Study on Volume Variation and Stability of Riverbed in the Yangtze Estuary

In recent years,regional floods and typhoons have occurred in the Yangtze Estuary.Changing dynamic conditions and dramatic reduction of sediment discharge in the basin are affecting the dynamic equilibrium pattern of the Yangtze Estuary.Based on the field measurement data and theoretical derivation,this paper analyzed the changing process of runoff-sediment discharge into the sea after the operation of the Three Gorges Project(TGP),and the tidal dynamics and sediment variation characteristics of the Yangtze Estuary.The erosion of South Branch mainly occurs in the channel below-10 m contour,and the riverbed volume below contours 0 m and-10 m has a good correlation with the sediment discharge of Datong Station in the previous year.On this basis,the ratio of the horizontal distance from the starting point to the section centroid below the average water level(B_c)and the water depth at the section centroid(H_c)was proposed to describe the change of the section shape.The relationships between the water-diverting ratio,the sediment-diverting ratio and the water-diverting angle,the conditions of runoff and sediment discharge from the upper reach and the characteristics of the riverway section were established,and the theoretical calculation equations of the water-diverting ratio,the sediment-diverting ratio and the diverting angle of each bifurcation were also established.

基于Riverbed的机载电子板卡红外图像分割

在机载电子板卡故障诊断过程中,需要对故障芯片进行准确的定位。针对机载电子板卡芯片布局紧密、工作芯片的热辐射范围广的问题,提出一种新型的人机交互式红外图像分割方法。首先,利用基于图像森林变换的Riverbed算法对故障目标图像进行边界追踪,并将Live Wire的特性与之相结合,优化了对边界模糊的目标的轮廓的提取,显著减少了所需的定位点数;然后,鉴于芯片的外形特征,采用基于梯度幅度直方图和类内方差最小化的自适应方法找到芯片的边界,用得到的芯片边界对目标轮廓进行约束,提高目标区域定位的精度。实验结果表明:该方法有效提高了故障边界提取的速度,与其他经典算法相比较有效提高了芯片的核心发热区域提取的精度,避免了多分割的现象。

Effects of riverbed scour on seismic performance of high-rise pile cap foundation

To explore the seismic performance of a high-rise pile cap foundation with riverbed scour, a finite element model for foundations is introduced in the OpenSees finite element framework. In the model, a fiber element is used to simulate the pile shaft, a nonlinear p-y element is used to simulate the soil-pile interaction, and the p-factor method is used to reflect the group effects. A global and local scour model is proposed, in which two parameters, the scour depth of the same row of piles and the difference in the scour depth of the upstream pile and the downstream pile, are included to study the influence of scour on the foundation. Several elasto-plastic static pushover analyses are performed on this finite element model. The analysis results indicate that the seismic capacity （or supply） of the foundation is in the worst condition when the predicted deepest global scout depth is reached, and the capacity becomes larger when the local scour depth is below the predicted deepest global scout depth. Therefore, to evaluate the seismic capacity of a foundation, only the predicted deepest global scout depth should be considered. The method used in this paper can be also applied to foundations with other soil types.

Modeling the triaxial behavior of riverbed and blasted quarried rockfill materials using hardening soil model

Riverbed modeled rockfill material from Noa Dehing dam project, Arunachal Pradesh, India and blasted quarried modeled rockfill material from Kol dam project, Himachal Pradesh, India were considered for this research. Riverbed rockfill material is rounded to sub-rounded and quarried rockfill material is angular to sub-angular in shape. Prototype rockfill materials were modeled into maximum particle size （dmax） of 4.75 mm, 10 mm, 19 mm, 25 mm, 5O mm and 80 mm for testing in the laboratory. Consolidated drained triaxial tests were conducted on modeled rockfill materials with a specimen size of 381 mm in diameter and 813 mm in height to study the stress-strain-volume change behavior for both rockfill materials. Index properties, i.e. uncompacted void content （UVC） and uniaxial compressive strength （UCS）, were determined for both rockfill materials in association with material parameters. An elasto- plastic hardening soil （HS） constitutive model was used to predict the behavior of modeled rockfill materials. Comparing the predicted and observed stress-strain-volume change behavior, it is found that both observed and predicted behaviors match closely. The procedures were developed to predict the shear strength and elastic parameters of rockfill materials using the index properties, i.e. UCS, UVC and relative density （RD）, and predictions were made satisfactorily. Comparing the predicted and experi- mentally determined shear strengths and elastic parameters, it is observed that both values match closely. Then these procedures were used to predict the elastic and shear strength parameters of large- size prototype rockfill materials. Correlations were also developed between index properties and ma- terial strength parameters （dilatancy angle, ~, and initial void ratio, einit, required for HS model） of modeled rockfill materials and the same correlations were used to predict the strength parameters for the prototype rockfill materials. Using the predicted material parameters, the stress-strain-volume change behavior of prototype rockfill material was predicted using elastoplastic HS constitutive model. The advantage of the proposed methods is that only index properties, i.e. UCS, UVC, RD, modulus of elasticity of intact rock, Eir, and Poisson＇s ratio of intact rock, Vir, are required to determine the angle of shearing resistance, Ф, modulus of elasticity, E50^ref and Poisson＇s ratio, , of rockfill materials, and there is E50＆ref no need of triaxial testing. It is believed that the proposed methods are more realistic, economical, and can be used where large-size triaxial testing facilities are not available.

Mobility Issue on Octagonal Structured ZigBee Network Using Riverbed

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a special type of communication medium through distributed sensor nodes. Popular wireless sensor nodes like ZigBee have splendid interoperability after IEEE 802.15.4 standardization in the domain of wireless personal area network (WPAN). ZigBee has another great feature mobility that makes the ZigBee network more versatile. The mobility feature of ZigBee mobile nodes has a greater impact on network performance than fixed nodes. This impact sometimes turns into more severe because of network structure and mobility model. This study mainly focuses on the performance analysis of the ZigBee mobile node under Random and Octagonal mobility management model with the Tree routing method. The Riverbed academic modeler is used to design, implement and simulate the ZigBee network under certain conditions. This study also presents a competitive performance analysis based on ZigBee mobile nodes transmitter and receiver characteristics under the observation of the mobility model. This indicates that Octagonal mobility model exhibits better performance than the Random mobility model. This study will constitute a new way for further designing and planning a reliable and efficient ZigBee network.

黑龙江(阿穆尔河)河槽演变相关研究成果——俄罗斯科学院远东分院水生态所《Formation of the Riverbed Relief and River Banks》简析

在水文学的探索过程中,对河槽演变的研究是揭示河流流量变化、河流水势变化与研究流域自然地理演变的基础。在中国国内对黑龙江(阿穆尔河)流域的研究中,关于河槽演变的成果和分析不多。《Formation of the Riverbed Relief and River Banks》一书是由俄罗斯科学院远东分院水生态研究所(IWEP FEB RAS,文中简称IWEP)副所长阿雷克谢·尼古拉耶维奇·马奇诺夫教授为第一作者编著的,该书从东亚的地区特征出发,对黑龙江(阿穆尔河)河床地貌的形成与河槽演变过程作了详细的说明。全书共分为五章,共172页,附图片44张(9张是实景彩图),并有英语和俄语两版简介与结论。该书对黑龙江河槽演变的研究具有一定的参考价值。

Application of Short Sequential Extraction Procedure(SSEP) for the Determination of Zn, Cu, and Cd Contents in Riverbed Sludge in Hejiagou, Harbin, China

A short sequential extraction procedure（SSEP） was applied to the determination of more readily available metal fractions of Zn, Cu, and Cd in the riverbed sludge in Hejiagou, Harbin, China. From the results, a potential order of metal availability in seven sludge samples was proposed： Cd 〈 Cu 〈 Zn, and samples S1 , S2, and S4 were used for the determination of total Zn content, and sample S3 used for the determination of total Cu content in the mobile and the mobilizable fractions showed the highest pollution risk. The results with regard to metal mobility in sludge samples were confirmed by the individual and global contamination factors that were calculated from the nonresidual and residual metal contents. The results obtained from metal-release experiments after exposure of sludge to environmental conditions agreed well with those obtained from both SSEP and the individual and global contamination factors, indicating that the maximum metal release could be an additional factor to evaluate the heavy metal availability in contaminated sludge. A substantial time saving was achieved by using the metal-release method in the present study.

A Micro Study to Determine Porosity, Hydraulic Conductivity, Permeability and the Discharge Rate of Groundwater in Ondo State Riverbeds, Southwestern Nigeria

Laboratory study of three riverbed soil samples denoted as A, B and C have been carried out by determining the soils Porosity, Hydraulic conductivity, Permeability and also investigating if there are points of convergence between the discharge rate and angle of tilt for the above mentioned samples. The experimental results for Porosity were approximately within 34% - 37%, Hydraulic conductivity was within 3.02 × 10-5 - 9.70 × 10-5 (m/s) and Permeability was within 2.74 × 10-12 - 8.80 × 10-12 (m2). Pressure generally increases as distance of flow increases for θ = 5° - 25° but there was decrease in pressure as distance of flow increases for all three samples when θ = 0°. The points of convergence for the discharge rate ranged from 0.001 × 10-10 - 4.54 × 10-10 (m3/s), while the angle of tilt convergence points ranged from 0.1° to 3.6°. There was increase in discharge rate as angle of tilt increases for all three samples.

Riverbed发布业界最全面的数字体验管理解决方案

本刊讯Riverbed科技公司日前宣布推出最新版Riverbed SteelCentral，为用户提供市场上最完整、集成的数字体验管理解决方案。现在，Riverbed SteelCentral可以帮助客户评估数字体验的方方面面，

取水工程对松花江悦来河段影响研究

为了研究引水工程的建设对松花江悦来河段水沙变化的影响,构建了松花江干流悦来河段的平面二维水沙数学模型,分析了引水工况对松花江悦来河段的流速、水位、分流比和冲淤分布的影响。研究结果表明:松北引渠引水入松花江致使入江处水位抬升为0.03~0.04 m,由于松南引渠引水,致使取水口附近的主河道水位下降约0.03 m;在天然条件下,松南下口引渠位置分流量为78 m~3/s,分流比为8.8%,在取水方案下,松南上口引渠分流量为104 m~3/s,分流比为8.5%,松南下口引渠分流量为323 m~3/s,分流比为28.9%;在天然条件下,悦来河段主河道呈现冲刷状态,冲刷深度为1.0 m左右,双口引渠导致取水口附近的泥沙淤积较天然条件有所增加,其中松南引渠下口淤积更为显著,引渠口门处淤积厚度可达1.0 m以上。

水库拦沙对黄河下游河床演变的影响

为充分认识水库拦沙对其下游河道河床演变及防洪的影响,基于三门峡水库和小浪底水库拦沙期水沙及断面观测资料,研究了黄河下游河槽冲淤、洪水冲刷效率、河槽几何特征、排洪能力等规律。结果表明:水库拦沙期,黄河下游沿程河槽均发生了不均衡冲刷;河床粗化明显,粗化后床沙中值粒径最大值为冲刷前的2.1~2.5倍;高村以上河段同水位过洪能力增加明显,冲刷后较大的河槽容积可为小浪底水库排沙提供暂时的滞沙;河床粗化后细泥沙和中泥沙补给能力不足,河槽冲刷效率随冲刷历时的增加衰减明显。由于水库多年调节水沙过程及下游相对完善的河道整治工程约束,小浪底水库拦沙期黄河下游河槽冲刷重心下移,河床粗化程度增加,冲刷效率明显降低。研究成果可为水库水沙调控技术指标的选取提供科学依据。

黑龙江干流黑河市城区段河床演变研究

黑龙江黑河市城区河段河道受自然及人为因素影响,河床演变复杂。采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法和双累积曲线法分析了水沙变化趋势。基于实测水文和泥沙资料,对河床稳定性及冲淤变化进行了定量研究。研究结果表明,该河段属于少沙河流,结雅河口以上年径流和输沙量随时间呈减小趋势,结雅河口以下年径流没有明显的趋势性变化,年输沙量呈减小趋势。自然状态下,河段岸线和深泓线位置基本稳定,河床冲淤变化不大,以约10年为一个周期,基本可以达到冲淤平衡。在人类活动及支流汇入影响下,黑河水位站至长发岛段纵向不稳定,预测会引起该段未防护岛屿洲滩的岸线变迁。

磁偶极子单自由度定位河床冲刷监测方法研究

为解决传统磁偶极子定位方法依磁力梯度张量反演磁偶极子位置,所需测量矩阵复杂的弊端,从磁偶极子空间分布模式出发,仅以单自由度的磁偶极子在某点处所产生的磁场三分量来定位磁偶极子。依据磁偶极子空间分布模式,推导单自由度磁偶极子的反演方程,实现了磁偶极子单自由度定位。在此基础上,基于推导的反演方程,将磁偶极子单自由度定位方法与重力驱动河床冲刷监测方法相结合,提出了一种具有普适性的河床冲刷监测方法,该方法可以通过单自由度反演公式反映河床冲刷情况。

西北江三角洲河床变化对咸潮上溯影响的数值模拟研究

为研究西北江三角洲河床变化及其与咸潮上溯关系,收集整理以往研究成果资料与水文气象、河道地形数据的基础上,建立一维非恒定流含氯度数学模型,水动力和含氯度验证结果均满足相关规范要求,可以用于计算分析河床变化对咸潮上溯的影响。研究结果表明:①1999—2016年,西北江三角洲网河区河床处于不均匀下切状态,河道容积持续增大,导致河口涨落潮阻力减小,高盐水团沿河口上溯更为简单,咸潮上溯情势日益严峻;②各口门站的涨潮量增加,咸界上移取淡机率降低,思贤滘不同来流条件下,磨刀门水道咸界平均上移3735 m,平岗泵站的取淡机率平均减少5.33%,沙湾水道咸界平均上移2369 m,沙湾第一水厂取淡机率平均减少5.14%,严重影响河口地区的生态系统以及正常取水需求。研究结果可以为西北江三角洲及河口地区的供水安全保障措施研究及工程设计提供基础支撑。

三峡蓄水以来葛洲坝下中华鲟产卵场河床质特征变化规律

为探究葛洲坝下中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)产卵场的河床质特征变化规律,研究基于水声学和水下视频影像分析三峡蓄水以来现有数据(2004—2020年),研究底质表观特征与水声学特征的相关性,分析产卵场底质特征变化及其原因。结果表明:(1)硬度、粗糙度和分形维数分别与河床质充塞度、粒径和主要组成相关;(2)葛洲坝下中华鲟产卵场河床底质特征参数在2004—2020年发生了明显的变化,硬度、粗糙度和分形维数三种特征均值在2004—2012年均呈现先增加后减少的趋势(P<0.01),在2012—2019年均显著增加(P<0.01),在2019—2020年显著减少(P<0.01);(3)产卵场含沙的底质比例在2004—2008年减少33.08%,在2008—2012年增加12.69%,在2012—2015年减少33.83%,此后其持续减少至2019年,在2019—2020年增加39.37%,期间的底质变化可能与三峡蓄水、泥沙调度、新修水坝的蓄水运行及期间发生的洪水有较大关联,且中华鲟的自然繁殖活动明显受河床质变化影响。研究结果为葛洲坝下中华鲟产卵场河床质的推演和产卵场的恢复与重建提供基础数据。

河床冲刷对大断面水下隧道变形影响

河床冲刷是水下隧道长期运营中面临的一个新问题。受径流量变化、河床泥沙条件等因素影响,上覆河床冲刷会导致隧道埋深和荷载变化,使其产生不均匀变形,影响隧道安全。本研究围绕河床冲刷下大断面过江隧道的变形响应问题,采用离心试验研究多次冲刷后隧道变形发展进程,分析了内部衬砌增大结构刚度来抵抗冲刷卸载变形的机理;分析了不同冲刷深度下隧道变形增长的非线性行为,揭示了冲刷过程中淤泥质地层对隧道变形的不利影响;分析了河道冲刷引起的盾构管片衬砌环缝张开变形特征,明确了内部衬砌有利于避免管片衬砌环缝张开的不利影响。

分汊河道对极端洪水的响应研究——以北江伦洲河段为例

为探究分汊河段河流形态和水动力学特性对极端洪水的响应,以北江下游清远伦洲河段为例,通过实地调研、河床演变分析和数值模拟的方法,系统研究了该河段在2022年6月超百年一遇洪水期间水流运动特性,以及洪水后河床冲淤变化、泥沙粒径分布和水位变化情况。结果表明:“22·6”洪水期间,水流主流在惯性作用下向左侧偏转并对伦洲岛岛头区域产生直接冲击,从而造成该区域基础设施损毁严重;水流冲出峡谷后由于流速降低、挟沙能力下降,导致岛头区域和河道右汊淤积严重,河道左汊则呈冲刷态势;由于岛头区域和河道左、右汊流速差异,导致泥沙粒径分布存在差异,其中岛头区域泥沙粒径明显大于左、右汊河床泥沙粒径;“22·6”洪水后由于河床抬升,水位较洪水前明显壅高,左汊分流比增大,在来流为5000 m^(3)/s条件下,岛头上游水位壅高接近1 m,左汊分流比较洪水前增加约16%。

金沙江堰塞湖溃决后淤积河段疏浚措施实验研究

2018年金沙江上游因强降雨发生大型山体滑坡形成堰塞湖,堰塞湖溃决后大量泥沙随溃坝洪水向下游输移,导致下游河道形态及水流特性突变。某规划电站尾水河段受该事件影响,床面淤积6~10 m。为保障该电站如期正常建设,针对尾水河段上下游3 km河道,开展动床物理模型试验研究,探索尾水河段设计水位恢复方案。河道演变分析表明,堰塞湖溃决后的第1年,工程河段河床单向显著冲刷;至2022年汛前,河道整体表现为上冲下淤,尤其弯道下游石滩显著生长发育。通过模型试验预测了工程河段2027年地形,届时河道床而仍较堰塞湖溃决前高1~6 m,需要采取疏浚措施才能保障规划电站尾水口水位降低至设计水位。为有效减小疏浚范围及疏浚量,详细分析了弯道下游新生石滩段的水沙特性及演变趋势,提出了下游先期局部疏浚,通过自然演变调整床面,再开展整体疏浚的整治方案。试验证明,该方案较直接疏浚方案缩短了疏浚长度,可减少约6.88万m3疏浚量。继续针对新方案开展淤积试验,由于上游电站已陆续建成使用,其拦蓄作用大幅减少了研究河段来沙量,在5个典型年的水沙作用下,研究河段床面整体保持相对稳定,仅尾水出口下游左侧呈现一定程度淤积,建议管理单位定期按需要进行必要的局部疏浚维护,以保障电站安全运行。

固结黏性土河床冲刷深度试验研究

固结黏性土是沉积日久、经过物理化学作用、已经形成黏土矿物的黏性土,其起动特性与散粒体泥沙存在明显差异,河床冲刷情况也更为复杂。以拟建绍兴市城市轨道交通2号线下穿曹娥江隧道工程河段为例,采用水槽试验与河工模型试验相结合的方法,通过水槽试验测量原状土与模型沙起动流速及输沙率,从而选取模型沙并确定冲淤时间比尺。结果表明:在百年一遇与三百年一遇极端洪水作用下,隧道线位上游受弯道的影响,下游受左岸边滩的约束,冲刷深度均较大,而隧道线位处冲刷幅度相对较小,最大冲刷深度分别为5.5 m、7.7 m。水槽试验与河工模型试验相结合的方法可为固结黏性土河床的隧道、管道埋深设计提供参考。