General Provisions of the Civil Law and Commercial Legislation: Consensus, Problems and Options——Taking Commercial Agency as an Example

In the context of the codification of China's Civil Code, the academic consensus has been to make commercial legislation systematic and establish commercial norms with proper legislative expression. Many direct and indirect commercial norms in General Provisions of the Civil Law provide evidence that civil law has been turned into commercial law. However, a general overview shows that the absence of related norms, including agency in duty, reveals that General Provisions of the Civil Law is lacking commercial law's characteristics. In addition to the Civil Code, using General Rules of Commercial Law is a relatively reasonable choice for commercial legislative arrangements, such as norms in relation to agency in duty. Taking commercial agency as an example, legislators should adopt problem-oriented and limited systematic patterns of "residue law" instead of unified patterns of codification.

The Notion of Efficiency in China’s Civil Law Scholarship

The pursuit of economic efficiency is the major driver for the birth of contemporary Chinese civil law.Contemporary civil law scholarship has demonstrated a serious concern for efficiency from the very beginning.However,many examples suggest that the notion of economic efficiency is often diluted or replaced by factors like civil law doctrinal scholasticism,moral notions,inertial thinking of the planned economy or the will of the leader.It has not been systematically attended to or expressed in a detailed and precise way in the contemporary civil law scholarship in China,rendering some economic judgments uneconomical.In the 21 st century,it is necessary for the civil law studies to establish a clearer and more precise notion of efficiency,to conduct more direct and accurate evaluations on civil laws’incentives on people’s behaviors and their socio-economic effects,so as to reduce the cost of social interactions and promote deeper cooperation and winwin outcome among individuals.

How does the Civil Code Process the Civil and Commercial Relations According to the Insurance Law

The relationship between the civil law and commercial law is a long-standing issue of controversy in the area of private law, and it is also an issue of unavoidably legislative selection during the codification the civil code in almost every country. Since the founding of the People Republic of China, China has carried out the codification of civil code for four times, and since the part^s eighteen plenary session officially proposed the ＇codification of civil code＇, the issue of the civil and conmaercial relation draws the attention again, either unification or division of civil and commercial law directly affects the system and content of the civil code, and affects how to process the relationship between the civil law and commercial law during the codification of the civil code as well. The codification of the civil code should not only consider the legislative tradition of the civil and commercial legislation and the current legal system, but also pursue characteristics of the commercial law, in a system of combining civil and commercial law, through adding commercial law into the general principle of civil law; the existing commercial law should be separately retained.

Research on the Operation Mechanism of Claim in Civil Procedure Law and the Applications on Court Trial Way Reform

In this paper, we conduct research on the operation mechanism of claim in civil procedure law and the applications on the court trial way reform. The ultimate goal of the rule of law lies in identifying and protecting the rights of citizens. Way to protect the rights of citizens is diverse, but the judicial relief is the most basic and important form of insurance. Everyone can “into” the court and get the impartiality of the judicial relief, is a measure of a country judicial level height and the rule of law implementation degree of important yardstick. Judicial system and judicial procedure to build and build a better, if the subject of litigation rights are not being met and the safeguard, can’t get through the door and it is the legislators and legal scholars over the many efforts are meaningless, under this basic condition, we propose the new perspective on the corresponding issues that is necessary.

On China’s Civil Law Codification and the Development of China’s Civil Law Scholarship

The development of the theoretical system of civil law scholarship and the codification of civil law are closely related and of promotional function to each other.The codification of civil law can promote the systematization of civil law scholarship,perfection of the value system,development and modernization of civil law studies,and the systematization of legal hermeneutics.The subjectivity of China’s civil law scholarship,i.e.,the notions of problem-orientation,nativeness,practice,the times and innovations,can be improved during China’s civil law codification.The codification of civil law can promote the development of a theoretical system of civil law scholarship with Chinese characteristics,including the development of diversified elements such as values,content,system,hermeneutics and methods of civil law.

A SUMMARY OF THE CIVIL AVIATION LAW

Early in 1979,China beganconsidering the drawing up of alaw to govern and standardize theactivities of its civil air operations. At that time,air legislation wassomething nonexistent in China.Thedraft team assembled forces totranslate the air laws of various foreigncountries,including the United States,Britain,Japan and the former SovietUnion,and the relevant internationalconventions,and conducted a deep-going study of them.They also madeinspection tours of the United States,Canada,Britain and Germany.Onthe basis of the study of and withreference to the advanced legislativepractices in foreign countries,thedraft team put forward its first draft ofthe air law in July 1983,in accordancewith the actual conditions of thecountry.It was not,however,submitted to an executive meetingof the State Council for examinationand discussion because a series ofmajor problems such as air trafficcontrol and the control over theairworthiness of aircraft,had to befurther investigated and studied.

On the protection of the right of privacy of patients by the civil law

The development of China＇s medical industry is very fast, which has provided a great help for people, but in the process, there are also a lot of problems violating the privacy of the patients. Based on these circumstances, we must offer the maximum protection of the privacy of the patients. From the point of view of the civil law, the medical institutions or the medical professionals must respect the patients, and protect the patients＇ privacy, so as to build a more harmonious relationship between the doctors and the patients.

美国生物安全信息披露豁免制度研究——以“Civil Beat Law Center诉CDC案”为例

美国在以《自由信息法案》为核心的信息披露制度体系中,通过衔接《公共卫生安全和生物恐怖主义预防和应对法案》,将生物安全信息披露豁免纳入政府信息披露豁免规则之中。本文基于Civil Beat Law Center诉CDC信息披露豁免案来分析美国生物安全信息披露豁免所涉法律适用、解释原则、运行方式等,试洞见其相关披露制度运行的特点和所存在的问题,以期能有助于国内相关的研究。

An Empirical Analysis of the Impact of the Contract Book of the Civil Code on Labor Dispute Trial Practices:A Study of Four Hundred Judgments

Interpretation(I)of the Supreme People’s Court of Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Labor Dispute Cases allows for the application of pertinent laws and regulations,including the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China(hereinafter referred to as the“Civil Code”),in labor dispute cases.This has resolved the controversy over the relationship between civil law and labor law in academic and practical communities.In view of this development,we examined four hundred judicial documents,analyzing the focal points of disputes,the reasoning behind judgments,applicable laws,and judgment results.Our study identified seven impacts of the Contract Book of the Civil Code on labor dispute trial practices,exploring the underlying logic behind these changes and proposing policy suggestions to promote consistent judgments across jurisdictions,enhance judicial credibility,and encourage employers to govern enterprises in compliance with the law while empowering employees to safeguard their rights in accordance with relevant laws and regulations.

The Protection of the Right to Dignity in the Connection and Interaction between the Constitution and Civil Law

In the report of 19;National Congress of the Communist Party of China,General Secretary Xi Jinping said that China seeks to"accelerate development of the crime prevention and control system,combat and punish in accordance with law all illegal and criminal activities such as pornography,gambling,drug abuse,gang violence,kidnapping,and fraud,and protect people’s personal rights,property rights,and right

法理学视阈下的生态文明法治

党的十八大以来,习近平总书记对生态文明建设作出一系列重要论述,提出“人与自然生命共同体”理念,强调人与自然关系在新高度上的辩证统一关系,让人类对人与自然之间关系的认识达到了一个全新的高度。“生态文明”成为我国的治国方略写进了宪法,标志着“生态法治”成为我国法治一项新的重要内容。“生态法治”已经成为我国法治的一个重要价值理念,成为我国社会主义法治所要追求的目标之一,是我国社会主义法治思想的升级进步。它把此前“保护环境”的制度规范上升到“法理价值”的哲学层面,从而将对我国整个法律体系带来根本性的影响。从法理学的角度阐释“生态法治”,可以丰富我国法学理论的内容,还能为“生态法治”建设提供理论指导。

数字时代图书馆法治建设高质量发展的五维审思

图书馆是文化资源的储存库和提取库,担负着凝聚民族亲和力与团结力的历史使命。数字时代《公共图书馆法》及其相关法律为数字化法治化图书馆的设立、运行及服务等提供了规范依据,呈现出布局时空、内驱外引、业态迭新、为民服务的发展优势。2023年2月中共中央、国务院相继印发《质量强国建设纲要》,指出要大力推动图书馆、博物馆等公共文化场馆数字化发展,加快线上线下服务融合。图书馆所蕴含的文化、教育、开放、共享等价值理念成为人民实现和平与发展的精神品格,有助于保障人民公共利益权利,有助于满足人民群众对文化资源获取的美好期待,有助于团结全体人民智慧共建人类文明共同体。

人类文明形态演进的生命辩证法

马克思的世界观实现了相对于旧哲学世界观的革命性变革,这就是把价值论的维度引入世界观,从而不仅回答了“世界是什么”的本体论问题,而且回答了“世界向何处去”的价值论问题。按照马克思的世界观,人类文明形态的演进本质上是人类这一物种寻求永生的过程。于是,世界历史进程便表现为人类文明形态不断演进的过程。文明形态的演进遵循辩证法原理,而人类通过文明形态的演进,展现了人类独特的生命活动形式,即生命辩证法。共产主义社会文明形态实现了人类文明中“自然法则”和“理性法则”的辩证统一,使人类这一物种的永久生存成为可能。

“Fundamental Rights and Private Law” in China

The Qi Yuling case is a crucial juncture in the study of “fundamental rights and private law” in China, yet relevant research is underpinned on two clues. The first is that the increasing interest in the “constitutionalization of private law” worldwide provides knowledge resources and reference materials for scholars in China;the second is the understanding and exploration of the judicial application of the Constitution since the 1980s. Among them, such concepts as “the Constitution has direct legal effect” and “the Constitution needs to be implemented by the people” could have directly affected the Qi Yuling case. Focusing on such topics as the case of Qi Yuling, judicial enforcement of the Constitution, and the compilation of the Civil Code, scholars discussed the ways and scope for inclu ding fundamental rights in private law based on their experience abroad. They also looked into specific issues, covering how fundamental rights affect civil acts and the private law effects fundamental rights like personality rights, equali ty rights, freedom of speech, and protection of personal information. In the context of promoting the full implementation of the Constitution in the new era, “fundamental rights and private law” is still a field with great potential in both practice and theory.

民法教学中的“一体化”思维模式培养

民法作为法学教学中最重要的一门专业课之一,一直面临一个不可回避的困难,即民法下属各分支领域之间的“思维壁垒”。为突破此困难,文章以请求权,这个民法理论和实践上的双重核心概念为支点,提出以“一体化”民事法律思维培养为中心的教学理念,并以“债权”,这个民法中最复杂、最特殊、最重要的分支为例,详细论证“一体化”思维模式培养的三个教学模块,即债权请求权的分类体系、债权请求权的抗辩体系和债权请求权的后置程序。同时根据上述内容改变传统的案例教学方法,形成一套能够适应“一体化”思维模式培养要求的案例教学方法。

社会主义核心价值观融入民法典的生成逻辑和实践向度

社会主义核心价值观与民法典形成相互影响、相互塑造的互构逻辑:社会主义核心价值观通过奠定思想灵魂塑造民法典的中国特色;民法典通过设定私法秩序形成社会主义核心价值观的运行规则。社会主义核心价值观融入民法典的生成逻辑包括德法合治的历史传统、法律和价值的耦合关系、民法典人民至上的价值旨归。社会主义核心价值观主要从立法、执法、司法、守法等不同层面融入民法典,具有宣示国家价值目标、引领社会价值取向、明确个人价值准则的重要作用。进一步厘清社会主义核心价值观融入民法典实践向度的具体方式和边界,有助于发挥社会主义核心价值观引领法治建设的重要作用。

股东抽逃出资公司法禁令的检视--兼论《公司法司法解释三》

新《公司法》第五十三条和第一百零五条是反映资本维持原则的核心条款,延续了原《公司法》关于公司股东“不得抽逃出资”或“不得抽回其股本”的禁止性规定,充实了股东和董监高的民事责任。但股东抽逃出资禁令无法反映“公司向股东返还财产”的实质,在术语上应予调整,在解释上应与“公司不得返还股东”保持一致。抽逃出资禁令反映了资本管制思想,与股东不履行出资义务、公司收购或回购股权、股东与公司之间关联交易、股东权利限制和失权、返还出资、赔偿责任等相互关联,已经成为一个内涵丰富、外延巨大的超级条款。在适用该禁令时,应当根据不同的给付方式,施加必要程序和数额限制,强化董监高的职责,合理关注股东的资产收益权。

论集体公益性建设用地使用权的法律构造

集体公益性建设用地使用权的法律供给严重不足,学者观点又存在较大分歧。在“房地一体”登记下,集体土地所有权的代表行使主体享有独立的集体公益性建设用地使用权,并应平等、补充适用《土地管理法》与《民法典》。界分村级组织集体公益性建设用地使用权的登记主体是村民委员会还是农村集体经济组织,应尽量登记给村民委员会。集体公益性建设用地使用权的设立宜采取拨用而非划拨的方式,并经登记生效;其不能抵押,但可以在不降低公益效用的前提下,经政府机关批准和集体成员民主议定,采取转让、互换等方式处分。集体公益性建设用地使用权因集体公益收回应当符合比例原则,因经营性转化应当明确转化的条件、程序、方式和收益分配。

反垄断检察民事公益诉讼制度之具体构造

我国修正后的《反垄断法》规定了检察民事公益诉讼制度,但立法条文较为粗略,亟需完成制度的具体构造,尤其要科学合理地确定起诉条件、受案范围和诉请事项等核心内容。在起诉条件方面,重点要准确把握“损害社会公共利益”这项标准,要将是否排除或严重限制竞争作为关注重点,同时考察是否损害了非特定的众多消费者利益;在受案范围上,应仅覆盖垄断协议、滥用市场支配地位行为,经营者集中不宜作为可诉的行为类型;在诉请事项方面,应以停止侵害为主,不提出赔偿损失诉请。

生态环境分区管控的基本逻辑、运行样态与法治进路

生态环境分区管控作为中国生态文明建设领域的特色制度创新,不仅是优化国土空间保护利用新格局的战略部署,也是习近平生态文明思想引领下的实践范例。对生态环境分区管控的逻辑论证和运行观察,发现:作为生态环境源头预防的基本性制度,生态环境分区管控根植于空间转向理论,蕴含着深厚的空间治理逻辑;生态环境分区管控以实现空间正义为价值目标,法治化是其制度发展的应然理路;法制供给滞后、法律内容残缺、配套机制缺失是掣肘生态环境分区管控战略实施和制度转型的主要动因。因此,提出要在明确立法策略的基础之上,按照内外在机理构筑生态环境分区管控的法治体系。