Factors affecting farmers'choice to adopt risk management strategies:The application of multivariate and multinomial probit models

This study investigates the factors that impact farmers'adoption of risk management strategies(RMS)in Pakistan during times of uncertainty.The study examines farmers'adoption of RMS using both multinomial probit(MNP)and multivariate probit(MVP).Data were collected from 382 farmers sampled from four districts in KhyberPakhtunkhwa(KP)province of Pakistan via a multistage sampling technique.This study utilizes the MNP model,considering the assumption of Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives(IIA)and incorporating correlated error terms.The objective is to understand farmers'behavior in risky situations and determine if there is heterogeneity.Results are compared with the MVP model to assess robustness and gain deeper understanding of farmers'decisionmaking processes.The research findings reveal that our results are robust,and farmers behave homogeneously in various RMS scenarios.Farmers adopt RMS individually or in combination to mitigate the adverse effects of natural calamities on their livelihood.The risk-averse farmers,who perceive weather-related risks as a threat,access credits and information,and have farms close to a river are more likely to adopt RMS,irrespective of the format of the strategies available.Moreover,the predicted probabilities and correlation of the RMS and RM categories have strengthened our model estimation.These findings provide insights into the behavior of farmers in adopting RMS which are helpful for policymakers and stakeholders in developing strategies to mitigate the impacts of natural calamities on farmers.

Risk factors and strategy for surgical incision infection in department of abdominal surgery

Objective To study the risk factors of surgical wound infection among the patients in department of abodominal surgery. Methods The factors on surgical wound infection were investigated by retrospective study. The diagnosis standard was based on Diagnosis Standard of Hospital Infection published by Ministry of Health.

Geostructures, dynamics and risk mitigation of high-altitude and long- runout rockslides

Long-runout rockslides at high altitude could cause disaster chain in river basins and destroy towns and major infrasturctures.This paper firstly explores the initiation mechanism of high-altitude and long-runout rockslides.Two types of sliding-prone geostructure models,i.e.the fault control type in orogenic belt and the fold control type in platform area,are proposed.Then,large-scale experimental apparatus and associated numerical simulations are conducted to understanding the chain-style dynamics of rockslide-debris avalanche-debris flow.The results reveal the fragmentation effects,the rheological behaviors and the boundary layer effect of long-runout avalanche-debris flow.The dynamic character-istics of quasi-static-transition-inertia state and solid-liquid coupling in rapid movement of rockslide-debris avalanche-debris flow are investigated.Finally,the risk mitigation strategy of the non-structure and structure for resilient energy dissipation are illustrated for initiation,transition and deposition zones.The structural prevention and mitigation methods have been successfully applied to the high-altitude and long-runout rockslides in Zhouqu and Maoxian of the Wenchuan earthquake zone,as well as the other major geohazards in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its adjacent areas.

Impact of risk management strategies on the credit risk faced by commercial banks of Balochistan

This study aims to identify risk management strategies undertaken by the commercial banks of Balochistan,Pakistan,to mitigate or eliminate credit risk.The findings of the study are significant as commercial banks will understand the effectiveness of various risk management strategies and may apply them for minimizing credit risk.This explanatory study analyses the opinions of the employees of selected commercial banks about which strategies are useful for mitigating credit risk.Quantitative data was collected from 250 employees of commercial banks to perform multiple regression analyses,which were used for the analysis.The results identified four areas of impact on credit risk management(CRM):corporate governance exerts the greatest impact,followed by diversification,which plays a significant role,hedging and,finally,the bank’s Capital Adequacy Ratio.This study highlights these four risk management strategies,which are critical for commercial banks to resolve their credit risk.

Selection of Risk Management Strategies in Informal Construction Sector

The informal construction sector is unregulated and operates in a risky environment, thus the need for adoption of appropriate risk management strategies for its survival is essential. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine methods used in choosing appropriate risk response strategy in informal construction sector in Tanzania. The study involved construction workers in informal sector in Dar es Salaam and Mwanza in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam and Mwanza are among big cities in Tanzania having more informal construction workers. Questionnaires were prepared in English, translated in Kiswahili and administered by research assistants on informal construction workers. Workers were purposively selected. Out of 1,000 questionnaires distributed 849 questionnaires were fairly filled equating to 84.9%. The collected data was coded and analysed using descriptive statistics mainly frequencies cross tabulation and Chi-square tests. The study established that majority of informal construction workers choose risk response strategies by using common sense followed by previous experience. Within the location, the methods significantly differ whereby Dar es Salaam was dominated by common sense and Mwanza dominated by previous experience. Likewise, use of common sense among respondents was significantly different between gender, age group, level of education and experience. This implies that apart from formal process of choosing risk response strategies, the informal construction sector has its own surviving strategies. The issue of location, gender and experience are essential for risk management in informal construction sector.

Study on the focus strategy of e-commerce enterprise under the background of "Internet+":A case study of Kunming Ch999

Based on the background of "Internet+",after fully sorting and studying on the relevant literature of focus strategy,the paper summarizes the basic modes and influence factors.Choosing the implementation of focus strategy is the best way to gain the competitive advantage in the narrow market,but not all the enterprises are suitable to choose focus strategy.This paper mainly uses the case study method,Kunming Ch999 is selected as a case study sample,through the resources and capability analysis of Ch999,as well as the comparisons with two e-commerce platforms of Taobao and Jingdong,extracting focus strategy modes of Ch999,the influence factors and risks of focus strategy of Ch999 are also studied.Finally,in order to ensure the smooth implementation of focus strategy,putting forward some risk prevention measures.

QFII in China Security Market： Status Quo and Investment Strategy

This paper firstly introduces the definition and features of QFII, and then mainly analyzes the QFII＇s portfolio performance and investment yield, as welt as stock market. And at last, it refers to the impacts of QFII＇s companies and supervision systems in China security market. the investment ideas and strategies of QFII in China investment styles and strategies on investors, listed

Risk Management and Operation Strategies of Chinese Overseas Risk Exploration Projects

Currently,the investment of oil and gas industry is still facing an unfavorable environment,in which,instable factors,such as financial crisis,terrorist,religious conflicts and rigorous environmental regulations,keep mucking up the business all around the world.Meanwhile,China’s rapid energy consumption growth boosted by a booming economy has put the country to rely heavily on exported oil.It is therefore extremely urgent to expand and diversify petroleum supply channel in consideration of the country’s energy security.As the world’s economy has been slowly recovering from the slump and

Farmers’Demand for Informal Risk Management Strategy and Weather Index Insurance:Evidence from China

In the absence of formal risk management strategies,agricultural production in China is highly vulnerable to climate change.In this study,field experiments were conducted with 344 households in Heilongjiang(Northeast China)and Jiangsu(East China)Provinces.Probit and logistic models and independent sample T-test were used to explore farmers’demand for weather index insurance,in contrast to informal risk management strategies,and the main factors that affect demand.The results show that the farmers prefer weather index insurance to informal risk management strategies,and farmers’characteristics have significant impacts on their adoption of risk management strategies.The variables non-agricultural labor ratio,farmers’risk perception,education,and agricultural insurance purchase experience significantly affect farmers’weather index insurance demand.The regression results show that the farmers’weather index insurance demand and the influencing factors in the two provinces are different.Farmers in Heilongjiang Province have a higher participation rate than those in Jiangsu Province.The government should conduct more weather index insurance pilot programs to help farmers understand the mechanism,and insurance companies should provide more types of weather index insurance to meet farmers’diversified needs.

Seismological Activities in Malaysia

In this paper, the development of the National Seismic Network of Malaysia is described first. Then, the maximum intensities on the Modified Mercalli (MM) scale experienced by Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia and the damage to man-made structures caused by earthquakes are analyzed. Finally, the seismic risk management and strategy to mitigate seismic risk in Malaysia are outlined.

Leveraging artificial neural networks for robust landslide susceptibility mapping:A geospatial modeling approach in the ecologically sensitive Nilgiri District,Tamil Nadu

Landslides pose a significant threat to the lives and livelihoods of marginalised communities residing in rural areas and the delicate ecological balance of the environment.Implementing advanced technologies is crucial for improving hazard risk assessment and enhancing preparedness measures in regions characterised by diverse topography and complex geological formations.Geospatial applications and modelling techniques have emerged as indispensable in mitigating landslide risks,particularly in environmentally sensitive areas.This study presents a comprehensive approach to landslide susceptibility mapping in the Nilgiri District of Tamil Nadu,India,leveraging the power of Artificial Neural Networks(ANNs)and integrating multi-dimensional geospatial datasets.Integrating ANN-based modelling and geospatial techniques offers significant advantages in terms of statistical robustness,reproducibility,and the ability to analyze the complex interplay of factors influencing landslide hazards quantitatively.The methodology involves rigorous pre-processing and integrating spatial data,including landslide event occurrences as the dependent variable and ten independent parameters influencing landslide susceptibility.These parameters encompass elevation,slope aspect,slope degree,distance to roads,land use patterns,geomorphology,lithology,drainage density,lineament density,and rainfall distribution.Feature extraction and selection techniques are employed to effectively model the complex interactions between these factors and landslide occurrences.This process identifies the most relevant variables influencing landslide susceptibility,enhancing the model's predictive capabilities.The state-of-the-art ANNs are trained using historical landslide occurrence data and the selected influencing factors,enabling the development of a robust and accurate landslide susceptibility model.The performance of the developed model is rigorously evaluated using a comprehensive suite of metrics,including accuracy,precision,and the Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic(ROC)curve.Preliminary results indicate that the ANN-based landslide susceptibility model outperforms traditional zonation methods,demonstrating higher accuracy and reliability in predicting landslideprone areas.The resulting Landslide Susceptibility Map(LSM)categorises the study area into five distinct hazard zones,ranging from very high(664.1 km^(2)),high(598.9 km^(2)),moderate(639.7 km^(2)),low(478.9 km^(2))and to very low(170.9 km^(2)).Notably,the eastern and central regions of the district emerge as particularly vulnerable to landslide occurrences.The study's findings have far-reaching implications for disaster risk reduction efforts,landuse planning,and sustainable development strategies in the ecologically sensitive Nilgiri District and beyond.

黄热病经湛江口岸传入我国的可能性探讨

黄热病是由黄热病毒引起经伊蚊传播的烈性传染病,是国际检疫传染病之一.自古至今,我国没有黄热病记载.但随着我国社会经济的飞速发展,湛江口岸与黄热病疫区的交往将日益频繁,在交通工具高度现代化的情况下,此病的传染源或染疫媒介伊蚊随时有可能从国外输入,加上湛江地区存在有传播黄热病的主要媒介--埃及伊蚊和大量的易感人群,这就有可能导致黄热病的爆发或流行.