Trade credit,as an effective tool for integrating and coordinating material,information,and financial flows in supply chain management,is becoming increasingly widespread.We explore how a manufacturer can design optim...Trade credit,as an effective tool for integrating and coordinating material,information,and financial flows in supply chain management,is becoming increasingly widespread.We explore how a manufacturer can design optimal trade credit contracts when a risk-averse retailer hides its sales cost information(adverse selection)and selling effort level(moral hazard).We develop incentive models for a risk-averse supply chain when adverse selection and moral hazard coexist,which are then compared with the results under single information asymmetry(moral hazard).Moreover,we analyze the effects of private information and risk-aversion coefficient on contract parameters,selling effort level and the profit or utility of the supply chain.The study shows that when the degree of retailer’s risk aversion is within a certain range,reasonable trade credit contracts designed by the manufacturer can effectively induce the retailer to report its real sales cost and encourage it to exert appropriate effort.Furthermore,we find that the optimal trade credit period,optimal transfer payment,and retailer’s optimal sales effort level under dual information asymmetry are less than those under single information asymmetry.Numerical analysis are conducted to demonstrate the effects of the parameters on decisions and profits.展开更多
This work focuses on the best financial resources allocation to define a wind power plant portfolio, considering a set of feasible sites. To accomplish the problem formulation and solution, the first step was to estab...This work focuses on the best financial resources allocation to define a wind power plant portfolio, considering a set of feasible sites. To accomplish the problem formulation and solution, the first step was to establish a long-term wind series reconstruction methodology for generating scenarios of wind energy, applying it to study five different locations of the Brazilian territory. Secondly, a risk-averse stochastic optimization model was implemented and used to define the optimal wind power plant selection </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">that</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> maximize</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the portfolio financial results, considering an investment budget constraint. In a sequence, a case study was developed to illustrate a practical situation of applying the methodology to the portfolio selection problem, considering five wind power plant</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> options. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The case</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> study was supported by the proposed optimization model, using the scenarios of generation created by the reconstruction methodology. The obtained results show the model performance in terms of defining the best financial resources allocation considering the effect of the complementarity between sites, making it feasible to select the optimal set of wind power plants, characterizing a wind plant optimal portfolio that takes into account the budget constraint. The adopted methodology makes it possible to realize that the diversification of the portfolio depends on the investor risk aversion. Although applied to the Brazilian case, this model can be customized to solve a similar problem worldwide.展开更多
This study explored the effects of ambiguity on the calculation of Value-at-Risk(VaR)using a mathematical model based on the theory of Choquet-Brownian processes.It was found that while a moderate degree of ambiguity ...This study explored the effects of ambiguity on the calculation of Value-at-Risk(VaR)using a mathematical model based on the theory of Choquet-Brownian processes.It was found that while a moderate degree of ambiguity aversion yields a higher value for VaR and Expected Shortfall(ES),the result can be reversed in a deeply ambiguous environment.Additionally,some sufficient conditions are provided for the preservation of this effect under various forms of risk aggregation.This study offers a new perspective to full awareness on capital requirement calculation as requested by international regulation.展开更多
Introduction and Objectives: Soil-Transmitted-Helminthiasis (STH) is a public health problem in Cameroon. The control strategies currently in place, particularly chemoprevention, has shortcomings linked to the target ...Introduction and Objectives: Soil-Transmitted-Helminthiasis (STH) is a public health problem in Cameroon. The control strategies currently in place, particularly chemoprevention, has shortcomings linked to the target population, which are school-age children. The objective was to determine the prevalence and the risk factors associated with geo-helminthiasis in children aged 0 to 3 years in a rural health district. Method: From December 2020 to May 2021, a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study of 376 children between 6 and 36 months was carried out in the Akonolinga health district. This was a cluster sampling in 4 health areas. Stool samples were collected and analysed using the mini-FLOTAC method. The results expressed as the number of eggs per gram of stool. A questionnaire on socio-demographic and lifestyle data was administered to the parents. The Chi-squared test was used to measure the association between geo-helminth infection and the data collected. A multivariate analysis using logistic regression was performed (p 0.05). Results: The prevalence of STH was 19.4% (Ascaris lumbricoides: 16% and Trichuris trichiura: 8%). Risk factors were: consumption of contaminated water (AOR = 1.93 [1.03 - 3.6];p = 0.040), early contact of the child with the ground (before age of 4 months) (AOR = 4.9 [2.1 - 11.37];p .001), habit of walking barefoot (AOR = 2.91 [1.1 - 7.97];p = 0.038), and living in a habitat with unpaved ground (AOR = 7.4 [1.55 - 35.7];p = 0.012). Conclusion: The prevalence of STHs in infants was high. Preventive chemotherapy should be extended to this age-group, and other measures intensified.展开更多
Based on Wuhan city investigation, this paper makes a positive analysis to the uncertainty of shifting rural labors to urban areas, and put forward thoughts and countermeasures to avert the risk of the interregional f...Based on Wuhan city investigation, this paper makes a positive analysis to the uncertainty of shifting rural labors to urban areas, and put forward thoughts and countermeasures to avert the risk of the interregional flow of rural labors.展开更多
We consider a distribution system with one supplier and two retailers. For the two retailers, they face different demand and are both risk averse. We study a single period model which the supplier has ample goods and ...We consider a distribution system with one supplier and two retailers. For the two retailers, they face different demand and are both risk averse. We study a single period model which the supplier has ample goods and the retailers order goods separately. Market search is measured as the fraction of customers who unsatisfied with their "local" retailer due to stock-out, and search for the goods at the other retailer before leaving the system. We investigate how the retailers game for order quantity in a Conditional Value-at-Risk framework and study how risk averse degree, market search level, holding cost and backorder cost influence the optimal order strategies. Furthermore, we use uniform distribution to illustrate these results and obtain Nash equilibrium of order strategies.展开更多
The aversion order is a way of ordering of risks. Is there the optimal in aversion order in reinsurance contracts of reinsurance? This paper discusses these objects and gives some optimal reinsurance contracts in cer...The aversion order is a way of ordering of risks. Is there the optimal in aversion order in reinsurance contracts of reinsurance? This paper discusses these objects and gives some optimal reinsurance contracts in certain sets of feasible reinsurance contracts.展开更多
This report reviews the characteristics of JS399-19, a novel cyanoacrylate fungicide. JS399-19 strongly inhibits the mycelial growth of the fungal plant pathogens of the genus Fusarium and exhibits great potential in ...This report reviews the characteristics of JS399-19, a novel cyanoacrylate fungicide. JS399-19 strongly inhibits the mycelial growth of the fungal plant pathogens of the genus Fusarium and exhibits great potential in controlling Fusarium head blight (FHB) on wheat and other cereals. The mode of action of JS399-19 is evidently different from that of benzimidazole (for example, carbendazim) and other sort of fungicides, making it a possible replacement for carbendazim in China to manage carbendazim-resistant subpopulations of Fusarium graminearum and F. asiaticum. JS399-t9 has excellent protective and curative activity against these pathogens. Incorrect use of this fungicide, however, is likely to select for resistance. Among JS399-19-resistant mutants of F. asiaticum induced in the laboratory, the resistant level of mutants was high and the phenotype of resistance against JS399-19 was conferred by a major gene by genetic analysis. The fitness of laboratory-induced JS399-19-resistant mutants of F. asiaticum was nearly equal to that of their parents. JS399-19 lacks cross resistance with other sort fungicides. To control FHB with JS399-19 and to delay the development of the fungicide-resistance, farmers should use tank mixtures containing JS399-19 and carbendazim, metconazole, tebuconazole, or prothioconazole.展开更多
Sale-leaseback is paid special focus on for its great application in China in recent years.By giving a detailed analysis,an analysis of the features of sale-leaseback and a study of the risks of it are given in this p...Sale-leaseback is paid special focus on for its great application in China in recent years.By giving a detailed analysis,an analysis of the features of sale-leaseback and a study of the risks of it are given in this paper.Then a quantitative analysis of commercial real estate sale-leaseback is carried out.The scientific theoretical analysis is provided in this paper for risk assessment in commercial real estate sale-leaseback mode in China.An effective approach is put forward for sale-leaseback project evaluation and prevention of risk.A useful means is given to supervise commerciai real estate sale-leaseback mode for relevant departments and a certain contribution is made to a further sound development of commercial real estate sale-leaseback mode.展开更多
The likelihood function plays a central role in statistical analysis in relation to information, from both frequentist and Bayesian perspectives. In large samples several new properties of the likelihood in relation t...The likelihood function plays a central role in statistical analysis in relation to information, from both frequentist and Bayesian perspectives. In large samples several new properties of the likelihood in relation to information are developed here. The Arrow-Pratt absolute risk aversion measure is shown to be related to the Cramer-Rao Information bound. The derivative of the log-likelihood function is seen to provide a measure of information related stability for the Bayesian posterior density. As well, information similar prior densities can be defined reflecting the central role of likelihood in the Bayes learning paradigm.展开更多
With the continuous development of the construction industry, the scale and volume of the construction project is expanding. And the project management of the construction project still has the big risk problem which ...With the continuous development of the construction industry, the scale and volume of the construction project is expanding. And the project management of the construction project still has the big risk problem which influenced by many factors. These risks will not only bring unnecessary interference to the construction of the project, but also may jeopardize the safety of people's life and property. It is the focus of this article to do a good job in risk aversion in the management of construction projects.展开更多
Pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein BAX is an important member of mitochondrial dependent apoptosis regulation and ultimately plays a pivotal role in malignancies. A promoter G(-248)A polymorphism in the TP53 binding region o...Pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein BAX is an important member of mitochondrial dependent apoptosis regulation and ultimately plays a pivotal role in malignancies. A promoter G(-248)A polymorphism in the TP53 binding region of BAX results in differential binding capacity of TP53 protein there by regulating its expression, which has been found to be associated with different clinical outcomes in various malignancies. Presently we aimed to analyze the possible impact of the BAX G(-248)A polymorphism on the risk and other clinical features of non-small cell lung cancer in Indian population. The BAX promoter polymorphism was analyzed in blood samples of 320 subjects with 1:1 case/control ratio by primer-introduced restriction analysis PCR and survival curves were plotted using Kaplan-Meier analysis. It was observed that more than 3-fold increased risk of developing non-small cell lung cancer was associated with homozygous AA genotype of BAX G(-248)A promoter polymorphism in Indian population, with more predominant in smokers with pack-year > 45 (heavy) and using cigarette or huka as their smoking source than homozygous GG genotype. Significant associations was observed between TNM stage (p = 0.037) and histological type (0.02), of non-small cell lung cancer patients with the polymorphism. Patients homozygous for A allele exhibited a significant poor overall survival compared with patients displaying GA + AA or GA or GG genotype [median survival 6.0 vs 9.0, 11.0, and 30.0 months, respectively (p < 0.0001)]. Adenocarcinoma and advanced stage patients with AA genotype showed lower median survival time than squamous cell carcinoma and early stage non-small cell lung cancer patients (median 3.0 and 5.0 vs 8.0 and 9.0 months, respectively). We conclude that the genetic polymorphism G(-248)A in the TP53 binding promoter region of pro-apoptotic genes BAX may contribute to the risk of developing non-small cell lung cancer in Indian population and also may be an important factor for adverse clinical outcome for patients with non-small cell lung cancer.展开更多
Healthcare security and privacy breaches are occurring in the United States (US), and increased substantially during the pandemic. This paper reviews the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) publicati...Healthcare security and privacy breaches are occurring in the United States (US), and increased substantially during the pandemic. This paper reviews the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) publication base as an effective solution. The NIST Special Publication 800-66 Revision 1 was an essential standard in US healthcare, which was withdrawn in February 2024 and superseded by SP 800-66 Revision 2. This review investigates the academic papers concerning the application of the NIST SP 800-66 Revision 1 standard in the US healthcare literature. A systematic review method was used in this study to determine current knowledge gaps of the SP 800-66 Revision 1. Some limitations were employed in the search to enforce validity. A total of eleven articles were found eligible for the study. Consequently, this study suggests the necessity for additional academic papers pertaining to SP 800-66 Revision 2 in the US healthcare literature. In turn, it will enhance awareness of safeguarding electronic protected health information (ePHI), help to mitigate potential future risks, and eventually reduce breaches.展开更多
基金supported by the Plan Project of Shanghai Philosophy and Social Science(2017BGL014)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71832001)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2232020B-04,2232018H-07).
文摘Trade credit,as an effective tool for integrating and coordinating material,information,and financial flows in supply chain management,is becoming increasingly widespread.We explore how a manufacturer can design optimal trade credit contracts when a risk-averse retailer hides its sales cost information(adverse selection)and selling effort level(moral hazard).We develop incentive models for a risk-averse supply chain when adverse selection and moral hazard coexist,which are then compared with the results under single information asymmetry(moral hazard).Moreover,we analyze the effects of private information and risk-aversion coefficient on contract parameters,selling effort level and the profit or utility of the supply chain.The study shows that when the degree of retailer’s risk aversion is within a certain range,reasonable trade credit contracts designed by the manufacturer can effectively induce the retailer to report its real sales cost and encourage it to exert appropriate effort.Furthermore,we find that the optimal trade credit period,optimal transfer payment,and retailer’s optimal sales effort level under dual information asymmetry are less than those under single information asymmetry.Numerical analysis are conducted to demonstrate the effects of the parameters on decisions and profits.
文摘This work focuses on the best financial resources allocation to define a wind power plant portfolio, considering a set of feasible sites. To accomplish the problem formulation and solution, the first step was to establish a long-term wind series reconstruction methodology for generating scenarios of wind energy, applying it to study five different locations of the Brazilian territory. Secondly, a risk-averse stochastic optimization model was implemented and used to define the optimal wind power plant selection </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">that</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> maximize</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the portfolio financial results, considering an investment budget constraint. In a sequence, a case study was developed to illustrate a practical situation of applying the methodology to the portfolio selection problem, considering five wind power plant</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> options. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The case</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> study was supported by the proposed optimization model, using the scenarios of generation created by the reconstruction methodology. The obtained results show the model performance in terms of defining the best financial resources allocation considering the effect of the complementarity between sites, making it feasible to select the optimal set of wind power plants, characterizing a wind plant optimal portfolio that takes into account the budget constraint. The adopted methodology makes it possible to realize that the diversification of the portfolio depends on the investor risk aversion. Although applied to the Brazilian case, this model can be customized to solve a similar problem worldwide.
文摘This study explored the effects of ambiguity on the calculation of Value-at-Risk(VaR)using a mathematical model based on the theory of Choquet-Brownian processes.It was found that while a moderate degree of ambiguity aversion yields a higher value for VaR and Expected Shortfall(ES),the result can be reversed in a deeply ambiguous environment.Additionally,some sufficient conditions are provided for the preservation of this effect under various forms of risk aggregation.This study offers a new perspective to full awareness on capital requirement calculation as requested by international regulation.
文摘Introduction and Objectives: Soil-Transmitted-Helminthiasis (STH) is a public health problem in Cameroon. The control strategies currently in place, particularly chemoprevention, has shortcomings linked to the target population, which are school-age children. The objective was to determine the prevalence and the risk factors associated with geo-helminthiasis in children aged 0 to 3 years in a rural health district. Method: From December 2020 to May 2021, a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study of 376 children between 6 and 36 months was carried out in the Akonolinga health district. This was a cluster sampling in 4 health areas. Stool samples were collected and analysed using the mini-FLOTAC method. The results expressed as the number of eggs per gram of stool. A questionnaire on socio-demographic and lifestyle data was administered to the parents. The Chi-squared test was used to measure the association between geo-helminth infection and the data collected. A multivariate analysis using logistic regression was performed (p 0.05). Results: The prevalence of STH was 19.4% (Ascaris lumbricoides: 16% and Trichuris trichiura: 8%). Risk factors were: consumption of contaminated water (AOR = 1.93 [1.03 - 3.6];p = 0.040), early contact of the child with the ground (before age of 4 months) (AOR = 4.9 [2.1 - 11.37];p .001), habit of walking barefoot (AOR = 2.91 [1.1 - 7.97];p = 0.038), and living in a habitat with unpaved ground (AOR = 7.4 [1.55 - 35.7];p = 0.012). Conclusion: The prevalence of STHs in infants was high. Preventive chemotherapy should be extended to this age-group, and other measures intensified.
文摘Based on Wuhan city investigation, this paper makes a positive analysis to the uncertainty of shifting rural labors to urban areas, and put forward thoughts and countermeasures to avert the risk of the interregional flow of rural labors.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (70471034, A0324666)
文摘We consider a distribution system with one supplier and two retailers. For the two retailers, they face different demand and are both risk averse. We study a single period model which the supplier has ample goods and the retailers order goods separately. Market search is measured as the fraction of customers who unsatisfied with their "local" retailer due to stock-out, and search for the goods at the other retailer before leaving the system. We investigate how the retailers game for order quantity in a Conditional Value-at-Risk framework and study how risk averse degree, market search level, holding cost and backorder cost influence the optimal order strategies. Furthermore, we use uniform distribution to illustrate these results and obtain Nash equilibrium of order strategies.
文摘The aversion order is a way of ordering of risks. Is there the optimal in aversion order in reinsurance contracts of reinsurance? This paper discusses these objects and gives some optimal reinsurance contracts in certain sets of feasible reinsurance contracts.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30971891)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China(BK2008337)the Anhui Provincial Natural Sci-ence Foundation,China (10040606Q26)
文摘This report reviews the characteristics of JS399-19, a novel cyanoacrylate fungicide. JS399-19 strongly inhibits the mycelial growth of the fungal plant pathogens of the genus Fusarium and exhibits great potential in controlling Fusarium head blight (FHB) on wheat and other cereals. The mode of action of JS399-19 is evidently different from that of benzimidazole (for example, carbendazim) and other sort of fungicides, making it a possible replacement for carbendazim in China to manage carbendazim-resistant subpopulations of Fusarium graminearum and F. asiaticum. JS399-t9 has excellent protective and curative activity against these pathogens. Incorrect use of this fungicide, however, is likely to select for resistance. Among JS399-19-resistant mutants of F. asiaticum induced in the laboratory, the resistant level of mutants was high and the phenotype of resistance against JS399-19 was conferred by a major gene by genetic analysis. The fitness of laboratory-induced JS399-19-resistant mutants of F. asiaticum was nearly equal to that of their parents. JS399-19 lacks cross resistance with other sort fungicides. To control FHB with JS399-19 and to delay the development of the fungicide-resistance, farmers should use tank mixtures containing JS399-19 and carbendazim, metconazole, tebuconazole, or prothioconazole.
文摘Sale-leaseback is paid special focus on for its great application in China in recent years.By giving a detailed analysis,an analysis of the features of sale-leaseback and a study of the risks of it are given in this paper.Then a quantitative analysis of commercial real estate sale-leaseback is carried out.The scientific theoretical analysis is provided in this paper for risk assessment in commercial real estate sale-leaseback mode in China.An effective approach is put forward for sale-leaseback project evaluation and prevention of risk.A useful means is given to supervise commerciai real estate sale-leaseback mode for relevant departments and a certain contribution is made to a further sound development of commercial real estate sale-leaseback mode.
文摘The likelihood function plays a central role in statistical analysis in relation to information, from both frequentist and Bayesian perspectives. In large samples several new properties of the likelihood in relation to information are developed here. The Arrow-Pratt absolute risk aversion measure is shown to be related to the Cramer-Rao Information bound. The derivative of the log-likelihood function is seen to provide a measure of information related stability for the Bayesian posterior density. As well, information similar prior densities can be defined reflecting the central role of likelihood in the Bayes learning paradigm.
文摘With the continuous development of the construction industry, the scale and volume of the construction project is expanding. And the project management of the construction project still has the big risk problem which influenced by many factors. These risks will not only bring unnecessary interference to the construction of the project, but also may jeopardize the safety of people's life and property. It is the focus of this article to do a good job in risk aversion in the management of construction projects.
文摘Pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein BAX is an important member of mitochondrial dependent apoptosis regulation and ultimately plays a pivotal role in malignancies. A promoter G(-248)A polymorphism in the TP53 binding region of BAX results in differential binding capacity of TP53 protein there by regulating its expression, which has been found to be associated with different clinical outcomes in various malignancies. Presently we aimed to analyze the possible impact of the BAX G(-248)A polymorphism on the risk and other clinical features of non-small cell lung cancer in Indian population. The BAX promoter polymorphism was analyzed in blood samples of 320 subjects with 1:1 case/control ratio by primer-introduced restriction analysis PCR and survival curves were plotted using Kaplan-Meier analysis. It was observed that more than 3-fold increased risk of developing non-small cell lung cancer was associated with homozygous AA genotype of BAX G(-248)A promoter polymorphism in Indian population, with more predominant in smokers with pack-year > 45 (heavy) and using cigarette or huka as their smoking source than homozygous GG genotype. Significant associations was observed between TNM stage (p = 0.037) and histological type (0.02), of non-small cell lung cancer patients with the polymorphism. Patients homozygous for A allele exhibited a significant poor overall survival compared with patients displaying GA + AA or GA or GG genotype [median survival 6.0 vs 9.0, 11.0, and 30.0 months, respectively (p < 0.0001)]. Adenocarcinoma and advanced stage patients with AA genotype showed lower median survival time than squamous cell carcinoma and early stage non-small cell lung cancer patients (median 3.0 and 5.0 vs 8.0 and 9.0 months, respectively). We conclude that the genetic polymorphism G(-248)A in the TP53 binding promoter region of pro-apoptotic genes BAX may contribute to the risk of developing non-small cell lung cancer in Indian population and also may be an important factor for adverse clinical outcome for patients with non-small cell lung cancer.
文摘Healthcare security and privacy breaches are occurring in the United States (US), and increased substantially during the pandemic. This paper reviews the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) publication base as an effective solution. The NIST Special Publication 800-66 Revision 1 was an essential standard in US healthcare, which was withdrawn in February 2024 and superseded by SP 800-66 Revision 2. This review investigates the academic papers concerning the application of the NIST SP 800-66 Revision 1 standard in the US healthcare literature. A systematic review method was used in this study to determine current knowledge gaps of the SP 800-66 Revision 1. Some limitations were employed in the search to enforce validity. A total of eleven articles were found eligible for the study. Consequently, this study suggests the necessity for additional academic papers pertaining to SP 800-66 Revision 2 in the US healthcare literature. In turn, it will enhance awareness of safeguarding electronic protected health information (ePHI), help to mitigate potential future risks, and eventually reduce breaches.