Trigger mechanism of loess-mudstone landslides inferred from ring shear tests and numerical simulation

Whereas loess-mudstone landslides are widely distributed and frequently occurred at the loess Plateau,this type of landslides is hard to detect due to its particularity,and easily generates serious losses.To clarify the shear characteristics and formation mechanism of loess-mudstone landslides,field investigations,ring shear tests and numerical simulation analyses were performed on the loess specimens collected from the Dingjiagou landslide in Yan’an city,China.The test results showed that both the peak strength and residual strength of slip zone soils have a decreasing tendency with moisture content,while the increasing of normal stress caused an increase in the shear strength.These phenomena indicate that the rise in the moisture content induced by precipitation or the decreasing of normal stress due to excavation activities would result in the weakening of slip zone soils.Numerical simulations of the evolution process of slope failure using the finite element method were conducted based on the Mohr–Coulomb criterion.It was found that the heavy precipitation played a more important role in the slope instability compared with the excavation.In addition,the field investigation showed that loess soils with well-developed cracks and underlying mudstone soils provide material base for the formation of loess-mudstone landslides.Finally,the formation mechanism of this type of landslides was divided into three stages,namely,the local deformation stage,the penetration stage,the creeping-sliding stage.This study may provide a basis for understanding the sliding process of loess-mudstone landslides,as well as guidelines for the prevention and mitigation of loess-mudstone landslides.

High-Speed Ring Shear Tests to Study the Motion and Acceleration Processes of the Yingong Landslide

In this paper, the motion and acceleration process, as well as the mechanism of a high speed and long run landslide are investigated by adopting high speed ring shear test and taking the landslide occurred at Yigong River in Bomi, Tibet on April 9, 2000 as the background. According to the motion characteristics of high-speed and long distance motion landside, the mechanism is studied under different conditions such as shear speed, consolidated drained and consolidated undrained status. Results show that high speed shearing process hinders and delays the dissipation of pore pressure, and drives pore water migrating to shear zone slowly. Both of water content and fine particle content at shear zone are obviously higher than those in other layers; and soil liquefaction occurs at shear zone in the saturated consolidated undrained ring shear tests. The effective internal friction angle of the consolidated undrained soil is much lower than that of the consolidated drained soil under ring shearing. The results also indicate that the shearing speed affecting the strength of soil to some extent. The higher the ring shearing speed is, the lower the strength of soil is. This investigation provides a preliminary interpretation of the mechanism of the motion and acceleration process of the Yigong landslide, occurred in Tibet in 2000.

Shear Failure Criterion and Constant Volume Ring Shear Testing Method for Clayey Soil

This paper discusses the shortcomings of the traditional Coulomb shear criterion and the direct shear-box testing method used for clayey soil and presents a modified shear criterion that considers the elasto-plastic behavior of cohesive soil. This modified approach involves direct shear testing under constant volume, a method that has been developed by the author. A modified ring shear apparatus and the theory behind the shear criterion and its implication for slope stability analysis are then discussed and the results of investigated tuffitic clayey sediments are presented. The results show that the presented new shear criterion does not consider the cohesion as material constant, but rather it depends on the void ratio. In this case, the stress state and the consolidation status and thus the elasto-plastic behavior of the clayey soil are considered.

A vector sum analysis method for stability evolution of expansive soil slope considering shear zone damage softening

Slope stability analysis is a classical mechanical problem in geotechnical engineering and engineering geology.It is of great significance to study the stability evolution of expansive soil slopes for engineering construction in expansive soil areas.Most of the existing studies evaluate the slope stability by analyzing the limit equilibrium state of the slope,and the analysis method for the stability evolution considering the damage softening of the shear zone is lacking.In this study,the large deformation shear mechanical behavior of expansive soil was investigated by ring shear test.The damage softening characteristic of expansive soil in the shear zone was analyzed,and a shear damage model reflecting the damage softening behavior of expansive soil was derived based on the damage theory.Finally,by skillfully combining the vector sum method and the shear damage model,an analysis method for the stability evolution of the expansive soil slope considering the shear zone damage softening was proposed.The results show that the shear zone subjected to large displacement shear deformation exhibits an obvious damage softening phenomenon.The damage variable equation based on the logistic function can be well used to describe the shear damage characteristics of expansive soil,and the proposed shear damage model is in good agreement with the ring shear test results.The vector sum method considering the damage softening behavior of the shear zone can be well applied to analyze the stability evolution characteristics of the expansive soil slope.The stability factor of the expansive soil slope decreases with the increase of shear displacement,showing an obvious progressive failure behavior.

Numerical Simulation of Rainfall-induced Xianchi Reservoir Landslide in Yunyang,Chongqing,China

A calamitous landslide happened at 22:00 on September 1,2014 in the Yunyang area of Chongqing City,southwest China,enforcing the evacuation of 508 people and damaging 23 buildings.The landslide volume comprised 1.44 million m^(3) of material in the source area and 0.4 million m^(3) of shoveled material.The debris flow runout extended 400 m vertically and 1600 m horizontally.The Xianchi reservoir landslide event has been investigated as follows:(1)samples collected from the main body of landslide were carried out using GCTS ring shear apparatus;(2)the parameters of shear and pore water pressure have been measured;and(3)the post-failure characteristics of landslide have been analyzed using the numerical simulation method.The excess pore-water pressure and erosion in the motion path are considered to be the key reasons for the long-runout motion and the scale-up of landslides,such as that at Xianchi,were caused by the heavy rainfall.The aim of this paper is to acquired numerical parameters and the basic resistance model,which is beneficial to improve simulation accuracy for hazard assessment for similar to potentially dangerous hillslopes in China and elsewhere.

双层滑带滑坡土环剪试验与稳定性分析

以云南省文山至麻栗坡高速公路K39段复合型双层滑带滑坡为例,采用室内环剪试验探明该滑坡深层、浅层滑带各自的残余强度,分析不同含水率、法向应力和剪切速率对滑带土残余强度的影响;采用FLAC3D软件进行数值模拟,基于滑坡应力-应变历史对滑坡稳定性进行评价。结果表明:滑带土在低含水率情况下力学强度较高,饱和状态抗剪强度参数表现出明显的衰减趋势;在地下水位保持高位时,深层滑带更易发生渐进式蠕动滑移。模拟结果显示:滑坡的深层滑带应力集中现象较为显著,浅层滑坡危险性较小,滑坡在暴雨工况下整体稳定性明显降低,存在一定风险,可通过设置排水洞等降水措施进行治理。

固–液相变含水率区间松散土石体中细粒组分抗剪特性试验

松散土石体在泥水作用下易引发地质灾害,其中细粒组分在高含水率下的抗剪性能骤然劣化是触发相变失稳的重要因素之一。基于环剪试验,对三峡库区某滑坡松散土石体试样设计试验方案,研究细组构由软塑~流塑发展的固-液相变全过程抗剪特性演化规律。结果表明:松散土石体试样为粗细组分二元特征较强的级配不良土体介质,其中,细粒组分在原状干密度条件下的饱和含水率为23.6%,液塑限分别为27.2和18.1,据此选定含水率23.6%~29.0%范围中的5个取值制定试验方案,可完整覆盖细粒组分的软塑~流塑相变;含水率为25.0%、26.0%和27.0%时,试样处软塑状态,在低法向压力下均可顺利开展环剪试验;其中,含水率25.0%试样恰进入软塑态,较含水率23.6%试样的峰值和残余内摩擦角分别降低23.5%和18.6%,峰值和残余黏聚力均降低超过80%。含水率为28.0%和29.0%时,试样已处于流塑状态,仅在无法向压力时可顺利开展环剪试验,且抗剪强度极低,其物理意义贴近于高黏稠泥浆的黏滞性;根据试样的黏聚力c在进入软塑状态时基本丧失,而内摩擦角φ表现为在软塑区间随含水率增加而逐步降低,进而触及液限骤然丧失的特性分析,c和φ劣化过程异步;经单元体受力模式和概化分析认为,相变前软塑状态试样静止侧压力系数K0的激增缓解了φ值的大幅骤降。

风积砂-黄土混合料与钢界面的环形剪切力学特性

黄土高原北侧与诸多沙漠接壤,形成了广泛分布的风积砂-黄土混合区。不同比例条件下的风积砂-黄土混合料会呈现不同的物理力学特征,且风积砂-黄土混合料地基现场施工和使用过程中常与其他材料产生界面接触力学行为,相关研究目前鲜有述及。鉴于此,本工作获得了不同掺砂率条件下的混合料最大干密度,配制相同压实度和不同掺砂率的风积砂-黄土混合料环状试样,开展不同竖向压力和剪切速率条件下的混合料与钢制界面的环形剪切试验,借助扫描电镜观测不同混合料的颗粒分布特征以及颗粒破碎特征,揭示风积砂-黄土混合料与钢制界面环形条件下的残余强度形成机制。结果表明,随着掺砂率的增大,风积砂-黄土混合料的物理力学特征由黄土向砂土过渡。竖向压力小于100 kPa条件下,混合料产生剪胀的概率增大。混合料与钢界面之间的残余强度与竖向压力呈线性关系,变化趋势符合摩尔-库仑定律。随着掺砂率的增大,风积砂颗粒破碎效应增大,混合料与钢界面之间的残余内摩擦角及残余黏聚力均会减小。剪切速率的增大会缩短混合料与钢界面之间的接触时间,两者之间的接触、咬合效应尚不足以发挥作用进而减小了界面残余强度。研究结果预测了风积砂中掺入黄土的比例,可以为风积砂地基处理提供有益参考,也可为风积砂-黄土混合料施工力学行为研究提供科学借鉴。

不同初始饱和度条件下高液限滑带土环剪试验

针对某高速公路沿线边坡滑带土,开展了一系列环剪试验研究含水率对其残余强度的影响。制作1.20 g·cm^(-3)和1.35 g·cm^(-3)两种干密度条件下初始饱和度为25%、45%、65%、85%和100%的滑带土试样,在100 kPa、200 kPa和400 kPa正应力条件下开展试验,获得了滑带土剪应力与剪切角关系曲线。根据曲线得到残余剪切强度,得出滑带土的残余强度参数。结果表明,当正应力为100 kPa时,初始饱和度对滑带土残余强度影响不明显,当正应力为200 kPa和400 kPa时,初始饱和度增大将使残余强度降低。当干密度为1.35 g·cm^(-3)时,残余黏聚力随初始饱和度增加而增加,而当干密度为1.20 g·cm^(-3)时则表现出先增后减的规律。对于两种干密度的滑带土,残余摩擦角均随初始饱和度增加而减小。低干密度条件下残余强度参数随初始饱和度的变化更敏感。

环端面不平整条件下衬砌管片抗剪承载特性研究

在衬砌管片拼装过程中难免出现环端面不平整(或环缝间垫片局部脱空)的情形,进而在顶推力作用下管片容易产生局部开裂破损,严重时甚至危及衬砌结构安全。鉴于此,以衬砌管片抗剪原型试验为基础,在ABAQUS数值分析平台上建立P2型标准块管片的精细化模型,管片上部设置千斤顶靴板,底部设置垫片并使右侧垫片脱空。在靴板上逐级施加均布荷载,以分析局部脱空情况下衬砌管片在逐级顶推力作用下的力学响应,探讨环端面不平整条件下衬砌管片的裂缝发展过程及抗剪承载特性。数值模拟结果表明:顶推力加载至850 kN,管片脱空端竖向位移达到2 mm,管片内弧面上部出现第1道裂缝,内置钢筋仍处于弹性阶段;加载至1120 kN,脱空端竖向位移达到6 mm,内弧面上出现2道新裂缝,同时第1道裂缝进一步扩展形成内外贯穿性裂缝,即管片裂缝发展过程大致为内弧面→上环端面→外弧面,且裂缝附近上层纵向钢筋达到屈服强度;考虑到内外贯穿裂缝给衬砌管片带来较大渗漏水隐患,认为P2型标准块管片的抗剪承载力(即屈服荷载)约为1120 kN。将数值模拟结果与原型试验结果进行对比,二者所得管片裂缝分布与扩展规律大致一致,抗剪承载力基本相符,验证了数值模拟结果的可靠性。研究成果可为盾构隧道的衬砌设计与掘进施工提供参考依据。

不同膨胀潜势等级的膨胀土残余强度环剪试验研究

为探讨不同膨胀潜势等级的膨胀土残余强度与其成分特征的相关性,采用经自主改装的环剪仪开展Denver强膨胀土、荆门中、弱膨胀土环剪试验研究,并与排水反复直接剪切试验结果进行系统对比分析,在此基础上,用实测结果探讨残余强度与土成分特征相关关系的适用性。结果表明:(1)环剪试验测得Denver强膨胀土、荆门中、弱膨胀土有效残余强度内摩擦角分别为11.3°,12.3°,23.7°,比排水反复直接剪切试验测得的低1.7°~3.3°,并无应力相关性且具很好精度,更适于在工程中应用。(2)相关经验关系和公式存在高估或者低估膨胀土有效残余强度内摩擦角的情况。(3)残余强度与土成分特征间定性关系非常明确,上述经验关系对一般土性状况下残余强度预测较为准确;但在土成分复杂状况下,定量准确预测较为困难,这也反映出实测的重要性与必要性。

膨胀土残余强度的变速率效应及工程启示

残余强度对滑坡的变形、稳定性具有重要影响,滑坡运动全过程中往往涉及到变速率问题,具体表现为加速率和减速率作用。为研究膨胀土残余强度的加速率和减速率效应,开展了一系列变速率环剪试验,分析了膨胀土残余强度在不同加速率和减速率条件下的变化规律,并讨论了残余强度的加速率和减速率效应在滑坡不同变形发展阶段中起的作用。结果表明:加速率和减速率均对残余强度具有强化作用(正作用),加速率对残余强度的强化作用比减速率的更显著,在较大法向应力条件下残余强度的加速率和减速率效应更显著。残余强度的加速率和减速率效应是剪切速率变化导致剪切面状态变化的结果,剪切面上土颗粒在变速率条件下须重新调整以适应新的剪切速率条件,从而导致了残余强度变化。在滑坡运动全过程当中,残余强度的加速率和减速率效应对滑坡向减速堆积状态演化有利。

盾构隧道套筒-直螺栓新型环间接头抗剪性能研究

为在大直径盾构隧道中更好发挥接头的抗剪、定位功能,设计安装于管片环缝螺栓孔处、外套于螺栓的空心套筒,为了探究“直螺栓+套筒”新型环间接头的抗剪性能,以成都锦绣隧道为背景,建立环间接头的三维精细化数值模型,并开展足尺试验对数值模型的计算精度进行验证。结果表明:新型环间接头在抗剪过程中主要分为3个受力阶段:摩擦段、构件抗剪段和破坏失效段,其抗剪刚度随着错台的发展呈现出非线性。套筒对接头的抗剪性能有明显的强化作用,将超过其承载能力的剪切荷载平稳过渡给螺栓,避免了管片突然产生滑移错台,并对管片有一定的保护作用。套筒与直螺栓的受力配合机理为:在管片产生微小错台时,套筒发生弹性变形并承担主要剪力,随着错台量增大,套筒逐渐进入塑性状态,螺栓承担主要剪力。套筒的加入能显著改善环间接头对于微小错台的控制能力,并且由于其自身具备的导向定位功能,能在管片拼装阶段就达到降低错台率和错台量的效果。足尺试验表明新型接头的破坏形式为:套筒、螺栓进入塑性状态而失效,管片发生以螺栓孔为对称中心、与水平方向成30°~45°的对称剪切破坏,管片薄弱区域为螺栓孔附近位于管片内弧面一侧的钢筋混凝土。研究成果将为此类接头今后的工程应用提供参考。

基于环剪试验的蠕变型滑坡滑带力学性质——以甘肃舟曲地区锁儿头滑坡为例

蠕变型滑坡的变形与滑带力学性质关联十分紧密,研究不同含水率和不同砾石含量下滑带力学性质变化规律,对理解蠕变型滑坡的变形机制具有重要意义。以甘肃舟曲地区锁儿头滑坡滑带岩土体为研究对象,通过环剪试验探究滑带在不同含水率(15%、19%和22%)、不同砾石含量(0%、5%和15%)和不同剪切速率(0.5、3.0和30.0 mm·min^(-1))下的力学性质变化规律。结果表明:①在长距离剪切下,滑带抗剪强度随含水率的增加而减小,而滑带达到峰值强度所需位移随含水率的增加而增加,同时滑带的残余黏聚力随含水率的升高而显著降低;②滑带抗剪强度随砾石含量的增加而增加;③随着剪切速率的增加,滑带抗剪强度逐渐减小,并且内摩擦角也呈现明显下降趋势。结合区域背景,甘肃舟曲地区锁儿头滑坡的蠕变速率与季节性降雨及断裂活动有关。

细观数值模拟在“土力学”课程教学中的应用分析

“土力学”是高校土木工程的一门核心课程,需要学生理解土的力学行为,进而为土木工程的应用和实践打下基础。而土力学中传统的三轴试验和环剪试验需要花费大量时间,为了提高效率且有效达到“土力学”的教学培养目标,提出将细观数值模拟的离散元方法引入“土力学”教学中。以三轴试验和环剪试验为例,展现了模拟过程,从而发挥细观模拟中颗粒力链组构和变形场可视化的优势,加深学生对受剪切时土体从强度到临界状态演化过程的理解,进而提高学生的学习热情。

A new shear rheological model for a soft interlayer with varying water content

The rheological behavior of a soft interlayer is critical to understanding slope stability, which is closely related to the water content of the soft interlayer. This study used the soft interlayer of the Permian Maokou Formation in Southwest China as an example to perform ring shear creep tests with different water content amounts. The effect of water content on the creep properties of the soft interlayer was analyzed, and a new shear rheological model was established. This research produced several findings. First, the ring shear creep deformation of the soft interlayer samples varied with the water content and the maximum instantaneous shear strain increment occurred near the saturated water content. As the water content increased, the cumulative creep increment of the samples increased. Second, the water content significantly affected the long-term strength of the soft interlayer, which decreased with the increase of water content, exhibiting a negative linear correlation. Third, a constitutive equation for the new rheological model was derived, and through fitting of the ring shear creep test data, the validity and applicability of the constitutive equation were proven. This study has developed an important foundation for studying the long-term deformation characteristics of a soft interlayer with varying water content.

滑坡失稳运动过程的物质点法模拟及动力特性分析——以三峡库区盐关滑坡为例

滑坡失稳运动的动力学过程及影响范围对滑坡灾害的风险区划分和防控具有重要影响。为了能准确且系统地分析滑坡失稳运动过程中的动力特性变化,对三峡库区湖北省秭归县盐关滑坡失稳运动过程详细调查分析,通过滑带土的室内环剪试验获得其残余强度变化规律及不同剪切速率的滑带土运动参数。采用适用于大变形模拟计算的物质点法(MPM),再现了盐关滑坡的2次运动堆积过程,并分析了滑坡运动过程中的速度、能量、冲击力等动力特性的动态变化与阶段特征。结果表明,盐关滑坡物质点法(MPM)模拟结果与现场勘测运动距离和滑坡堆积形态相吻合;滑坡2次运动过程均经历失稳启动、加速滑动、减速堆积和停止4个阶段;第一、二次滑动分别在第10、31 s时达到了1.9、3.2 m/s的速度峰值,总动能为1.57×10^(7)、1.60×10^(8) J,冲击力峰值为7.82×10^(3)、3.87×10^(4) kN;滑坡平均速度、总动能及最大冲击力均随滑距增加呈现先增加后减小的变化趋势。物质点法应用于滑坡动力学分析取得较好的效果,室内环剪试验获取的控制滑坡运动的滑带土残余摩擦系数为物质点法模拟计算提供了可靠的数据支撑。滑坡失稳运动过程的动力学特征在滑坡灾害范围和危害程度预测及风险评价中具有重要意义。

土工格室加筋砂土大型叠环式剪切试验研究

为了研究土工格室在不同法向应力下的筋土界面剪切特性,采用DW1280L电液伺服直剪拉拔试验系统开展了大型叠环式剪切试验,分析不同剪切条件下剪切应力、轴向位移变化、叠环水平位移大小及土工格室应力应变规律,并对加筋效果进行对比分析。研究表明:剪切过程中土体形态先剪缩后剪胀直至趋于稳定,且轴向位移与法向应力呈负相关;筋-土界面的剪切带远小于剪切影响范围,且土工格室-砂土界面加筋影响范围更广;在剪切试验中,靠近水平加载位置的土工格室承担荷载时先发挥加筋作用,随着剪切试验的进行其他位置的加筋效果逐渐发挥。研究结果可为实际工程中的土工格室应用及理论研究提供试验依据。

含盐量与纤维条件对加筋土抗剪强度的影响

采用SRS-150型动态环剪仪,对甘肃通渭地区黄土重塑并进行室内环剪试验,分析含盐量与纤维长度、掺量对聚丙烯纤维加筋土抗剪强度的影响,并通过扫描电镜试验分析其微观作用机制.结果表明,加筋土抗剪强度随含盐量的增加,表现为先减小后增大的趋势,含盐量的界限值为6%左右;当纤维掺量取0.2%、0.4%、0.6%时,加筋土峰值强度有明显提升,但对其残余强度影响不大;纤维长度越长,加筋土黏聚力越大,当纤维长度增长到9 mm以上时,黏聚力减小或增长变慢;在纤维掺量低于0.4%的情况下,加筋土内摩擦角受纤维长度的变化影响很小,当纤维掺量高于0.4%之后,纤维长度越长,内摩擦角越小;含盐量的增加会使土颗粒的双电子层厚度减小,使土颗粒间的黏结力增大,从而土体中颗粒聚集体越来越多,最终促使加筋土的抗剪强度发生变化.试验表明含盐量与纤维条件对加筋土抗剪强度的影响均存在一个界限值,这些可控因素对纤维加筋黄土边坡的加固及防护影响巨大,在实际工程应用中可围绕试验中的界限值进行相应调整.

基于渗透-环剪试验的三峡库区童家坪滑坡滑带土强度特性研究

滑带土对于滑坡的变形演化起到至关重要的控制作用,开展不同渗透条件下滑带土强度特性研究,对水库堆积层滑坡动态稳定性评价具有重要意义。针对目前在库岸堆积层滑坡滑带土渗透-力学特性方面研究薄弱的问题,以三峡库区童家坪滑坡滑带土为研究对象,采用ARS环剪仪和自主研发的渗透-环剪耦合装置,开展了多种渗透条件下的环剪试验,研究了不同渗透循环次数、循环渗透压变化量、初始渗透压以及恒定渗透压作用下滑带土残余强度特性。试验结果表明:试样在渗透-环剪试验中易出现“应变软化”现象,并且随渗透循环次数的增加而愈发明显;渗透循环会显著削弱滑带土的黏聚力的大小;在相同剪切应力条件下,经渗透作用的各滑带土试样剪应力变化趋势基本一致,残余强度与渗透压呈负相关关系。研究成果揭示了不同渗透-环剪条件下滑带土力学强度弱化规律,为水库运行条件下堆积层滑坡力学机制研究提供了基础。