Fly Ash/Paraffin Composite Phase Change Material Used to Treat Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Expansive Soil in Cold Regions

Phase change materials(PCMs)can store large amounts of energy in latent heat and release it during phase changes,which could be used to improve the freeze-thaw performance of soil.The composite phase change material was prepared with paraffin as the PCM and 8%Class C fly ash(CFA)as the supporting material.Laboratory tests were conducted to reveal the influence of phase change paraffin composite Class C fly ash(CFA-PCM)on the thermal properties,volume changes and mechanical properties of expansive soil.The results show that PCM failed to establish a good improvement effect due to leakage.CFA can effectively adsorb phase change materials,and the two have good compatibility.CFA-PCM reduces the volume change and strength attenuation of the soil,and 8 wt.%PCM is the optimal content.CFA-PCM turns the phase change latent heat down of the soil and improves its thermal stability.CFA-PCM makes the impact small of freeze-thaw on soil pore structure damage and improves soil volume change and mechanical properties on a macroscopic scale.In addition,CFA-8 wt.%PCM treated expansive soil has apparent advantages in resisting repeated freeze-thaw cycles,providing a reference for actual engineering design.

Experimental study of polyurethane foam reinforced soil used as a rock-like material

In this study, p o ly u reth an e foam ty p e th e rm o se t polym erizing, d u e to chem ical reaction b e tw e e n itsliquid ingredients, w as teste d as b in d e r afte r solidifying and th e n a rock-like m aterial m ixing w ith asandy silt ty p e soil w as prep ared . The uniaxial com pressive stren g th s （UCSs） o f p o ly u reth an e foamreinforced soil specim ens w ere d e term in ed for different p o ly u reth an e ratios in th e m ixture. A dditionally,a series o f te sts o n slake durability, im pact value, freezing-th aw in g resistance, and ab rasio n resistance ofp o ly u reth an e reinforced soil （PRS） m ix tu re w as co n d u cted . The UCS values over 3 M Pa w ere m easuredfrom th e PRS specim ens. The testin g results show ed th a t tre a te d soil can econom ically b ecom e adesirable rock-like m aterial in term s o f slake d u ra b ility a n d resistances ag ain st freezing-thaw ing, im pacteffect an d abrasion. As a n o th e r ch aracteristic o f th e rock-like m aterial m ade w ith p o ly u reth an e foam,u n it volum e w eig h t w as found to be q uite low er th a n th o se o f n atu ral rock m aterials.

THEORETICAL MODEL OF EFFECTIVE STRESS COEFFICIENT FOR ROCK/SOIL-LIKE POROUS MATERIALS

Physical mechanisms and influencing factors on the effective stress coefficient for rock/soil-like porous materials are investigated, based on which equivalent connectivity index is proposed. The equivalent connectivity index, relying on the meso-scale structure of porous material and the property of liquid, denotes the connectivity of pores in Representative Element Area （REA）. If the conductivity of the porous material is anisotropic, the equivalent connectivity index is a second order tensor. Based on the basic theories of continuous mechanics and tensor analysis, relationship between area porosity and volumetric porosity of porous materials is deduced. Then a generalized expression, describing the relation between effective stress coefficient tensor and equivalent connectivity tensor of pores, is proposed, and the expression can be applied to isotropic media and also to anisotropic materials. Furthermore, evolution of porosity and equivalent connectivity index of the pore are studied in the strain space, and the method to determine the corresponding functions in expressions above is proposed using genetic algorithm and genetic programming. Two applications show that the results obtained by the method in this paper perfectly agree with the test data. This paper provides an important theoretical support to the coupled hydro-mechanical research.

Accounting for mineralogical composition and origin of soils and sedimentary rocks in thermal property predictions

A methodology for calculating the thermal conductivity of soils and rocks is developed which takes into account their origin and mineralogical composition.This method utilizes three approaches.One is founded on the structural modeling of contact heat interaction between particles and fills and estimates the statistical probability distribution of the particles in the volume of the medium.The second approach analyses perturbation to the temperature field of the matrix medium by ellipsoidal inclusions.The third approach is to find the mean thermal conductivity of the solid skeleton in the universal model at different composition of rock-forming minerals.

A Comparative Investigation of the Biodegradation Behaviour of Linseed Oil-Based Cross-Linked Composites Filled with Industrial Waste Materials in Two Different Soils

The biodegradation of polymeric biocomposites formed from epoxidized linseed oil and various types of fillers(pine needles,pine bark,grain mill waste,rapeseed cake)and a control sample without filler was studied during 180 days of exposure to two types of forest soil:deciduous and coniferous.The weight loss,morphological,and structural changes of polymer composites were noticed after 180 days of the soil burial test.The greatest weight loss of all tested samples was observed in coniferous forest soil(41.8%–63.2%),while in deciduous forest soil,it ranged between 37.7%and 42.3%.The most significant changes in the intensities of the signals evaluated by attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy,as well as morphological changes determined by scanning electron microscopy,were assessed for polymer composite with rapeseed cake and specimen without filler in coniferous forest soil and are in a good agreement with weight loss results.Whereas significantly lower changes in weight loss,morphology,and structure of polymeric film with pine bark were noticed in both soils.It was suggested that fungi of Trichoderma,Penicillium,Talaromyces and Clonostachys genera are the possible soil microorganisms that degrade linseed oil-based cross-linked polymer composites.Moreover,the novel polymer composites have the potential to be an environmentally friendly alternative to petroleum-based mulching films.

Mechanical properties of anti-seepage grouting materials for heavy metal contaminated soil

Cement-based composite grouting materials were used to construct grouting cutoff wall for heavy metal contaminated soil in non-ferrous metal mining areas. Cement, fly ash, and slag as principal ingredients were mixed with water glass in different ways to produce three composite grouting materials. In order to investigate the effect of water glass mixing ratio, Baume degree, fly ash and slag contents on the mechanical properties of the composite grouting materials, particularly their gel time and compressive strength, the beaker-to-beaker method of gel time test and unconfined compressive strength test were conducted. In addition, the phase composition and microstructure of the composite grouting materials were analyzed by the X-ray diffraction（XRD） and scanning electron microscope（SEM） techniques. The test results show that their gel time increases when water glass mixing ratio and Baume degree increase. The gel time increases dramatically when fly ash is added, but decreases slightly if fly ash is partly replaced by slag. When the mixing ratio of water glass is below 20%, their compressive strength increases with the increases of the ratio; when the ratio is above 20%, it significantly decreases. The compressive strength also tends to increase as Baume degree increases, and improves if fly ash and slag are added.

Development and application of novel high‐efficiency composite ultrafine cement grouts for roadway in fractured surrounding rocks

The fractured surrounding rocks of roadways pose major challenges to safe mining.Grouting has often been used to reinforce the surrounding rocks to mitigate the safety risks associated with fractured rocks.The aim of this study is to develop highly efficient composite ultrafine cement(CUC)grouts to reinforce the roadway in fractured surrounding rocks.The materials used are ultrafine cement(UC),ultrafine fly ash(UF),ultrafine slag(US),and additives(superplasticizer[SUP],aluminate ultrafine expansion agent[AUA],gypsum,and retarder).The fluidity,bleeding,shrinkage,setting time,chemical composition,microstructure,degree of hydration,and mechanical property of grouting materials were evaluated in this study.Also,a suitable and effective CUC grout mixture was used to reinforce the roadway in the fractured surrounding rock.The results have shown that the addition of UF and US reduces the plastic viscosity of CUC,and the best fluidity can be obtained by adding 40%UF and 10%US.Since UC and UF particles are small,the pozzolanic effect of UF promotes the hydration reaction,which is conductive to the stability of CUC grouts.In addition,fine particles of UC,UF,and US can effectively fill the pores,while the volumetric expansion of AUA and gypsum decreases the pores and thus affects the microstructure of the solidified grout.The compressive test results have shown that the addition of specific amounts of UF and US can ameliorate the mechanical properties of CUC grouts.Finally,the CUC22‐8 grout was used to reinforce the No.20322 belt roadway.The results of numerical simulation and field monitoring have indicated that grouting can efficaciously reinforce the surrounding rock of the roadway.In this research,high‐performance CUC grouts were developed for surrounding rock reinforcement of underground engineering by utilizing UC and some additives.

Influence of Some Plant Fibers on the Mechanical Performance of Composite Materials

This work focused on the search for biobased materials capable of being used in road techniques as soil inclusions, and on studying the influence of their incorporation on the characteristic parameters of pavement layers. To this end, pineapple, cyperus and imperata plant fibers, due to their endemic availability, were used as reinforcement on sourced materials, notably bar soil, lateritic gravel and silty sand. Complete identification and mechanical tests (Proctor and CBR) were carried out on materials in their natural state (soil) and on composite materials (soil + plant fibers) in the laboratory to determine their classification in road geotechnics, their compaction parameters and their mechanical behavior. Firstly, the various types of 2.5 cm long fibers were incorporated into the different types of soil at mass contents of 1% and 2%. This part of the study showed that the pineapple fiber composite incorporated into class A2 bar soil offered the best results, with a 38% gain in CBR index compared with the natural soil. Pineapple fibers incorporated at 1% in lateritic gravel raise the CBR value of the reinforced soil to 10% of the CBR value of the natural soil and to 7% for silty sand.

The Cemented Material Dam： A New, Environmentally Friendly Type of Dam

The first author proposed the concept of the cemented material dam （CMD） in 2009. This concept was aimed at building an environmentally friendly dam in a safer and more economical way for both the dam and the area downstream. The concept covers the cemented sand, gravel, and rock dam （CSGRD）, the rockfill concrete （RFC） dam （or the cemented rockfill dam, CRD）, and the cemented soil dam （CSD）. This paper summarizes the concept and principles of the CMD based on studies and practices in projects around the world. It also introduces new developments in the CSGRD, CRD, and CSD.

DOUBLE-MEDIUM CONSTITUTIVE MODEL OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIAL IN UNIAXIAL TENSION AND COMPRESSION

Based on elasto-plasticity and damage mechanics, a double-medium constitutive model of geological material under uniaxial tension and compression was presented, on the assumption that rock and soil materials are the pore-fracture double-medium, and porous medium has no damage occurring, while fracture medium has damage occurring with load. To the implicit equation of the model, iterative method was adopted to obtain the complete stress-strain curve of the material. The result shows that many different distributions （uniform distribution, concentrated distribution and random distribution） of fractures in rock and soil material are the essential reasons of the daedal constitutive relations. By the reason that the double-medium constitutive model separates the material to be porous medium part, which is the main body of elasticity, and fracture medium part, which is the main body of damage, it is of important practical values and theoretical meanings to the study on failure of rock and soil or materials containing damage.

On Designing Biopolymer-Bound Soil Composites (BSC) for Peak Compressive Strength

Biopolymer-bound Soil Composites(BSC),are a novel bio-based construction material class,produced through the mixture and desiccation of biopolymers with inorganic aggregates with applications in soil stabilization,brick creation and in situ construction on Earth and space.This paper introduces a mixture design methodology to produce maximum strength for a given soil-biopolymer combination.Twenty protein and sand mix designs were investigated,with varying amounts of biopolymer solution and compaction regimes during manufacture.The ultimate compressive strength,density,and shrinkage of BSC samples are reported.It is observed that the compressive strength of BSC materials increases proportional to tighter particle packing(soil dry bulk density)and binder content.A theory to explain this peak compressive strength phenomenon is presented.

A new elastoplastic model for bolt-grouted fractured rock

Complexities in mechanical behaviours of rock masses mainly stem from inherent discontinuities,which calls for advanced bolt-grouting techniques for stability enhancement.Understanding the mechanical properties of bolt-grouted fractured rock mass(BGFR)and developing accurate prediction methods are crucial to optimize the BGFR support strategies.This paper establishes a new elastoplastic(E-P)model based on the orthotropic and the Mohr-Coulomb(M-C)plastic-yielding criteria.The elastic parameters of the model were derived through a meso-mechanical analysis of composite materials mechanics(CMM).Laboratory BGFR specimens were prepared and uniaxial compression test and variable-angle shear test considering different bolt arrangements were carried out to obtain the mechanical parameters of the specimens.Results showed that the anisotropy of BGFR mainly depends on the relative volume content of each component material in a certain direction.Moreover,the mechanical parameters deduced from the theory of composite materials which consider the short fibre effect are shown to be in good agreement with those determined by laboratory experiments,and the variation rules maintained good consistency.Last,a case study of a real tunnel project is provided to highlight the effectiveness,validity and robustness of the developed E-P model in prediction of stresses and deformations.

岩土工程勘察报告中的评价及建议问题研讨

岩土工程勘察报告应以土力学理论为基石,以技术标准及规范为路标,依据客观、真实的基础资料,研析合理的岩土工程参数,提出恰当的评价及建议。基于岩土工程勘察中的问题,对以下三方面展开讨论:采用标贯法进行液化判别评价应注意计算公式中地面标高选择原地面还是后期整平地面问题,必要时应分不同标高进行评价;浅埋基岩以上地基处理方案如建议嵌岩刚性桩与土共同作用,应明确计算模型为土岩组合地基;应考虑场地的地形条件、区域地质条件及结构设计条件,综合分析确定抗浮设防水位。

含水率对根-土石复合体抗剪强度影响的试验研究——以垂丝海棠为例

【目的】探究含水率对根-土石复合体抗剪强度的影响规律。【方法】以四川农业大学雅安校区老板山典型固坡植物垂丝海棠为研究对象,固定剪切面含根量为0.2%、含石量为30%,设置5种含水率梯度(10%、15%、20%、25%、30%),分别在50、100、150和200 kPa的四级正应力下进行室内直接剪切试验,分析含水率对抗剪强度及其指标(黏聚力和内摩擦角)的影响规律。【结果】根-土石复合体的抗剪强度随正应力的增大而增高,符合莫尔-库伦强度准则,其抗剪强度随含水率的升高呈先下降后上升随之再下降的趋势,呈多峰曲线变化,在含水率为20%时取得最小值;含水率对根-土石复合体的黏聚力影响较大,在含水率为25%时取得临界峰值,但含水率对根-土石复合体的内摩擦角影响较小。【结论】含水率的变化主要影响根-土石复合体的黏聚力,从而影响根-土石复合体的峰值抗剪强度,而对内摩擦角的影响较小。研究结果可为植被加固土石混合体边坡提供一定的理论支撑。

微型钢管桩内接于灌注桩围护结构计算方法探讨

针对土岩结合二元地层深基坑工程中“吊脚桩”围护结构存在的问题,提出了灌注桩内接微型钢管桩围护结构。考虑微型钢管桩与桩间岩土的“纽结效应”和开挖后桩间岩石与带裂缝混凝土相似性,将该结构等效为上部灌注桩+下部带裂缝的钢筋混凝土无腹筋等效梁阶梯变截面桩(梁)模型,下部等效梁中微型钢管为纵向钢筋,桩间岩石为带裂缝混凝土。用侧向刚度折减来定量表征围护结构截面减少和岩体裂缝对围护结构刚度影响,提出基于侧向刚度折减的弹性支点法来计算围护结构内力,并考虑纵筋销栓作用计算等效梁抗剪承载力。工程实例计算表明,侧向刚度折减系数β由0.85减至0.12,上部灌注桩弯矩增大55.8%,下部等效梁弯矩减少48.7%,上部灌注桩剪力减少13.6%,下部等效梁剪力减少22.0%,桩顶水平位移增加39.5%。开挖至土岩结合面处该结构相对于“吊脚桩”围护结构,桩顶水平位移、竖向沉降没有明显突增,桩顶最终水平位移、竖向沉降仅为“吊脚桩”围护结构的43%、69%。桩顶水平位移监测值为5.5mm,仅为计算包络值的35%,说明刚度折减系数可适当提高。本研究可为土岩结合二元地层深基坑支护提供参考。

滨海地区土岩复合地层城市轨道交通车站深大基坑施工稳定性分析

[目的]基坑开挖会引起周围地层和建(构)筑物产生变形,轻则影响施工进度,重则造成工程事故。为了保证城市轨道交通车站深大基坑的稳定性和安全性,需对基坑开挖过程中土层与围护结构的受力和变形特性进行研究。[方法]以青岛某地铁车站深大基坑为工程背景,结合土岩复合地层特性,采用数值模拟方法对深大基坑各施工工况下的变形及内力进行分析。结合现场数据,研究土岩复合地层下深大基坑开挖过程中地面沉降、围护桩位移及支撑轴力的变形规律。[结果及结论]数值模拟表明:未施工双轴高压旋喷桩时,端头井东墙、西墙及南墙均发生侧向位移,且侧向位移方向均朝向基坑内部,最大侧向位移为2.19 mm,发生在南墙中部;施工双轴高压旋喷桩时,基坑端头井一侧旋喷桩加固过程中,端头井侧墙变形量出现峰值,最大变形量为2.21 mm。未施工双轴高压旋喷桩时,地连墙内力变化峰值出现在其腰部,最大值为101 kN;施工双轴高压旋喷桩时,端头井旋喷桩加固地层侧的地连墙结构内力变化明显,其内力变化峰值出现在地连墙腰部,最大值为96 kN。由此可见,双轴高压旋喷桩对基坑各施工工况下的地连墙的内力有一定的减小作用,但对基坑变形影响不大。

Characteristics of biomass ashes from different materials and their ameliorative effects on acid soils

The chemical characteristics,element contents,mineral compositions,and the ameliorative effects on acid soils of five biomass ashes from different materials were analyzed. The chemical properties of the ashes varied depending on the source biomass material. An increase in the concrete shuttering contents in the biomass materials led to higher alkalinity,and higher Ca and Mg levels in biomass ashes,which made them particularly good at ameliorating effects on soil acidity. However,heavy metal contents,such as Cr,Cu,and Zn in the ashes,were relatively high. The incorporation of all ashes increased soil p H,exchangeable base cations,and available phosphorus,but decreased soil exchangeable acidity. The application of the ashes from biomass materials with a high concrete shuttering content increased the soil available heavy metal contents. Therefore,the biomass ashes from wood and crop residues with low concrete contents were the better acid soil amendments.

桂东南风化花岗岩中铁锰夹层物质组成及微观结构

铁锰夹层是桂东南风化花岗岩稳定性的重要影响因素。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、高分辨率CT、X射线粉末衍射分析(XRD)、差热-热重分析(DSC-TG)、X射线光电子能谱技术(XPS)等测试手段,对花岗岩中铁锰夹层的微观结构及组成进行了研究。铁锰夹层土体颗粒根据风化程度不同,表现出球形、不规则块状、片状等形态;铁锰夹层光滑面内孔隙较小以孤立孔为主,连通孔主要分布于铁锰夹层与全风化土过渡层中,样品总体大孔隙占比超过90%;铁锰夹层主要组成元素为:O、Si、Al、Fe、Mn、C等元素,并且Fe、Mn元素明显高于同地区全风化土,Fe、Mn含量比接近1∶2,在夹层中分别以+3、+4价的较高价态存在;铁锰夹层主要成分为:高岭石、石英、水钠锰矿、水铁矿、针铁矿。

穿越土岩交界面的隧洞围岩变形数值模拟分析

针对强降雨导致穿越土岩交界面处隧洞围岩变形问题,依托某灌区工程总干渠1号隧洞,采用流固耦合理论的数值模拟方法,对该部位隧洞变形问题进行了模拟,并分析了围岩不同弹性模量、不同黏聚力、不同摩擦角、不同土岩交界面产状等参数对围岩变形的影响。结果表明:强降雨是隧洞变形的主要原因;拱顶沉降对弹性模量变化更敏感,地表沉降对黏聚力变化更敏感;土岩交界面倾角的变化对降雨后的围岩和地表沉降影响很大,地表沉降从0°时的5.82 mm变化到60°的37.16 mm,拱顶沉降从0°时的15.77 mm变化到60°时的26.17 mm。研究成果可以为类似工程选线布置和施工控制措施实施提供借鉴。

土石堤坝渗漏病险原因分析与质量控制方法探究

土石堤坝是水利工程的关键构成,其安全稳定运行对保障人民生命财产安全至关重要。然而,实际运行中,土石堤坝常面临渗漏等病险,对工程安全构成严重威胁。主要从材料质量、施工工艺、设计缺陷和自然环境4个方面,分析研究了土石堤坝渗漏的病险原因,并提出了相应的解决对策,以期能够提高工程的整体施工质量,保障土石堤坝的安全、稳定运行。