找出最佳转发节点,完成数据转发任务。仿真结果表明,所提算法的第一个节点死亡轮数和网络失效轮数最高为167和178,在仿真轮数达到1000轮时,该算法剩余的网络能量和节点平均能量分别为4 J和0.01 J,证明所提算法在数据转发过程中可消耗最少的能量,高效率地完成数据转发任务。

变权理论-梯形云模型融合的金属矿绿色开采评价研究

如何有效评价金属矿山绿色开采水平对于发展绿色矿业非常重要。针对目前金属矿绿色开采评价方法存在评价结果单一、忽略金属矿绿色开采指标数据的随机性和模糊性的问题,研究提出变权理论-梯形云模型融合的金属矿绿色开采评价方法。首先,构建金属矿绿色开采评价指标体系,综合使用组合赋权法和变权理论得到各项指标的变权权重;其次,利用梯形云模型计算每个指标在对应等级下的隶属度,并得出隶属度评价向量;最后,结合变权理论与梯形云模型并按最大隶属度原则实现对金属矿绿色开采情况的评价。此外,以某金属矿山为实例,计算并分析其评价结果。该实例表明此方法对金属矿绿色开采情况进行评价可行,可为金属矿绿色开采评价的问题提供参考。

梯形正交加劲钢板剪力墙抗侧性能分析

提出了一种梯形正交加劲钢板剪力墙(TSW)结构,利用有限元软件ABAQUS创建了TSW模型,在验证了有限元建模方法的准确性后,进行了TSW与网格密肋钢板剪力墙(GSW)结构的非线性推覆对比和滞回性能对比分析,并对TSW进行参数分析。结果表明:在单调加载下的非线性推覆对比中,相较于GSW,TSW的初始刚度、峰值荷载和屈服荷载分别提升了9%、18%和26%;在水平往复荷载下的滞回性能对比中,相较于GSW,TSW的初始刚度、屈服荷载、峰值荷载和延性分别提高9%、26%、16%和5%。TSW对钢板剪力墙的面外变形的抑制效果大于GSW。内嵌钢板设置梯形加劲肋可以改善其过早发生整体屈曲。加劲肋厚度和加劲肋高度可以显著提高TSW的抗震性能,但加劲肋底边宽度对TSW的影响可以忽略不计。建议加劲肋厚度为6 mm、加劲肋高度不超过60 mm。

Newton-Cotes公式的渐近展开及其应用

给出了(n+1)-点Newton-Cotes公式的渐近展开,作为特例,得到了梯形求积公式和Simpson求积公式及其复化形式的渐近展开,分析了与Euler-Maclaurin展开的区别与联系,指出从复化Simpson求积公式出发,可得到数值积分的高阶Romberg算法.