Mechanism of high-preload support based on the NPR anchor cable in layered soft rock tunnels

The control of large deformation problems in layered soft rock tunnels needs to solve urgently.The roof problem is particularly severe among the deformation issues in tunnels.This study first analyzes the asymmetric deformation modes in layered soft rock tunnels with large deformations.Subsequently,we construct a mechanical model under ideal conditions for controlling the roof of layered soft rock tunnels through high preload with the support of NPR anchor cables.The prominent roles of long and short NPR anchor cables in the support system are also analyzed.The results indicate the significance of high preload in controlling the roof of layered soft rock tunnels.The short NPR anchor cables effectively improve the integrity of the stratified soft rock layers,while the long NPR anchor cables effectively mobilize the self-bearing capacity of deep-stable rock layers.Finally,the high-preload support method with NPR anchor cables is validated to have a good effect on controlling large deformations in layered soft rock tunnels through field monitoring data.

Parameter analysis of anchor bolt support for large-span and jointed rock mass

In order to obtain the optimal parameters of anchor bolt supporting system for large-span and jointed rock mass in Kaiyang Phosphor Mine, it is expensive and unavailable with the method of in-situ experiments. This paper describes a numerical modeling with discrete element method for the supporting effects of different type of anchor bolts. The anchor bolts with variant length of 0.5m, 0.8m, 1.0m, diameter of 10mm, 15mm, 20mm, setting spacing of 3.0m, 2.5m, 2.0m, and setting angle of 10°, 20°, 30°, are simulated respectively. The results show that there exist optimal parameters of anchor bolt support for large-span and jointed rock mass. For the bolt support of the concerning, the optimal length is 2.53.5m, the diameter is 2535mm, the spacing is 0.50.6m, and the setting angle is 105°.

Anchoring mechanism and application of hydraulic expansion bolts used in soft rock roadway floor heave control

Comparing with the resin bolt, the hydraulic expansion bolt has different anchoring mechanism and application advantage. According to the working mechanism of the hydraulic expansion bolt, its anchoring force is expressed in four forms including support anchoring force, tension anchoring force, expansion anchoring force and tangent anchoring force, and their values can be obtained on the basis of each calculation formula. Among them, the expansion anchoring force, which is the unique anchoring force of the hydraulic expansion bolt, can provide confining pressure to increase the strength of rock. Aiming at solving the problem of stability control in the soft rock roadway in Jinbaotun Coal Mine which has a double layer of 40 U-type sheds and cannot provide enough resistance support to control floor heave, the study reveals the mechanism of floor heave in the soft rock roadway, and designs the reasonable support parameters of the hydraulic expansion bolts. The observed results of floor convergence indicate that the hydraulic expansion bolts can prevent the development and flow of the plastic zone in the floor rock to control floor heave. Research results enrich the control technology in the soft rock roadway.

Applied on bolting-cable anchor support of full-seam roadway in weaker thick coal seam

The designing method and the supporting mechanism of both bolt and small cable anchor for full seam roadway in the weaker thick coal seam are systematically analyzed, and the construction technology and the supporting results are briefly summarized.

Support technologies for deep and complex roadways in underground coal mines:a review

Based on geological and mining characteristics,coal mine roadways under complex conditions were divided into five types,for each type the deformation and damage characteristics of rocks surrounding roadways were analyzed.The recent developments of roadway support technologies were introduced abroad,based on the experiences of supports for deep and complex roadways from Germany,the United States and Australia.The history and achievements of roadway support technologies in China were detailed,including rock bolting,steel supports,grouting reinforcement and combined supports.Four typical support and reinforcement case studies were analyzed,including a high stressed roadway 1,000 m below the surface,a roadway surrounded by severely weak and broken rocks,a chamber surrounded by weak and broken rocks,and a roadway with very soft and swelling rocks.Based on studies and practices in many years,rock bolting has become the mainstream roadway support form in China coal mines,and steel supports,grouting reinforcement and combined supports have also been applied at proper occasions,which have provided reliable technical measures for the safe and high effective construction and mining of underground coal mines.

Hydrogeochemical modelling of corrosive environment contributing to premature failure of anchor bolts in underground coal mines

Anchor bolts are commonly used throughout underground mining and tunnelling operations to improve roof stability.However,premature failures of anchor bolts are significant safety risks in underground excavations around the world due to susceptible bolt materials,a moist and corrosive environment and tensile stress.In this paper,laboratory experiments and hydrogeochemical models were combined to investigate anchor bolt corrosion and failure associated with aqueous environments in underground coal mines.Experimental data and collated mine water chemistry data were used to simulate bolt corrosion reactions with groundwater and rock materials with the PHREEQC code.A series of models quantified reactions involving iron and carbon under aerobic and anaerobic conditions in comparison with ion,pH and pE trends in experimental data.The models showed that corrosion processes are inhibited by some natural environmental factors,because dissolved oxygen would cause more iron from the bolts to oxidize into solution.These interdisciplinary insights into corrosion failure of underground anchor bolts confirm that environmental factors are important contributors to stress corrosion cracking.

An experimental study of a yielding support for roadways constructed in deep broken soft rock under high stress

A rationally designed support for deep roadways excavated in broken soft rock under high stress was investigated. The deformation and failure characteristics and the mechanism of ''yielding support'' was studied for anchor bolts and cables. The rail roadway of the 2-501 working face in the Liyazhuang Mine of the Huozhou coal area located in Shanxi province was used for field trials. The geological conditions used there were used during the design phase. The new ''highly resistant, yielding'' support system has a core of high strength, yielding bolts and anchor cables. The field tests show that this support system adapts well to the deformation and pressure in the deep broken soft rock. The support system effectively controls damage to the roadway and ensures the long term stability of the wall rock and safe production in the coal mine. This provides a remarkable economic and social benefit and has broad prospects for fur- ther application.

Analysis on the anchor mechanism of the full length resin bolt

The purpose of this paper is to reveal the stress distribution characteristic along the full length anchor bolt. Based on the mechanic model set up, the author calculated the anchor mechanism of the full length resin rock bolt. The stress distribution characteristic is different according to different type of surrounding rock. The conclusion is important to optimize the roadway bolt support design.

锚杆钻车运行中支护承载结构及围岩受力变形分析

目的针对单轨液压锚杆钻车运行过程中支护承载结构及围岩受力变形难以观测分析的问题。方法利用研发的CMMD4-35煤矿用单轨液压锚杆钻车,结合长城五矿1902S回风巷巷道现场情况综合分析钻车在大断面大倾角巷道动态运行的支护、承载及围岩协同受力变形特征。结果研究表明,钻车运行过程中吊挂板的受力变形在悬吊点处均达到峰值,工字钢在悬吊点的部分位移最小,与钻车直接接触的部分受力最大;锚索中部主要受到拉应力,靠近巷道一侧主要受到剪应力,而巷道两帮的锚杆拉应力主要分布在靠近巷道内部一侧;巷道顶板悬吊点处位移最大,两帮靠近顶板位移高于底板处,而巷道偏向低帮处底板的位移大于高帮处;以单轨液压锚杆钻车为核心的新型配套工艺可以有效控制围岩变形,支护效果良好,比传统以掘锚一体机为中心的机器化工艺掘进效率更高。结论研究明确了CMMD4-35煤矿用单轨液压锚杆钻车在实际应用的可行性,解决了现有掘锚一体机难以在复杂地质条件下大断面煤巷自动化掘进支护的问题,提升了煤巷支护效果掘进效率,为CMMD4-35煤矿用单轨液压锚杆钻车的现场应用提供了理论依据。

既有隧道不同扩挖宽度下锚杆参数的优化

以黄山洞隧道工程为依托,通过对现场数据的监测和利用有限元分析软件Midas GTS NX进行数值模拟,分析了不同扩挖宽度下隧道拱顶沉降值、周边收敛值和围岩有效应力变化的规律,并改变锚杆的长度和锚杆间距,分析在不同锚杆长度下围岩有效应力、衬砌应力以及锚杆应力的变化规律,确定了不同扩挖宽度下最优的锚杆长度和锚杆间距.研究结果表明:随着扩挖宽度的增加,围岩有效应力由大至小依次为拱脚处压应力、拱腰处压应力、拱顶处压应力和仰拱处拉应力;拱顶处压应力随扩挖宽度的增大而减小,拱腰处压应力随扩挖宽度的增大而增大,但增大趋势不明显;受单侧扩挖方式的影响,扩挖侧的应力大于非扩挖侧;拱脚处受到应力集中的影响,其压应力随着扩挖宽度的增大而增大;扩挖宽度为1.5~2.5 m时的最优锚杆长度和间距分别为2.5 m和1.7 m,扩挖宽度为3.5~4.5 m时二者分别为3.0 m和1.2 m.

乌兰木伦煤矿大断面硐室围岩变形破坏规律及控制

针对煤矿井下巷道大断面硐室的围岩变形破坏问题,以乌兰木伦煤矿井下分选及充填大断面硐室为研究对象,采用相似模拟实验方法,进行单调递增加载和恒定荷载加载单轴压缩实验,对大断面硐室围岩变形破坏规律进行了研究。结果表明:①2种加载方式在压密阶段、弹性变形阶段及微破裂稳定发展阶段破坏演化和变形位移趋势相似。②采用单调递增加载方式的试样裂纹较少但裂纹缝隙较大,试样沿着主裂纹突然发生破断,期间有大量碎屑飞出,试样变形位置主要集中在围岩边界,破坏时释放能量较多,但峰后释放能量持续时间较短。③采用恒定荷载加载方式的试样应力保持不变,应变缓慢增加,期间产生大量微小裂纹,试样变形位置主要围绕在硐室周围,破坏时释放能量较少,但峰后释放能量持续时间较长。依据大断面硐室围岩变形破坏规律,提出了锚杆索支护方案:硐室顶部打长锚索,将顶板和上方坚硬岩石连成整体;在硐室煤岩交界处打倾斜锚杆,将煤岩交界面与周围岩体紧密连接。数值模拟结果表明,支护后围岩应力、位移、塑性区均明显减小,围岩稳定性大幅提高,支护效果良好。

破碎围岩巷道锚注支护参数优化及应用

针对新河矿业730采区南部轨胶联络巷围岩松散破碎、变形严重情况,利用Comsol Multiphysics有限元分析软件探讨了不同注浆参数对浆液扩散的影响;并在此基础上,研究不同注浆锚索布置形式对注浆效果的影响。结果表明:浆液扩散半径会随着注浆压力增大、注浆时间延长而逐渐增大,每增大1 MPa注浆压力浆液扩散半径平均增长率为30.95%,每延长1 min注浆时间,浆液扩散半径平均增长率为25.67%;注浆锚索的布置形式决定了注浆加固圈的范围,当采用“六边形”布置方式时,其注浆加固圈范围相对较大,且顶板两侧不会出现漏浆的情况。基于数值模拟结果,确定了新河矿业南部轨胶联络巷锚注支护的注浆压力为4 MPa、注浆时间为8 min,注浆锚索布置方案为“六边形”式。工程应用表明:优化后的注浆参数有效地控制了巷道围岩的变形与破坏,取得了良好的工程效果,同时也为此类巷道的注浆加固提供了有效依据。

高延伸率锚索动态力学特性及工程应用

传统锚索延伸率低、抗冲击能力差,在强冲击载荷作用下易出现脆性破断失效,导致巷道出现冒顶、冲击地压事故等问题。基于此,自主开发了具有高强度、高延伸率及高抗冲击等特性的锚索,采用实验室试验、理论分析及现场试验等综合手段,分析了高延伸率锚索的静、动载力学性能,研究了高延伸率锚索化学成分、金相组织和夹杂物与普通锚索的差异,提出了高延伸率锚索支护吸能原理,并将高延伸率锚索在现场进行了应用。研究结果表明:静载作用下,高延伸率锚索抗拉强度为1790 MPa,最大力总延伸率8.1%,是普通锚索的1.61~2.25倍;动载作用下,高延伸率锚索钢丝不易散开,破断载荷与普通锚索基本相同,断后伸长率分别是锚索A、B、C的1.82倍、1.68倍和1.52倍,单位长度吸能量分别是锚索A、B、C的2.54倍、1.99倍和1.70倍,高延伸率锚索塑性变形能力更强,吸能能力更高。高延伸率锚索通过在冶炼和轧制工艺过程中控制有害化学元素和有益化学元素含量、细化金相组织及减少夹杂物尺寸和数量等方式提高了钢丝的塑性变形能力,进而提高锚索整体的抗冲击性能。高延伸率锚索在现场应用过程中经受了多次大能量冲击后,巷道支护效果良好,高延伸率锚索未出现破断,有效控制了巷道冲击破坏。

硬岩地层超深基坑桩锚支护体系受力与变形特性实测分析

为探究硬岩地层超深基坑桩锚支护体系随基坑开挖的受力与变形演化规律,依托于崂山公卫中心基坑支护工程,对南侧支护完成区域基坑的预应力锚索轴力、基坑水平和竖向位移进行了实时监测,分析桩锚支护体系在该地质条件下的力学性能,探讨锚索轴力急速下降与基坑水平位移增大的影响因素。研究表明:预应力锚索轴力持续、急速的下降与基坑紧邻原状山体的土压力和北侧后挖区域的持续施工有关,工程中采取预应力锚索2次补偿张拉适用效果良好;基坑最大水平位移为19.98 mm,最大竖向位移为12.11 mm,南侧支护完成区域基坑支护体系的变形受后续施工区域的影响明显;桩锚支护体系在硬岩及土岩二元地层超深基坑中具有较好的适用性和可靠性。类似工程支护结构设计应重视周边地质环境、邻近区域持续施工等因素的影响。

近距离煤层多次采动影响巷道围岩破坏特征与控制

针对隆德煤矿近距离煤层上下同采工作面巷道围岩稳定性控制问题,采用现场实测和理论分析方法,对多次采动影响下巷道支护体受力特征和煤柱应力演化特征进行研究。结果表明,巷道锚杆/索受力经历7个变化阶段,包括采动影响前初始稳定阶段、单工作面超前影响阶段、双工作面超前影响阶段、采动卸压区快速升高阶段、采动应力恢复区慢速升高阶段、二次稳定阶段和双工作面开采扰动升高阶段;煤柱采动应力演化经历5个阶段,包括采动影响前初始稳定阶段、单工作面超前影响区缓慢上升阶段、采动卸压区快速上升阶段、采空区压实自由演化阶段和双工作面开采扰动升高阶段。随着钻孔应力计安装深度增加,煤柱应力呈现先升高后降低趋势,煤柱浅部3 m左右进入塑性状态,承载能力降低;基于上述观测结果,对新掘巷道支护参数进行优化,在保证围岩长期稳定性的同时还可以降低支护费用,实测结果表明,支护参数优化后巷道表面位移量在工程允许范围内,巷道围岩裂隙发育程度较低。

韩城矿区破碎围岩巷道注浆锚索加固机理研究

以陕西韩城桑树坪矿3315运输巷道为研究背景,通过对注浆锚索破碎围岩巷道加固作用的研究,揭示了注浆锚索的加固机理,提出了软弱煤层巷道支护设计的原则,并进一步优化支护方案,通过采用高强度锚索对围岩进行加固,提升围岩的整体稳定性,达到有效防止围岩变形和损伤的效果。根据监测结果得出,加固后巷道顶板下沉量由原支护方式的帮部收敛量平均为32.7 mm,顶板的平均下沉量为28.6 mm,围岩的平均变形量仅为原支护方案的15.6%,顶板变形稳定后,巷道顶板离层量较小,围岩稳定后平均深基点位移仅为原支护方案的55%。说明优化后的支护方案能够很好控制巷道的围岩变形,有效控制了锚固区范围内围岩的离层,减小了顶板弯曲沉降,增强了顶板的稳定性,该方案可有效控制围岩变形。研究为软弱煤层巷道的支护设计提供了重要的理论依据和工程经验,并为软弱煤层巷道支护提供借鉴和指导。

软岩地基斜锚-短桩复合基础水平承载性能研究

针对山区输电线路岩石地基斜锚-短桩复合基础这一新型基础型式,采用有限元方法构建并验证计算模型,并进一步以短桩的桩径及其嵌岩深度、斜锚长度、斜锚连接节点距地表深度为参数,开展嵌岩短桩及斜锚-短桩复合基础抗水平承载性能对比研究。基于斜锚-短桩复合基础水平荷载-位移曲线初始弹性段、弹塑性过渡段和直线破坏段的三阶段变化特征,确定了各基础相应阶段的水平承载力。研究岩体及桩身截面混凝土应力分布特征、斜锚与短桩连接节点位置对斜锚-短桩复合基础抗水平承载性能的影响规律,结果表明:斜锚与岩体间的黏结锚固作用可将基顶水平力转化为斜锚拉力,使水平荷载传递至斜锚周围及短桩桩端以下的岩体,进而有效提高斜锚-短桩复合基础水平承载性能。通过优化斜锚连接节点距地表深度,可减小桩径及其嵌岩深度同时满足相应基础抗水平承载力设计要求,从而有效降低基础施工难度,提高基础安全性。

土岩组合地层异形深基坑支护体系优化研究

某明挖隧道基坑位于土岩组合地层,基坑大面深度约17.1 m,深挖部位约27.9 m,原设计整体基坑采用地下连续墙+4道钢筋混凝土支撑,坑中坑内侧壁采用钻孔灌注桩作为竖向支护结构,深坑部位加设2道钢管支撑。为节约工期和工程造价,综合考虑地层分布及地质条件,对原设计方案进行了系列优化。运用数值模拟对比分析了优化前后基坑支护体系和周边环境的变形特性,结果表明优化后的支护方案满足设计和规范要求。基坑按优化方案施工,并开展了现场监测工作,基坑监测结果表明:(1)基坑连续墙水平位移、地表沉降、支撑轴力、周边建筑物变形及坑底隆起等指标均小于控制要求;(2)连续墙最大水平位移发生在土岩分界面以上一定高度,最大值约为浅基坑深度的0.025%;(3)异形基坑两侧变形不对称,最大地表沉降发生在浅基坑侧,基坑外地表影响范围约为1.0H;(4)下部基岩段基坑开挖侧向变形量小,且对地表沉降槽范围影响不大。优化方案节约了工期和造价,可为类似基坑工程提供参考。

软岩硐室锚网(索)喷联合支护工艺研究与应用

软岩条件一直是影响矿山巷道稳定的主要因素,对于软岩条件下施工的井下大型硐室,其支护稳定问题尤为重要。针对烂泥沟金矿井下软岩岩体稳固性差、支护体稳定性差、巷道变形大、返修率高的问题,依据软岩围岩变形特征和支护原理分析,结合烂泥沟金矿井下围岩条件变化特征,进行了锚网索喷联合支护工艺的研究与实践。研究实践发现,烂泥沟金矿软岩围岩暴露后及时地进行喷浆封闭处理,能够有效阻止岩块的位移,随后锚网支护加强岩体荷载承受力,待围岩充分释放变形能后,采取加强支护手段可有效控制围岩变形。监测结果表明,该支护方案取得了良好的支护效果,有效地将两帮及顶板岩移控制在允许范围。

某煤矿深部软岩巷道围岩破坏特征及控制技术研究

深部矿产资源开发面临地应力大、巷道支护困难等问题。山西某煤矿−590 m水平运输平巷支护结构失效,巷道变形量大,对井下安全生产造成了较大的影响。针对原支护方案存在的问题,提出“锚网索一体化”支护思路,综合采用现场测试、数值模拟、工业实验等手段研究了巷道围岩破坏特征及控制技术。研究表明:(1)巷道围岩水平主应力较高,达到了39.08 MPa,是影响围岩稳定性的主要原因;(2)对不同支护方案巷道周边围岩应力场与塑性区分析表明,优化后支护方案垂直应力较原方案降低了14%,塑性区范围缩小了20%,“一体化”方案支护效果较好;(3)工业应用和锚杆(索)应力测试表明,当锚杆、锚索应力分别达到53.9 kN、389.12 kN时,较原方案提高了14.6%和15.4%,受力效果较好,巷道变形在30 d内控制在200 mm内,较原方案下降了约57%,实现了良好的支护效果。“一体化”支护形式可有效控制围岩变形,为类似地质条件的巷道支护提供参考。