The Risk Factors and Environm ental Risk Prediction during the Production of Yellow Phosphorus

Phosphorus is an important chemical raw material of economy. There are several risk factors in the entire production process of yellow phosphorus. The health of the production staff was greatly endangered by the toxic and harmful substances. The generation of risk factors was analyzed during the yellow phosphorus production and its harm was discussed,and several toxic and harmful substances were tested for a number of phosphorus manufacturing enterprises. The environmental risks of P2O5 in phosphorus pollution sources were scientifically predicted on the first time.

A newfangled study using risk silhouette and uncertainty approximation for quantification of acyclovir in diverse formulation

Risk assessment and uncertainty approximation are two major and important parameters that need to be adopted for the development of pharmaceutical process to ensure reliable results.Additionally,there is a need to switch from the traditional method validation checklist to provide a high level of assurance of method reliability to measure quality attribute of a drug product.In the present work,evaluation of risk profile,combined standard uncertainty and expanded uncertainty in the analysis of acyclovir were studied.Uncertainty was calculated using cause-effect approach,and to make it more accurately applicable a method was validated in our laboratory as per the ICH guidelines.While assessing the results of validation,the calibration model was justified by the lack of fit and Levene＇s test.Risk profile represents the future applications of this method.In uncertainty the major contribution is due to sample concentration and mass.This work demonstrates the application of theoretical concepts of calibration model tests,relative bias,risk profile and uncertainty in routine methods used for analysis in pharmaceutical field.

Senescent remodeling of the immune system and its contribution to the predisposition of the elderly to infections

Objective To review the senescent remodeling of the immune system with aging and its relevance to the increased susceptibility of the elderly to infectious diseases, along with an outlook on emerging immunological biomarkers. Data sources The data selected were from PubMed with relevant published articles in English or French from 1995 to the present. Searches were made using the terms immunosenescence and aging paired with the following： innate immunity, T-celr, B-cell, adaptive immunity and biomarkers. Articles were reviewed for additional citations and some information was gathered from web searches. Study selection Articles on aging of both the innate and adaptive immunity were reviewed, with special attention to the remodeling effect on the ability of the immune system to fight infectious diseases. Articles related to biomarkers of immunosenescence were selected with the goal of identifying immunological biomarkers predisposing the elderly to infections. Results Innate immunity is generally thought to be relatively well preserved or enhanced during aging compared with adaptive immunity which manifests more profound alterations. However, evidence, particularly in the last decade, reveals that both limbs of the immune system undergo profound remodeling with aging. Reported data on adaptive immunity is consistent and changes are well established but conflicting results about innate immunity were reported between in vivo and in vitro studies, as well as between murine and human studies. Epidemiological data suggests increased predisposition of the elderly to infections, but no compelling scientific evidence has directly linked senescent immune remodeling to this increased susceptibility. Recently, growing interest in identifying immunological biomarkers and defining immune risk phenotypes/profiles （IRP） has been expressed. Identification of biomarkers is in its early days and few potential biomarkers have been identified, with the Swedish having defined one IRP based on the adaptive immune response. Conclusions Aging does not necessarily lead to an unavoidable decline in immune functions. Instead, a complex remodeling occurs. Despite the lack of compelling scientific evidence, senescent immune remodeling surely is a significant contributing factor to the increased risk and severity of infections in the elderly. Although, no immunological biomarker has been formally linked to the increased risk of infections in the elderly, biomarkers remain a promising tool to predict the likelihood of healthy aging, the level of immune competence, and mortality risk in the elderly. Hence, more research is required to define healthy aging and identify immunological biomarkers.