Research on Kunming Urban Riverbank Greening Construction

Urban riverbank has connected water and land eco-system in the city,not only playing a vital role in releasing flood and conserving water and soil,but also of significant landscape and ecological value.In view of riverbank greening construction in the comprehensive improvement of rivers in Kunming City in recent years,the paper has analyzed three common riverbank greening modes based on the field survey,that is,protective greening,landscape greening and ecological greening.Then,some suggestions and countermeasures have been proposed,including enhancing construction of ecological river,exploring historical and cultural connotation of rivers,and selecting reasonable plants' species and disposition mode.

Effects of climate factors on the height increment of poplar protec-tion forest in the riverbank field

Based on the data of stand investigation and stem analysis, the effects of climate factors on the poplar protection forest increment in the riverbank field of the Dalinghe and Xiaolinghe rivers of Liaoning Province, China were studied by step-wise regression procedure and grey system theories and methods. A regression model reflecting the correlation between the height increment of poplar protection forest and climatic factors was developed. The order of grey relevance for the effect of climatic factors on the height increment of poplar protection forest is: light>water>heat, and it could be interpreted that the poplar increment was mainly influenced by light factor, water factor, and heat factor. This result will provide scientific basis for the in-tensive cultivation and regeneration of the poplar protection forest in riverbank field in similar regions in China.

Riverbank Erosional Features in the Stanley Pool of the Congo River and Some Geotechnical Classifications of the Sands

The Stanley Pool, an almost circular island about thirty kilometers in diameter, crossed by the Congo River, is subject to diversified erosion of its riverbanks. This study highlights description using geotechnical particle size distribution analysis of soils of the shoreline that make up the shoreline. Three critical areas of the island were examined to characterize the origins of these erosion phenomena. The results obtained show that the soil materials are mostly sands with very fine or fine grains characteristic of very unstable soils. The morpho-sedimentological characteristics of the areas studied show that these soils are plastic (with a Plasticity Index between 15 percent and 19 percent). The presence of water, action of currents or groundwater flow easily destabilize the materials that make up the riverbank and cause the fines to creep (Collapse of sandy riverbanks, Landslide of sandy riverbanks, …).

Installation of a Riparian Forest by Means of Soil Bio Engineering Techniques—Monitoring Results from a River Restoration Work in Southern Brazil

Soil bioengineering has been applied more and more in different regions of Brazil in recent years. The study in hand presents the installation of “new” riparian forest based on soil bioengineering techniques. This riverbank restoration work was implemented in the year 2010 and two onsite vegetation surveys, one shortly after the construction, and one in 2013. Besides that, the structures of reinforcement work, and its effectiveness were evaluated. By means of the vegetation survey, the applied species were examined for their ability to establish the riverbank in an environmentally sustainable way. Most notably, the species Calliandra brevipes Benth. (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae), Phyllanthus sellowianus Müller Arg. (Euphorbiaceae), Salix humboldtiana Willd. (Salicaceae), Bauhinia forficate Link (Leguminosae), Inga marginata Willd. (Mimosoideae) and Ateleia glazioveana Baill. (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) showed a good growth development. The proportion of spontaneous vegetation increased significantly, with Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. becoming a dominating species. Resulting from that, the intervention can be assessed as functional and safe, but the strong increase of spontaneous vegetation is undesirable due to less flood resistance. The vegetated riprap could be the best to meet the expectations of the construction elements. Partly, the anchored willows showed as well a good growth development whereas the species used for the hedge brush layer could not develop as expected in large parts of the construction.

Analysis of Social and Psychological Terrain of Bank Erosion Victims: A Study Along the Bhagirathi River, West Bengal, India

Social psychology of people affected by hazards is different from normal psychology. For example, severe bank erosion in the lower reach of the Bhagirathi River in West Bengal has resulted in significant land loss （-60% of all households lost land over last 20 years） and affected the livelihoods of the people in the study villages along the river. Per capita income has almost halved from 1970-2012 due to land loss. This stark nature of land erosion and vulnerability of livelihood has had far-reaching repercussions on the fabric of society and the psychology of the people in this region. Results showed that erosion-affected villages have registered compara- tively larger average family sizes （-4.1 as compared to -3.9 in non-affected villages）, lower literacy levels （〈 50% compared to 〉 65% for the non-affected villages）, and poor health. Reports of poor health as a result of land erosion include -60% of the respondents having reported physical ailments such as headache and abdominal discomfort, as well as 3%-5% reporting loss of emotional and psychological balance. Villages suffering from erosion showed higher positive loadings in average-coefficient of variation （CV） differential （25%-40%） depicting objectivity in their opinions for select variables of social processes. Principal component analysis （PCA） por- trayed maximum eigenvalues in the first principal component for interpersonal processes （-98%） and a minimum for intergroup proc- esses （-80%）. Categorical principal component analysis （CATPCA） depicted a cluster between interpersonal and intergroup processes and another between intra-individual and group categories. The positive loadings in female-male differences in CV of perceptions portrayed relative consistency of males over the females concerning fear/phobia and physical stress while negative loadings exhibited higher consistency for females regarding psychological stress and shock. Lastly, the Taj fel matrix portrayed a distinction between hazard psychology characterized by maximum joint profit as found in Rukunpur, and normal psychology characterized by in-group favoritism as found in Matiari.

Soil-Column Test on Aniline Degradation in Riverbank Filtration under Denitrification Conditions

Drinking water is at risk from aniline pollution and thus aniline degradation and its mechanism have received much attention. In this paper, a soil column, including sediments and aquifer media, was collected from the Weihe riverbed and its bank, and used to research the characteristics of aniline degradation in the riverbank filtration process under denitrification conditions. The results indicate that all aniline could be degraded by the habituated indigenous microbes, and even mostly mineralized under denitrification conditions, but with a long lag phase. Some aniline degradation must involve deamination, while the majority undergoes covalent binding with humic substances to form complexes, and the complexes are easily degraded and even mineralized. During the degradation no intermediates were harmful to denitrifiers. Therefore, under denitrifaction conditions, aniline is degraded in RBF, and up to now aniline has not been monitored in the groundwater along the polluted river. During the 153 d testing process, the nitrate-nitrogen concentration was about 23.0 mg/L, and aniline concentrations were 40, 80 or 400 mg/L at 0-74 d, 75-105 d and 106-153 d respectively in infiltrating water. Indigenous microbes pass a lag period of 37 d, and grow on aniline as the source of carbon in the RBF under denitrification conditions. Aniline concentration in leachate was lower than the detected limits, so its removal rate was 100 %. Total organic carbon (TOC) removal rates were 97.99 %, 91.39 % and 75.30 % for 40, 80 and 400 mg/L aniline concentrations respectively, based on TOC monitored in infiltrating water and leachate.

Research and Experimental Application of Empirical Formulas to Calculate Riverbank Erosion in Tien River in the Mekong Delta

In recent years,the problem of riverbank and coastal erosion in the MD(Mekong Delta)is very complicated;landslides occur in most of the inland and coastal provinces.Most riverbank landslides occur gradually,but in contrast to sudden landslides that cause great damage,occur with increasing frequency.This shows that the trend of riverbank erosion will be more complicated and more frequent,especially in the context of extreme weather changes and changes in hydrological regime in the next time.Statistics from the authorities show that,if in 2010 the whole region had nearly 100 landslide points;by 2020 it had increased to more than 680 points;in which Dong Thap in the Tien River is one of the two localities with the most serious riverbank erosion.Currently,there are many methods used to assess and forecast the level of riverbank erosion in specific areas,such as:method of document analysis,measurement data;physical model;mathematical models and empirical formulas.In this study,the empirical formula is used to calculate the landslide level for the Tien River section in Cao Lanh,Dong Thap province.The calculation results according to the empirical formula have a certain agreement with the actual data,the correlation coefficient is 0.90 and the Nash coefficient is 0.78,the relative error of less than 15%is 80%of the cross-section.Such results have shown the possibility of applying empirical formulas to establish and calculate for other landslide areas along the banks of Hau River and MD.

On the Embodiment of Chinese Classical Thought in Whitman's Urban Ecological Poetics——Taking the Riverbank of the Ferry Crossing Last Winter as an Example

Whitman believes that people in cities should establish a harmonious relationship between humans and nature.In his urban imagination,humans are a common link in the entire ecosystem.As a part of heaven and earth,everything is one.Through dialogue with nature,Whitman explored that man and nature should be equal and harmonious.Whitman embodies the unique urban ecological poetics in his essay the Riverbank of the Ferry Crossing Last Winter,which contains Chinese classical thought of harmony between man and nature.

Two-dimensional numerical modeling of the longitudinal and lateral channel deformations in alluvial rivers

Two kinds of bank erosion mechanisms were analyzed, including fluvial and non-fluvial controlled mechanisms, and mechanical methods of simulating the erosion processes of cohesive, non-cohesive and composite riverbanks were improved. Then a two-dimensional numerical model of the channel deformation was developed, consisting of a 2D flow and sediment transport submodel and bank-erosion submodels of different soil riverbanks. In the model, a new technique for updating the bank geometry during the bed evolution was presented, which combines closely two kinds of submodels. The proposed model is capable of not only predicting the processes of flood routing and longitudinal channel deformation in natural rivers, but also simulating the processes of lateral channel deformation, especially the processes of lateral erosion and failure of cohesive, non-cohesive and composite riverbanks.

Prediction of recent bank retreat processes at typical sections in the Jingjiang Reach

The Jingjiang Reach is experiencing continuous channel degradation owing to operation of the Three Gorges Project （TGP） in 2003. Significant retreat processes at composite riverbanks have occurred at local sites of this reach, which may influence the stability of the fiver regime and the effect of existing river training works. Therefore, bank retreat plays a key role in fluvial processes of the Jingjiang Reach, and it is necessary to predict the long-term processes of bank retreat at typical sections in the reach. In this study, various factors influencing bank retreat in the Jingjiang Reach are investigated, based on bank erosion processes at four sections and the corresponding flow and sediment conditions. It is discovered that fluvial erosion intensity is a dominant factor in controlling the processes of bank retreat in the reach, although other factors, such as bank soil properties, can also influence bank retreat. The bankfull width at a section with severe bank erosion since 2002 is defined as being equal to the sum of the bankfull width in 2002 and the accumulated bank retreat distance after 2002. The magnitude of the bankfull width can be expressed as an exponential function of the previous 5-year average fluvial erosion intensity during flood seasons. The accumulated distances of bank retreat at four sections over the period 2002-2012 are predicted using the proposed empirical relationships, with the calculated bank retreat processes agreeing well with observed data.

NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE PURIFICATION PERFORMANCE OF RIVERBANK

During the rain time, the runoff infiltrates into the riverbank through the collecting gutter and slope surface. The city runoff is generally polluted by organic, oil, heavy metal particulates, etc. The pollutants moving with the water through the riverbank experience advection, dispersion, diffusion, adsorption, biochemical reaction and plant uptaking processes. In this article, a mathematical model was developed to simulate the performance of pollutant removal of the riverbank. The model took those main mechanisms into account. The modified Richards equation was used in simulating flow field. The mass balance law was employed in deriving the equation for pollutant transport, where the diffusion and dispersion were described with the Fick-type law, the adsorption was macroscopically expressed as form isotherm, and the bio-chemical degradation process was assumed to follow the Monod kinetics. The NH3-N and TP were considered in the present model. The mathematical model was descritized with a finite element numerical model, which was applied to two types of model riverbanks. In the model test, the hydraulic loading was assumed to have the intermittent pattern simulating the storm runoff of certain return period, and the values of the rainfall runoff and concentrations of the NH3-N and TP were taken from the model test. The computed overall removal rates for the NH3-N and TP in 6 cases are in the range of 88%-98%, 87%-97%, respectively. The differences between the computed and tested overall removal rates for the NH3-N and TP are less than 5%. The time-varying oscillation pattern of the concentrations of the NH3-N and TP were rationally simulated, which shows that the model presented in this article can be used to assess the purification performance of the riverbank constructed with sand or soil.

Change Detection of Land Use and Riverbank in Mekong Delta, Vietnam Using Time Series Remotely Sensed Data

By taking the advantages of remote sensing technology, changes of land cover in Ca Mau Peninsular （the Southern part of the Mekong delta） and erosion of riverbank of the Mekong River have been defined. Change detection using time-series optical and radar satellite images （Landsat, SPOT and Radarsat） is the main approach in this study. Typical land cover in Ca Mau Peninsular is mangrove; its changes are observable by analysing imageries from 1973 to 2008. The results showed that more than half of the mangrove area was converted into shrimp farms. This made forest cover severely declined. Riverbank of the Mekong River also was detected to be eroded and accreted in a complicated form. Locations along the left and right banks of Tien and Hau river are defined as hot spots that are seriously suffered erosions. Topographic maps in 1966-1968 were taken into account as base line data, which was analyzed along with satellite images from 1989 to 2009. In addition, the Digital Shoreline Analysis System （DSAS） package was taken to analyze trend of changes in terms of changing prediction.

High-solids anaerobic mono-digestion of riverbank grass under thermophilic conditions

The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of high-solids anaerobic mono-digestion of riverbank grass under thermophilic conditions, focusing on the effects of the strength and the amount of inoculum. Ensiled grass was inoculated with three different inocula; inoculum from liquid anaerobic digester（LI）, inoculum from dry anaerobic digester（DI）, and mixture of LI and DI（MI）, at feedstock-to-inoculum ratio（FIR） of 1, 2 and 4. The ensiling process of riverbank grass reduced moisture content（p 〉 0.05）, while the hemicellulose content was significantly increased from 30.88% to 35.15%（p 〈 0.05）, on dry matter basis. The highest methane production was at an FIR of 2 with MI（167 L/kg VSadded）,which was significantly higher（p 〈 0.05） than with DI, but not significant compared to LI（p 〉 0.05）. At an FIR of 4, digesters inoculated with LI and DI failed to produce methane,whereas 135 LCH4/kg VSaddedwas obtained with MI. The kinetic studies showed that at an FIR of 1 with LI and MI, the inoculum had less of effects on the hydrolysis rate constant（0.269 day-1and 0.245 day-1） and methane production（135 versus 149 L/kg VSadded）; rather,it affected the lag phase. In a thermophilic HS-AD of riverbank grass, the mixture of inoculum with low and high total solids content（TS） helps increase the TS of inoculum and digestion process. An FIR of 2 was deducted to be the limit for a better startup time and higher volumetric productivity of methane.

Riparian plant community structure and assembly processes differed by variations in riverbank curvatures:implications for restoring habitats along the Three Gorges Reservoir

A meandering riverbank plays a vital role in maintaining natural river ecosystems,providing habitats for riparian vegetation.However,dams have significantly altered riverbank shapes.To restore the riparian ecosystems,it is imperative to understand how different riverbank curvatures influence them.This study aims to uncover the ecological impacts of riverbank curvature on the structure and assembly process of plant communities in the riparian zone of the Yangtze River,regulated by the Three Gorges Dam(TGD)in China.We categorized the riparian zones into four types:cove,lobe,wavy and linear shapes.We documented the composition and diversity of riparian plant communities.Our findings revealed that wavy and cove riverbanks exhibited greater species diversity(with Shannon–Wiener diversity index values 1.5×higher)compared to communities along linear riverbanks.Furthermore,the analysis of functional traits indicated that wavy riverbanks promoted the differentiation of plant functional traits,thus enhancing ecosystem functions,with functional dispersion index(FDis)values 1.3 times higher than those of linear riverbanks.Significant variations in the assembly of riparian communities were also observed among different riverbanks,with standardized effect size(SES)values indicating a higher degree of niche differentiation in cove riverbanks(SES=0.4)compared to linear riverbanks(SES=–0.6).These results highlight the ecological importance of diverse riverbank curvatures in influencing the diversity,structure and assembly of riparian communities along the waterway.In summary,this study underscores the necessity of maintaining or restoring various natural morphological curvatures when rehabilitating riparian communities along rivers impacted by human activities.