EFFECTS OF ROCK BEHAVIOR ON DEFORMATION AND CIVIL ENGINEERING

Rock behavior is usually run into in study on geological deformation, teetono-mineralization and civil engineering.Rock behavior contains its texture,structure and composition,rock property,and its occurrence background or situation. That is to say, temperature, compression,content of water and other liquid in rocks, boundary condition of rock block,straining rate etc.,which are closely related to the depth of occurrence of rock, influence on the rock behavior and deformation effects.

Experimental investigation of creep behavior of clastic rock in Xiangjiaba Hydropower Project

There are many fracture zones crossing the dam foundation of the Xiangjiaba Hydropower Project in southwestern China. Clastic rock is the main media of the fracture zone and has poor physical and mechanical properties. In order to investigate the creep behavior of clastic rock, triaxial creep tests were conducted using a rock servo-controlling rheological testing machine. The results show that the creep behavior of clastic rock is significant at a high level of deviatoric stress, and less time-dependent deformation occurs at high confining pressure. Based on the creep test results, the relationship between axial strain and time under different confining pressures was investigated, and the relationship between axial strain rate and deviatoric stress was also discussed. The strain rate increases rapidly, and the rock sample fails eventually under high deviatoric stress. Moreover, the creep failure mechanism under different confining pressures was analyzed. The main failure mechanism of clastic rock is plastic shear, accompanied by a significant compression and ductile dilatancy. On the other band, with the determined parameters, the Burgers creep model was used to fit the creep curves. The results indicate that the Burgers model can exactly describe the creep behavior of clastic rock in the Xiangjiaba Hydropower Project.

Failure behavior of highly stressed rocks under quasi-static and intensive unloading conditions

Unloading failure of rocks,especially highly stressed rocks,is one of the key issues in construction of underground structures.Based on this,analytical models for rocks under quasi-static and intensive unloading conditions are established to study the failure behavior of highly stressed rocks.In case of rock failure under quasi-static unloading,the rock mass ahead of working face is regarded as an elasto-brittle material,and the stress-displacement curves are used to characterize the tensile fracture of peak-stress area.It is observed that,when intensive unloading happens,there is an elastic unloading wave（perturbation wave） propagating in the rock mass.If the initial stress exceeds the critical stress,there will be a fracture wave,following the elastic unloading wave.To study the propagation feature of fracture wave,the conservation laws of mass,momentum and energy are employed.Results show that the post-peak deformation,strength and energy dissipation are essential to the failure process of highly stressed rocks.

Numerical simulations of failure behavior around a circular opening in a non-persistently jointed rock mass under biaxial compression

Pre-existing discontinuities change the mechanical properties of rock masses,and further influence failure behavior around an underground opening.In present study,the failure behavior in both Inner and Outer zones around a circular opening in a non-persistently jointed rock mass under biaxial compression was investigated through numerical simulations.First,the micro parameters of the PFC^(3D) model were carefully calibrated using the macro mechanical properties determined in physical experiments implemented on jointed rock models.Then,a parametrical study was undertaken of the effect of stress condition,joint dip angle and joint persistency.Under low initial stress,the confining stress improves the mechanical behavior of the surrounding rock masses;while under high initial stress,the surrounding rock mass failed immediately following excavation.At small dip angles the cracks around the circular opening developed generally outwards in a step-path failure pattern;whereas,at high dip angles the surrounding rock mass failed in an instantaneous intact rock failure pattern.Moreover,the stability of the rock mass around the circular opening deteriorated significantly with increasing joint persistency.

Leaching behavior of V,Pb,Cd,Cr,and As from stone coal waste rock with different particle sizes

This paper investigates the leaching behavior of heavy metals(V,Pb,Cd,Cr,and As) from stone coal waste rocks with various particle sizes using dynamic leaching experiments.The results show that the dissolved concentrations of V and As initially increased and then slightly decreased as time progressed and that the dissolved concentrations of Pb,Cd,and Cr were high in the early stage before decreasing.The particle size of the stone coal waste rocks strongly influenced the heavy metal concentration in the leaching solutions.The effects of the particle size of the stone coal waste rocks on the dissolved concentrations of V,Pb,and As decreased in the order fine fraction > medium fraction > coarse fraction,and the effects of particle size on the dissolved concentrations of Cr and Cd decreased in the order medium fraction > coarse fraction > fine fraction and coarse fraction > medium fraction > fine fraction,respectively.The quantities of heavy metals dissolved from the stone coal waste rock with fine particle sizes were observed to decrease in the order V(17104.36 μg/kg) > As(609.41 μg/kg) > Pb(469.24 μg/kg) > Cr(56.35 μg/kg) > Cd(27.52 μg/kg),and the dissolution rates decreased in the order As(2.96%) > Pb(0.93%) > V(0.35%) > Cd(0.25%) > Cr(0.01%).The specific surface area,pore size of the stone coal waste rocks,and chemical forms of heavy metals also influenced the release of heavy metals from the stone coal waste rocks.Kinetic analysis showed that the dissolution of heavy metals fundamentally agreed with the rate equation controlled by the shrinking core model.The results of this study are expected to serve as a reference for the evaluation of heavy metals contamination from stone coal waste rocks.

Modeling of Mechanical Behavior of Fractal Rock Joint

The present study shows that naturally developed fracture surfaces in rocks display the properties of self-affine fractals. Surface roughness can be quantitatively characterized by fractal dimension D and the intercept A on the log-log plot of variance: the former describes the irregularity and the later is statistically analogues to the slopes of asperities. In order to confirm the effects of these fractalparameters on the properties and mechanical behavior of rock joints, which have been observed in experiments under both normal andshear loadings, a theoretic model of rock joint is proposed on the basis of contact mechanics. The shape of asperity at contact is assumed to have a sinusoidal form in its representative scale r, with fractal dimension D and the intercept A. The model considers different local contact mechanisms, such as elastic deformation, frictional sliding and tensile fracture of the asperity. The empirical evolution law of surface damage developed in experiment is implemented into the model to up-date geometry of asperity in loading history. The effects of surface roughness characterized by D, A and re on normal and shear deformation of rock joint have been elaborated.

Nonlinear shear behavior of rock joints using a linearized implementation of the Barton-Bandis model

Experiments on rock joint behaviors have shown that joint surface roughness is mobilized under shearing,inducing dilation and resulting in nonlinear joint shear strength and shear stress vs.shear displacement behaviors.The Barton-Bandis(B-B) joint model provides the most realistic prediction for the nonlinear shear behavior of rock joints.The B-B model accounts for asperity roughness and strength through the joint roughness coefficient(JRC) and joint wall compressive strength(JCS) parameters.Nevertheless,many computer codes for rock engineering analysis still use the constant shear strength parameters from the linear Mohr-Coulomb(M-C) model,which is only appropriate for smooth and non-dilatant joints.This limitation prevents fractured rock models from capturing the nonlinearity of joint shear behavior.To bridge the B-B and the M C models,this paper aims to provide a linearized implementation of the B-B model using a tangential technique to obtain the equivalent M-C parameters that can satisfy the nonlinear shear behavior of rock joints.These equivalent parameters,namely the equivalent peak cohesion,friction angle,and dilation angle,are then converted into their mobilized forms to account for the mobilization and degradation of JRC under shearing.The conversion is done by expressing JRC in the equivalent peak parameters as functions of joint shear displacement using proposed hyperbolic and logarithmic functions at the pre-and post-peak regions of shear displacement,respectively.Likewise,the pre-and post-peak joint shear stiffnesses are derived so that a complete shear stress-shear displacement relationship can be established.Verifications of the linearized implementation of the B-B model show that the shear stress-shear displacement curves,the dilation behavior,and the shear strength envelopes of rock joints are consistent with available experimental and numerical results.

Experimental investigation on behaviors of bolt-supported rock strata surrounding an entry in large dip coal seam

In order to investigate the behaviors and stability of rock strata surrounding an entry with bolt supporting in large dip coal seams (LDCSs) dipping from 25° to 45°, a self-developed rotatable experimental frame for similar material simulation test was used to build the model with the dip of 30°, based on analyses of geological and technological conditions in Huainan mine area, Anhui, China. The strata behaviors, such as extracting- and mining-induced stresses development, deformation and failure modes, were synthetically integrated during working face advancing. Results show that the development characteristics of mining-induced stress and deformation are asymmetrical in the roadway. The strata behaviors are totally different in different sections of the roadway. Because of asymmetrically geometrical structure influenced by increasing dip, strata dislocating, rock falling and breaking occur in roof. Then, squeezing, collapsing and caving of coal happen in upper- and lower-rib due to shearing action caused by asymmetrical roof bending and dislocating. Owing to the absence of supporting, floor heaving is very violent and usually the zone of floor heaving develops from the lower-rib to upper-rib. Engineering practices show that, due to the asymmetrical characteristics of rock pressure and roadway configuration, it is more difficult to implement bolt supporting system to control rock stability of roadways in LDCSs. The upper-rib and roof of entries are the key sections. Consequently, it is reliable to use asymmetrical bolt-mesh-cable supporting system to control rock stability of roadways based on the asymmetrical characteristics of roadway configuration and strata behaviors.

广义章-朱准则在深埋隧道数值分析中的适用性研究

深部岩体隧道的智能建造是当今隧道工程建设的重要发展趋势。为准确模拟深部岩体的三维应力状态,提高深埋隧道数值计算精度,将广义章-朱岩体强度准则引入深埋隧道数值分析中,采用理论分析和数值计算相结合的方法从岩体强度准则的特性、参数以及工程应用3个角度对广义章-朱准则在深埋隧道数值分析中的适用性展开研究。结果表明:1)从准则特性的角度,广义章-朱准则能反映深部岩体的非线性特征以及中间主应力效应,适用于深埋隧道数值分析;2)从参数选取角度,提出了一种广义章-朱准则参数估算方法,有利于提高广义章-朱准则的适用性;3)工程案例表明广义章-朱准则具有较高的计算精度,在深埋条件下采用广义Hoek-Brown准则计算得到的围岩变形误差达到23%~30%,建议采用广义章-朱准则进行深埋隧道数值分析。

粗集料形态特征及含量对沥青混合料压密行为的影响

为探究粗集料形态特征及颗粒含量对沥青混合料压密行为的影响规律,利用智能颗粒对车辙试验进行测试,获取颗粒力学和运动响应数据,通过三维激光扫描设备及图像处理技术构建了不同形态特征的粗集料轮廓,利用离散元方法建立沥青混合料的车辙数字试件。对数字试件开展虚拟车辙试验,借助智能颗粒测试结果对模型预测精度进行校验,利用高精度模型研究粗集料形状及含量对混合料压密行为的影响规律,以数字试件内部应力与颗粒位移来评价混合料的抗变形性能,以单一集料平均接触点数量与力链大小为量化指标进行骨架接触特性分析。结果表明:智能颗粒测试结果能够有效验证预测模型的精度,加速度幅值实测与预测最大差异为0.0215 g;在车辙虚拟试验中,由立方体状集料成型的试件,其内部应力高于含其他形状集料的混合料,且具有较小的迁移自由度,在集料含量为40%时颗粒竖向及水平位移仅为3.65 mm、1.89 mm;集料含量会影响沥青混合料压密行为,沥青混合料抗车辙变形性能及骨架接触特性随立方体状集料含量的增加而提高,而当针状、片状或针片状集料颗粒含量大于20%时,性能出现明显衰变。

基于主动超声激励的岩石节理刚度分布测量研究

Goodman提出采用节理刚度表征复杂岩石节理面的拓扑行为并为其提供定量值,而无需对节理面的粗糙度、接触面积等参数进行详细测量分析。然而目前对岩石节理刚度的测量仍存在局限,因此,在试验室环境下采用压电陶瓷换能器对完整平板试件和含节理平板试件进行弹性波激励,同时采用三维扫描激光多普测振仪监测平板内弹性波的传播数据。将采集的波场信号数据进行滤波、插值、积分等一系列处理,并基于Schoenberg线性滑移模型计算节理刚度分布,实现岩石节理接触行为的全局参数表征,同时进一步验证了岩石节理全场超声表征的可行性。全场波形数据清晰地揭示了岩石节理界面接触行为,为后续深入探索岩石节理几何形状、孔径、界面性质及其地震特征之间的相互关系奠定了基础。

基于Voronoi图的精细化PFC数值计算方法与应用

由于岩石细观结构决定宏观力学行为,离散元计算结果的准确性取决于数值模型对岩石复杂细观结构的表征程度。为提高离散元数值计算在采矿工程中的适用性,基于Voronoi图提出一种精细化PFC数值计算方法。Voronoi图剖分空间形成的凸多面体具有随机性和多样性,与岩石细观结构具有自相似性;将Voronoi图中点、线、面、体的编号与坐标数据导入PFC,借助PFC内嵌Fish语言将其转化为PFC可识别几何体,基于Voronoi单元提出2种不规则颗粒模型构建方法(VCPM和VBPM),分别模拟完整岩石和破碎岩石;采用Monte-Carlo方法生成服从Weibull分布的伪随机数,表征岩石细观力学参数,实现岩石非均质性模拟,将不规则颗粒周围接触数目定义为Coordination Number(CN),颗粒体积和颗粒CN分别服从Weibull分布和正态分布,实现岩石细观结构复杂性模拟;VCPM模型可准确模拟完整岩石在单轴和三轴抗压条件下的强度特征及峰前硬化、峰后软化、体积剪胀等行为,模拟所得岩石单轴抗压强度221 MPa,弹性模量64 GPa,内聚力和内摩擦角分别为34 MPa和55°,与实验数据具有较高的一致性;高内摩擦角表明VCPM模型内不规则颗粒间的剪切闭锁效应增强,且模拟结果可反映岩石破坏模式随围压增大由劈裂向剪切甚至塑性流动转变的现象;VBPM模型可准确模拟破碎岩石在侧限压缩实验中的压实和承载特征,初始加载阶段,破碎岩石中含大量孔隙,变形曲线斜率小,轴向载荷增加导致孔隙逐渐压实,变形曲线斜率快速升高,应力应变曲线模拟结果与实验结果吻合,由于VBPM模型不规则颗粒间的自由度差异明显,压缩过程中颗粒间的接触力呈现非均匀分布特征。

考虑柱体摇摆效应的殿堂式木结构古建筑非线性地震反应分析

为了准确描述半刚性榫卯连接柱架在地震作用下的动力性能,采用非线性转动弹簧以模拟柱体在地震作用下的摇摆行为,基于柱体、榫卯节点及斗栱的非线性恢复力模型,提出了单层殿堂式木结构地震分析的集中质量简化分析模型,进行了地震作用下的结构动力响应时程分析。通过计算时程曲线与振动台试验结果的对比分析发现,未考虑柱体摇摆的计算值与试验值的误差较大,考虑摇摆效应的整体结构时程曲线计算峰值与柱架的实际位移峰值误差相对较小,且峰值出现的时间基本相同。基于简化模型进一步进行了参数分析,结果表明:竖向荷载可以显著降低殿堂式木结构的地震位移响应;柱高越大,结构的地震位移响应越大;结构的地震位移响应随着榫卯节点转动刚度的增大而显著降低;斗栱数量的增加提高了整体结构的抗侧刚度,从而降低了结构的地震位移响应。研究结果可为木结构古建筑在地震作用下的性能评估提供计算依据。

RC框架填充墙抗震性能提升方法综述

填充墙在地震作用下平面内外均发生严重的破坏,同时,填充墙与周边框架的相互作用使结构发生非延性破坏形态,不符合延性设计理念。文中分析了实际震害中填充墙的破坏形态,利用已有文献,归纳了改善填充墙抗震性能的方法,分析了各种方法的特点,着重对摇摆砌体填充墙进行阐述,并进行了展望。

不同岩石工况下新型高硬韧TBM刀圈用钢的磨损特性试验研究

TBM刀圈的磨损性能不仅取决于刀圈自身的组织及性能,而且与岩石的类型以及磨损载荷紧密相关.为此,选取了5种不同性能的刀圈钢,研究了磨损载荷以及岩石类型对试验钢磨损性能及磨损机制的影响.研究结果表明:在砂岩工况下,不同性能试验钢均表现出微观切削磨损机制,随着试验钢硬度的增加,磨损量减小,磨屑由卷曲条带状转变为木屑状.在花岗岩工况下,各试验钢磨损机制以犁削为主,磨屑呈粉末状或块状,磨损载荷较低时,耐磨性与试样硬度正相关,当磨损载荷增加到一定数值后,耐磨性同时取决于试验钢的硬度和韧性.

水岩作用下不同煤体厚度组合体力学特性及损伤规律研究

为研究水岩作用下煤岩组合体力学行为及其界面不均匀破坏特征,揭示井下隔水煤岩柱变形及富水环境下煤岩层变形规律.对不同高度比例的岩-煤-岩组合体开展干燥和饱水条件下单轴压缩试验,分析组合体应力-应变、强度及弹性模量劣化规律,探究水岩作用下煤-岩交接面处应力分布关系,明确组合体变形破坏特征及过程.研究结果表明:水岩作用下煤体高度对组合体力学特征具有较大影响,在干燥与饱水状态下,组合体单轴抗压强度与弹性模量均随煤体高度的增加而减小,且试件的破坏形态随着煤体高度的增加由拉伸破坏转变成斜面剪切破坏,最终表现为煤体挤裂破坏.但组合体强度损失劣化度随着岩体层间煤体高度增加,先增大后减小,当煤∶岩高度比为1∶2时,组合体强度对水的敏感度最大并出现极大值,这主要与煤岩交界面高度位置有关.弹性模量呈现降速缓释趋势,主要与组合体组成岩石性质有关.水岩作用下煤体部分为组合体整体失稳破坏的触发点位,延续影响煤体两端岩体,由于交界面产生侧向平面约束力,使煤体轴向抵抗变形能力得到强化,但随着煤体高度的增加,煤体中部所受约束影响迅速衰减.组合体变形破坏渐进性过程分为四个阶段:裂隙孔隙压密阶段、裂隙产生并稳定发育阶段、裂隙加速发育并贯通阶段和破坏后阶段.

孔洞形状对层状岩石力学特性影响的FDEM数值模拟研究

为揭示孔洞形状对层状岩石力学性质和破坏模式的影响,采用有限元-离散元耦合数值模拟方法(FDEM)开展系列数值模拟研究。首先,阐述FDEM模拟层状岩石的基本原理,然后,开展不同层理倾角完整试样的单轴压缩模拟,并与试验结果进行对比验证。最后,对含有圆形、椭圆形、三角形、矩形和方形孔洞的层状岩石试样(β为0°、30°、45°、60°和90°)进行单轴压缩模拟研究。研究结果表明:对于不同孔洞形状的试样,抗压强度和试样破坏程度随层理倾角的增大呈V字型变化趋势,且均在层理倾角为0°时抗压强度取得最大值,在90°时破坏程度最为严重;孔洞的存在严重削弱了试样的力学性能,且削弱幅度与孔洞形状密切相关,其中方形和圆形孔洞对抗压强度的削弱能力最弱。将含不同形状孔洞试样的破坏模式随层理倾角的变化主要分为穿层理面拉剪混合破坏(β=0°)、沿层理面与穿层理面混合拉剪破坏(β=30°)、沿层理面剪切破坏(β=45°和60°)和沿层理面拉剪劈裂破坏(β=90°)。

循环荷载下砂岩力学特性及破坏特征分析

为研究循环荷载下岩石力学特性及破坏特征,对砂岩试样进行不同围压下的常规三轴加载和不同应力水平(峰值应力40%、60%和80%)下等幅值循环加卸载试验,结果表明:常规三轴加载下,砂岩强度随着围压的增大而增大,弹性模量基本保持一致。相同围压条件下,等幅值循环加卸载后再次加载,随着上限应力水平的增加,岩砂岩强度降低;试样的破坏形式以剪切裂纹为主,局部区域生成横向或竖向的张拉裂纹;循环加卸载过程中砂岩的加载和卸载变形模量均保持较强的一致性,相同应力水平下,加载和卸载变形模量随着围压的升高而增大;相同围压、不同应力水平条件下卸载变形模量整体上仍具有较好的一致性,加载变形模量均呈缓慢增加趋势;相同应力水平条件,循环加卸载下岩样首次相对残余应变值具有随着围压增加而增加的趋势。

综采工作面回撤通道围岩控制技术研究

为有效控制3205综采工作面回撤通道围岩变形,通过理论分析确定了回撤通道与采面间煤柱的失稳宽度,同时基于工程类比方式制定了回撤通道围岩控制技术方案。回撤通道掘进时采用锚网索联合支护方式,与采面间距为60 m时采用“架棚(一梁两柱、棚距1 600 mm)+贯通侧煤帮注浆”方式进行补强,在与回撤通道间距为5.25 m时,采用让压等压措施,同时在采面与回撤通道贯通时通过铺网、调整支护方式确保回撤通道围岩的稳定性。工程应用后,采面末采期间回撤通道围岩始终保持稳定,与采面贯通时回撤通道顶底板、两帮最大移近量分别为152、 96 mm,围岩变形量较小,可满足采面设备高效回撤需要。