Linear risk programming was used to determine the optimum cultivation pattern to increase incomes of poplar farmers.Seven clones of Populus deltoides Bartr.ex Marsh.were examined in Guilan province,northern Iran.Growt...Linear risk programming was used to determine the optimum cultivation pattern to increase incomes of poplar farmers.Seven clones of Populus deltoides Bartr.ex Marsh.were examined in Guilan province,northern Iran.Growth and price data were taken from previous research at the Safrabaste Poplar Research Station and in interviews with farmers.The Lingo software was used to analyze the data in different forms of E.The results show that when risk was considered,the optimal solution included the clones Pd63/51-x1,-Pd72/51-x3,Pd73/51-x4 and Pd79/51-x6.There was a high growth fluctuations of the clones Pd69/55-x2,Pd77.51-x5,and Pd caroliniensis-x7 and were not included in cultivation plans.Furthermore,the existing farm plans executed by local farmers,is neither profitoriented nor efficient in terms of income risk management according to risk efficient frontier.These results could help farmers with different levels of risk-aversion to select proper planting plans.展开更多
The emissions trading scheme(ETS)is considered an effective policy tool for achieving emission reductions.At present,China's ETS pilots have completed several compliance periods and provided rich experience for a ...The emissions trading scheme(ETS)is considered an effective policy tool for achieving emission reductions.At present,China's ETS pilots have completed several compliance periods and provided rich experience for a national ETS.Taking advantage of the variations in the regional ETS pilots across regions and sectors and over time,this study used a difference-in-difference-in-differences(DDD)model to examine the effects of ETS pilots and differential program design on industry risk and the impacts of risk on future investment horizon.First,we found that the ETS pilots significa ntly increase profit variability(total risk)in China's industry;that is,ETS in duces greater uncertainty in the covered sectors.In terms of industry heterogeneity,non-eleclricily sectors(specifically ferrous metal)engage in higher levels of risk taking.Second,the influence of such program features as the allowance allocation(total amounts and approaches),China Certification Emission Reduction(CCER)trading volumes,and penalties are heterogeneous.Finally,during the period around the treatment,industry risk can significantly encourage longer rather than shorter investment.In particular,the punishment mechanism and benchmarking allocation play a positive role in regulating the risk-investment relationship.展开更多
文摘Linear risk programming was used to determine the optimum cultivation pattern to increase incomes of poplar farmers.Seven clones of Populus deltoides Bartr.ex Marsh.were examined in Guilan province,northern Iran.Growth and price data were taken from previous research at the Safrabaste Poplar Research Station and in interviews with farmers.The Lingo software was used to analyze the data in different forms of E.The results show that when risk was considered,the optimal solution included the clones Pd63/51-x1,-Pd72/51-x3,Pd73/51-x4 and Pd79/51-x6.There was a high growth fluctuations of the clones Pd69/55-x2,Pd77.51-x5,and Pd caroliniensis-x7 and were not included in cultivation plans.Furthermore,the existing farm plans executed by local farmers,is neither profitoriented nor efficient in terms of income risk management according to risk efficient frontier.These results could help farmers with different levels of risk-aversion to select proper planting plans.
基金This study was supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China(19CJY021).
文摘The emissions trading scheme(ETS)is considered an effective policy tool for achieving emission reductions.At present,China's ETS pilots have completed several compliance periods and provided rich experience for a national ETS.Taking advantage of the variations in the regional ETS pilots across regions and sectors and over time,this study used a difference-in-difference-in-differences(DDD)model to examine the effects of ETS pilots and differential program design on industry risk and the impacts of risk on future investment horizon.First,we found that the ETS pilots significa ntly increase profit variability(total risk)in China's industry;that is,ETS in duces greater uncertainty in the covered sectors.In terms of industry heterogeneity,non-eleclricily sectors(specifically ferrous metal)engage in higher levels of risk taking.Second,the influence of such program features as the allowance allocation(total amounts and approaches),China Certification Emission Reduction(CCER)trading volumes,and penalties are heterogeneous.Finally,during the period around the treatment,industry risk can significantly encourage longer rather than shorter investment.In particular,the punishment mechanism and benchmarking allocation play a positive role in regulating the risk-investment relationship.
