Risk Factors for Geo-Helminthiasis in Children Aged 6 - 36 Months in a Rural Health District in Cameroon

Introduction and Objectives: Soil-Transmitted-Helminthiasis (STH) is a public health problem in Cameroon. The control strategies currently in place, particularly chemoprevention, has shortcomings linked to the target population, which are school-age children. The objective was to determine the prevalence and the risk factors associated with geo-helminthiasis in children aged 0 to 3 years in a rural health district. Method: From December 2020 to May 2021, a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study of 376 children between 6 and 36 months was carried out in the Akonolinga health district. This was a cluster sampling in 4 health areas. Stool samples were collected and analysed using the mini-FLOTAC method. The results expressed as the number of eggs per gram of stool. A questionnaire on socio-demographic and lifestyle data was administered to the parents. The Chi-squared test was used to measure the association between geo-helminth infection and the data collected. A multivariate analysis using logistic regression was performed (p 0.05). Results: The prevalence of STH was 19.4% (Ascaris lumbricoides: 16% and Trichuris trichiura: 8%). Risk factors were: consumption of contaminated water (AOR = 1.93 [1.03 - 3.6];p = 0.040), early contact of the child with the ground (before age of 4 months) (AOR = 4.9 [2.1 - 11.37];p .001), habit of walking barefoot (AOR = 2.91 [1.1 - 7.97];p = 0.038), and living in a habitat with unpaved ground (AOR = 7.4 [1.55 - 35.7];p = 0.012). Conclusion: The prevalence of STHs in infants was high. Preventive chemotherapy should be extended to this age-group, and other measures intensified.

Optimal Portfolio Selection of Wind Power Plants Using a Stochastic Risk-Averse Optimization Model, Considering the Wind Complementarity of the Sites and a Budget Constraint

This work focuses on the best financial resources allocation to define a wind power plant portfolio, considering a set of feasible sites. To accomplish the problem formulation and solution, the first step was to establish a long-term wind series reconstruction methodology for generating scenarios of wind energy, applying it to study five different locations of the Brazilian territory. Secondly, a risk-averse stochastic optimization model was implemented and used to define the optimal wind power plant selection that maximizes the portfolio financial results, considering an investment budget constraint. In a sequence, a case study was developed to illustrate a practical situation of applying the methodology to the portfolio selection problem, considering five wind power plants options. The case study was supported by the proposed optimization model, using the scenarios of generation created by the reconstruction methodology. The obtained results show the model performance in terms of defining the best financial resources allocation considering the effect of the complementarity between sites, making it feasible to select the optimal set of wind power plants, characterizing a wind plant optimal portfolio that takes into account the budget constraint. The adopted methodology makes it possible to realize that the diversification of the portfolio depends on the investor risk aversion. Although applied to the Brazilian case, this model can be customized to solve a similar problem worldwide.

Value-at-risk under ambiguity aversion

This study explored the effects of ambiguity on the calculation of Value-at-Risk(VaR)using a mathematical model based on the theory of Choquet-Brownian processes.It was found that while a moderate degree of ambiguity aversion yields a higher value for VaR and Expected Shortfall(ES),the result can be reversed in a deeply ambiguous environment.Additionally,some sufficient conditions are provided for the preservation of this effect under various forms of risk aggregation.This study offers a new perspective to full awareness on capital requirement calculation as requested by international regulation.

Systematic Reform and Risk Aversion in the Interregional Flow of Chinese Rural Labor Force --Wuhan Case Study

Based on Wuhan city investigation, this paper makes a positive analysis to the uncertainty of shifting rural labors to urban areas, and put forward thoughts and countermeasures to avert the risk of the interregional flow of rural labors.

United States Healthcare Data Breaches: Insights for NIST SP 800-66 Revision 2 from a Review of the NIST SP 800-66 Revision 1

Healthcare security and privacy breaches are occurring in the United States (US), and increased substantially during the pandemic. This paper reviews the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) publication base as an effective solution. The NIST Special Publication 800-66 Revision 1 was an essential standard in US healthcare, which was withdrawn in February 2024 and superseded by SP 800-66 Revision 2. This review investigates the academic papers concerning the application of the NIST SP 800-66 Revision 1 standard in the US healthcare literature. A systematic review method was used in this study to determine current knowledge gaps of the SP 800-66 Revision 1. Some limitations were employed in the search to enforce validity. A total of eleven articles were found eligible for the study. Consequently, this study suggests the necessity for additional academic papers pertaining to SP 800-66 Revision 2 in the US healthcare literature. In turn, it will enhance awareness of safeguarding electronic protected health information (ePHI), help to mitigate potential future risks, and eventually reduce breaches.

存货质押融资中考虑银行Downside-risk的回购契约设计

本文研究供应链金融中存货质押融资模式下回购契约的设计问题,即在需求不确定和银行下侧风险(Downside-risk)规避的前提下,通过对契约合同中变量范围的控制实现供应链的协调。文中首先给出了考虑银行利息与风险规避在内的供应链契约模型,然后分别分析了银行下侧风险控制模型下供应商的促销成本分担比例的下限值和在不减少供应商期望收益原则下该比例的上限值,最终得出该下限值由银行下侧风险控制指标和质押量共同决定,而当销售商的订购量越多时,供应商愿意接受的努力成本分担比例上限值也越大,并给出相应的上下限值。

Analysis of Conditional Value-at-Risk for Newsvendor with Holding and Backorder Cost under Market Search

We consider a distribution system with one supplier and two retailers. For the two retailers, they face different demand and are both risk averse. We study a single period model which the supplier has ample goods and the retailers order goods separately. Market search is measured as the fraction of customers who unsatisfied with their ＂local＂ retailer due to stock-out, and search for the goods at the other retailer before leaving the system. We investigate how the retailers game for order quantity in a Conditional Value-at-Risk framework and study how risk averse degree, market search level, holding cost and backorder cost influence the optimal order strategies. Furthermore, we use uniform distribution to illustrate these results and obtain Nash equilibrium of order strategies.

Applications of the Aversion Order of Risks in Reinsurance

The aversion order is a way of ordering of risks. Is there the optimal in aversion order in reinsurance contracts of reinsurance？ This paper discusses these objects and gives some optimal reinsurance contracts in certain sets of feasible reinsurance contracts.

Activity of the Fungicide JS399-19 Against Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat and the Risk of Resistance

This report reviews the characteristics of JS399-19, a novel cyanoacrylate fungicide. JS399-19 strongly inhibits the mycelial growth of the fungal plant pathogens of the genus Fusarium and exhibits great potential in controlling Fusarium head blight （FHB） on wheat and other cereals. The mode of action of JS399-19 is evidently different from that of benzimidazole （for example, carbendazim） and other sort of fungicides, making it a possible replacement for carbendazim in China to manage carbendazim-resistant subpopulations of Fusarium graminearum and F. asiaticum. JS399-t9 has excellent protective and curative activity against these pathogens. Incorrect use of this fungicide, however, is likely to select for resistance. Among JS399-19-resistant mutants of F. asiaticum induced in the laboratory, the resistant level of mutants was high and the phenotype of resistance against JS399-19 was conferred by a major gene by genetic analysis. The fitness of laboratory-induced JS399-19-resistant mutants of F. asiaticum was nearly equal to that of their parents. JS399-19 lacks cross resistance with other sort fungicides. To control FHB with JS399-19 and to delay the development of the fungicide-resistance, farmers should use tank mixtures containing JS399-19 and carbendazim, metconazole, tebuconazole, or prothioconazole.

考虑均值-方差风险量化的VMI供应链协调模型

针对众多企业风险规避的特性,构建了产出不确定环境下的供应链最优投入决策模型,并采用均值-方差模型来量化决策者的风险规避态度,讨论了风险规避的集成供应链和风险规避的VMI供应商在不同风险承受能力下的最优投入决策.研究表明,最优投入决策与其风险承受能力密切相关,且在给定风险承受能力下,决策者具有两种投入量备选方案.当选择低投入量所需承担的缺货损失低于选择高投入量所需承担的库存积压损失时,决策者将选择较低的投入量;否则,决策者将选择较高的投入量.本文进一步引入两种不同类型的契约来协调VMI供应链:成本共担-批发价折扣联合契约和期权契约.研究表明,这两种契约在一定条件下均能够协调VMI供应链,但这两种契约实现供应链帕累托改进的效果受到决策者风险承受能力的影响.

Risk Assessment M ode of Sale-Leaseback——Based on Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process

Sale-leaseback is paid special focus on for its great application in China in recent years.By giving a detailed analysis,an analysis of the features of sale-leaseback and a study of the risks of it are given in this paper.Then a quantitative analysis of commercial real estate sale-leaseback is carried out.The scientific theoretical analysis is provided in this paper for risk assessment in commercial real estate sale-leaseback mode in China.An effective approach is put forward for sale-leaseback project evaluation and prevention of risk.A useful means is given to supervise commerciai real estate sale-leaseback mode for relevant departments and a certain contribution is made to a further sound development of commercial real estate sale-leaseback mode.

企业社会责任与融资约束--基于“规避-风险”效应的研究

企业社会责任表现越好,企业的融资约束越少。基于风险规避效应,企业积极履行社会责任显著抑制了企业违约风险、增强了信息透明度,对企业融资约束具有显著的缓解作用。异质性分析发现,有效的内部控制、治理结构以及媒体监督会强化社会责任履行对融资约束的缓解作用。社会责任履行与企业融资的经验为转型经济国家中企业承担社会责任的经济后果提供了补充,对于纾缓融资难题大有助益。

Some Likelihood Based Properties in Large Samples: Utility and Risk Aversion, Second Order Prior Selection and Posterior Density Stability

The likelihood function plays a central role in statistical analysis in relation to information, from both frequentist and Bayesian perspectives. In large samples several new properties of the likelihood in relation to information are developed here. The Arrow-Pratt absolute risk aversion measure is shown to be related to the Cramer-Rao Information bound. The derivative of the log-likelihood function is seen to provide a measure of information related stability for the Bayesian posterior density. As well, information similar prior densities can be defined reflecting the central role of likelihood in the Bayes learning paradigm.

The risk aversion measures in Architectural Engineering Project Management

With the continuous development of the construction industry, the scale and volume of the construction project is expanding. And the project management of the construction project still has the big risk problem which influenced by many factors. These risks will not only bring unnecessary interference to the construction of the project, but also may jeopardize the safety of people＇s life and property. It is the focus of this article to do a good job in risk aversion in the management of construction projects.

BAX G(-248)A Gene Polymorphism and Its Association with Risk of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer—A Case Control Study

Pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein BAX is an important member of mitochondrial dependent apoptosis regulation and ultimately plays a pivotal role in malignancies. A promoter G(-248)A polymorphism in the TP53 binding region of BAX results in differential binding capacity of TP53 protein there by regulating its expression, which has been found to be associated with different clinical outcomes in various malignancies. Presently we aimed to analyze the possible impact of the BAX G(-248)A polymorphism on the risk and other clinical features of non-small cell lung cancer in Indian population. The BAX promoter polymorphism was analyzed in blood samples of 320 subjects with 1:1 case/control ratio by primer-introduced restriction analysis PCR and survival curves were plotted using Kaplan-Meier analysis. It was observed that more than 3-fold increased risk of developing non-small cell lung cancer was associated with homozygous AA genotype of BAX G(-248)A promoter polymorphism in Indian population, with more predominant in smokers with pack-year > 45 (heavy) and using cigarette or huka as their smoking source than homozygous GG genotype. Significant associations was observed between TNM stage (p = 0.037) and histological type (0.02), of non-small cell lung cancer patients with the polymorphism. Patients homozygous for A allele exhibited a significant poor overall survival compared with patients displaying GA + AA or GA or GG genotype [median survival 6.0 vs 9.0, 11.0, and 30.0 months, respectively (p < 0.0001)]. Adenocarcinoma and advanced stage patients with AA genotype showed lower median survival time than squamous cell carcinoma and early stage non-small cell lung cancer patients (median 3.0 and 5.0 vs 8.0 and 9.0 months, respectively). We conclude that the genetic polymorphism G(-248)A in the TP53 binding promoter region of pro-apoptotic genes BAX may contribute to the risk of developing non-small cell lung cancer in Indian population and also may be an important factor for adverse clinical outcome for patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

Uncertainty aversion and farmers' innovative seed adoption:Evidence from a field experiment in rural China

Based on the microdata of 705 wheat farmers in the Loess Plateau, this study empirically analyzes the impact of uncertainty on farmers' adoption of innovative seeds using a field experiment. The results indicate that farmers are generally ambiguity-averse and risk-averse. In addition, farmers with higher ambiguity aversion and risk aversion are less likely to adopt innovative wheat seeds, where their risk aversion plays a dominant role. Enhancing information access will alleviate the negative influence of ambiguity aversion on farmers' adoption of innovative seeds, and interlinked insurance and credit contracts will be beneficial to ease the adverse effect of risk aversion on the adoption of innovative wheat seeds. Meanwhile, heterogeneity analysis reveals that the inhibitory effects of ambiguity aversion and risk aversion on innovative seed adoption are more significant among farmers with lower education and household income.The government can establish both ex-ante and ex-post relevant guarantee mechanisms to help farmers preferably cope with various uncertainties in the production process, remitting farmers' ambiguity aversion and risk aversion to enhance new agricultural technology adoption rates.

农村成长经历会影响城镇家庭储蓄率吗?——来自CHFS 2019的经验证据

由于城市与农村的经济金融环境存在显著差异,成年前在农村成长的城镇居民比在城市成长的城镇居民具有较高的风险厌恶程度和较低的金融知识水平,从而更加偏向低消费和高储蓄。采用中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)2019年数据,将“目前居住在城市地区且拥有非农业户口、18岁之前为农业户口”作为“拥有农村成长经历”的界定标准,实证检验城镇家庭户主的农村成长经历对其家庭储蓄率的影响,结果表明:户主拥有农村成长经历的城镇家庭比户主没有农村成长经历的城镇家庭有更高的储蓄率,风险态度和金融素养在其中发挥了中介作用,即拥有农村成长经历的户主会因较高的风险厌恶程度和较低的金融知识水平而导致其家庭储蓄率较高;农村成长经历对储蓄率的正向影响在户主受教育水平较高、家庭资产较少、经济发展水平较低地区(中西部地区)的家庭中更为显著。因此,需要从改善城市的经济金融状况(降低生活成本、增强社会保障、减少不确定性等)入手来释放城镇居民的消费需求,并通过改善风险态度、加强金融教育、缩小城乡差距等渠道来降低农村成长经历对城镇家庭储蓄率的正向影响。

基于条件风险价值的虚拟电厂参与能量及备用市场的双层随机优化

为充分发挥虚拟电厂的灵活性价值,提出了虚拟电厂参与电能量及备用辅助服务市场的双层随机优化模型。上层基于条件风险价值理论建立了虚拟电厂参与电能量及备用辅助服务市场的两阶段风险决策模型,其中,第一阶段考虑新能源不确定性的潜在风险,建立了虚拟电厂参与能量和备用辅助服务市场的投标报价模型,第二阶段针对不同场景下的新能源出力建立了以虚拟电厂期望运行成本最小为目标的分布式资源优化调度模型;下层在已知各市场主体的投标报价信息后,开展电能量市场及备用辅助服务市场的联合出清。仿真分析表明,所提方法能够有效指导虚拟电厂规避新能源不确定性的潜在风险,并通过将备用价格提高到下一个边际机组的报价从而增加自身利润。

消费者风险厌恶的运费险分担机制与供应链定价研究

考虑消费者的退货行为、风险厌恶态度和运费险价值敏感,建立零售商承担、消费者承担、零售商与消费者共同承担、零售商与制造商共同承担4种不同运费险承担方式的Stackelberg价格博弈模型,研究供应链的定价决策和在线零售商的最优退货运费险策略。研究表明:低退货率和高运费险敏感性有助于提高供应链的整体利润;低退货率时,在线零售商主动为消费者购买运费险优于消费者自行购买;运费险的分担机制不能实现供应链协调。

考虑消费者风险规避的供应链退货运费险与定价策略

针对线上买卖双方的退货运费承担纠纷,电商平台引入退货运费险来分摊商品退货风险,但宽松的退货政策又增加了消费者的退货行为。为此,将第三方保险公司引入制造商主导和网络零售商跟随的斯坦克尔伯格博弈中,考虑风险规避型消费者的退货行为和运费险敏感性,建立多方决策主体共同参与的卖家运费险、买家运费险和运费险共同分担等3种定价退货模型,研究网络零售商的定价决策和运费险策略。结果表明:消费者的风险规避态度有助于降低商品售价和运费险价格,提高市场需求和企业利润;运费险共同分担机制能够有效缓解客户流失;退货率较低时,消费者的运费险偏好有利于供应链总利润的增长。