A CREEP DAMAGE EQUATION FOR ROCKS

In this paper,based on many experimental results,a creep damage equation for rocks with a creep modulus that can describe the history of damage has been deduced.According to the equation,a creep damage model for rock materials is constructed,and it is shown that the extent of their damage,or damage degree,during creep can be determined by means of simple experiments.

Experimental investigation of creep behavior of clastic rock in Xiangjiaba Hydropower Project

There are many fracture zones crossing the dam foundation of the Xiangjiaba Hydropower Project in southwestern China. Clastic rock is the main media of the fracture zone and has poor physical and mechanical properties. In order to investigate the creep behavior of clastic rock, triaxial creep tests were conducted using a rock servo-controlling rheological testing machine. The results show that the creep behavior of clastic rock is significant at a high level of deviatoric stress, and less time-dependent deformation occurs at high confining pressure. Based on the creep test results, the relationship between axial strain and time under different confining pressures was investigated, and the relationship between axial strain rate and deviatoric stress was also discussed. The strain rate increases rapidly, and the rock sample fails eventually under high deviatoric stress. Moreover, the creep failure mechanism under different confining pressures was analyzed. The main failure mechanism of clastic rock is plastic shear, accompanied by a significant compression and ductile dilatancy. On the other band, with the determined parameters, the Burgers creep model was used to fit the creep curves. The results indicate that the Burgers model can exactly describe the creep behavior of clastic rock in the Xiangjiaba Hydropower Project.

Creep properties and permeability evolution in triaxial rheological tests of hard rock in dam foundation

Triaxial creep tests were carried out under seepage pressure by using rock servo-controlled triaxial rheology testing equipment.Based on experimental results,rock rheological properties influenced by seepage-stress coupling were studied,and variations of seepage rate with time in complete creep processes of rock were analyzed.It is shown that,when the applied stress is less than failure stress level,the creep deformation is not obvious,and its main form is steady-state creep.When applied stress level is greater than or less than but close to fracture stress,it is easier to see the increase of creep deformation and the more obvious accelerative creep characteristics.The circumferential creep deformation is obviously higher than the axial creep deformation.At the stage of steady-state creep,the average of seepage flow rate is about 4.7×10-9 m/s at confining pressure(σ3) of 2 MPa,and is about 3.9×10-9 m/s at σ3 of 6 MPa.It is seen that the seepage flow rate at σ3 of 2 MPa in this case is obviously larger than that at σ3 of 6 MPa.At the stage of creep acceleration,the seepage flow rate is markedly increased with the increase of time.The variation of rock permeability is directly connected to the growth and evolution of creep crack.It is suggested that the permeability coefficient in complete creep processes of rock is not a constant,but is a function of rock creep strain,confining pressure,damage variable and pore water pressure.The results can be considered to provide a reliable reference for the establishment of rock rheological model and parameter identification.

Viscoelasto-plastic rheological experiment under circular increment step load and unload and nonlinear creep model of soft rocks

The viscoelastic-plastic creep experiments on soft ore-rock in Jinchuan Mine Ⅲ were performed under circular increment step load and unload. The experimental data were analyzed according to instantaneous elastic strain, visco-elastic strain, instantaneous plastic strain and visco-plastic strain. The result shows that instantaneous deformation modulus tends to increase with the increase of creep stress; soft rocks enhance the ability to resist instantaneous elastic deformation and instantaneous plastic deformation during the multi-level of load and unload in the cyclic process. In respect of specimen JC1099, the ratio of visco-elastic strain to visco-plastic strain varies from 3.15 to 6.58, and the ratio has decreasing tendency with stress increase as a whole; creep deformation tends to be a steady state at low stress level; soft rocks creep usually embodies accelerated creep properties at high stress level. With the damaging variable and the hardening function introduced, a nonlinear creep model of soft rocks is established, in which the decay creep is described by the nonlinear hardening function H of viscidity coefficient. The model can describe the accelerated creep of soft rocks since the nonlinear damaging evolvement variable D of deformation parameter of rocks is introduced. Three stages of soft rocks creep can be described with the uniform creep equation in the nonlinear creep model. With this nonlinear creep model applied to the creep experiments of the ore-rock of Jinchuan Mine Ⅲ, the nonlinear creep model’s curves are in good agreement with experimental data.

Rock bending creep and disturbance effects

The bending creep and its disturbance effects of red sandstone rock beam and oil shale rock beam were studied by adopting the self-developed gravitation level style rock creep test machine and bending creep test system,and the constitutive equations were established.It is found that fracture morphology of rock beams under no disturbance load is regular,cracking position of fractures is on part of loading concentration,the crack starts from a neutral plane.However,fracture morphology of rock beams under disturbance load is irregular,cracking position of fractures deviates from a neutral plane.Delayed instability of rock beam occurs for some time under constant disturbance load.When disturbance load is beyond a certain range,suddenly instability of occurs rock beam in a certain time.The results show that there is a guiding significance for creep stability in the geotechnical engineering fields.

Creep characteristic simulation of deep soft rock roadway and long-term mechanical analysis of lining support

By the generalized Kelvin creep model,rheological characteristics of deep softrock and long-term mechanical behaviors of support structures were simulated.Mechanicaldeformation characteristics of support structures under different lining circumstanceswere also analyzed on the basis of deducing the relationship between the generalizedKelvin creep model and implicit creep equations in ANSYS FEM software.The resultsshow that high stress of deep tunnels is the main factor in creep damage;the surroundingrock's deformation binding effect due to lining increases as the thickness increases but theeffect becomes very weak when it increases to a certain value;contact pressure on thelining decreases as its thickness decreases.

Temperature-controlled triaxial compression/creep test device for thermodynamic properties of soft sedimentary rock and corresponding theoretical prediction

In deep geological disposal of high-level nuclear waste,one of the most important subjects is to estimate long-term stability and strength of host rock under high temperature conditions caused by radioactive decay of the waste.In this paper,some experimental researches on the thermo-mechanical characteristics of soft sedimentary rock have been presented.For this reason,a new temperature-controlled triaxial compression and creep test device,operated automatically by a computer-controlled system,whose control software has been developed by the authors,was developed to conduct the thermo-mechanical tests in different thermal loading paths,including an isothermal path.The new device is proved to be able to conduct typical thermo-mechanical element tests for soft rock.The test device and the related testing method were introduced in detail.Finally,some test results have been simulated with a thermo-elasto-viscoplastic model that was also developed by the authors.

Relations of complete creep processes and triaxial stress-strain curves of rock

Based on the results of triaxial compressive creep tests for five kinds of rock under the different stress loading,unloading and cycle-loading-unloading conditions,the creep deformation is not only a function of stress and time,but also it has the corresponding relations to the triaxial stress-strain curves of rock.The deformation properties of soften-strain,harden-strain and ideal plasticity presented by conventional triaxial compressive test curves under the different stress states were utilized,and the creep characteristics,the creep starting stress and the different entire creep process curves of rock were studied systematically according to creep experiment results,and the relations of the triaxial stress-strain curves to the creeping starting stress,the terminating curve,the different creep processes,and the different creep fracture properties were established.The relations presented in this paper were verified partially by the creep experiment results of five types of rock.

滇中芹河隧洞软岩破碎段围岩大变形与支护结构相互作用研究

软岩大变形是滇中引水工程建设中较为突出的工程地质问题之一,以大楚段芹河隧洞4#支洞为研究对象开展软岩大变形特征及承载结构受力研究。4#支洞在施工过程中发生影响洞室稳定的问题,洞周围岩大变形不同程度侵限,导致钢拱架扭曲断裂、喷混凝土掉落现象时有发生。为了充分认识隧洞变形特征、破坏模式及成因机制,结合工程地质勘察、现场监控量测、数值反演及施工模拟分析等手段和方法对其进行综合研究。研究成果表明:破碎软岩洞段施工期围岩监测变形量大、变形速率较快,变形具有明显的时效性;围岩完整性差,洞周变形差异大;围岩以剪切破坏为主;围岩时效变形对支护结构受力影响大,部分承载结构受力超限,导致局部结构破坏。可见,针对破碎的软岩隧洞施工,需要采取超前注浆、减少减小施工扰动、及时跟进初期支护、尽快封闭成环,加强施工期围岩变形监测,选取合理的衬砌支护时机,实时指导和优化隧洞支护结构施工设计。

深部硬脆性岩石分数阶蠕变损伤模型研究

硬脆性岩石与软弱岩石一样会发生蠕变破坏,因此研究其蠕变特性对围岩的稳定性具有重要意义。假设黏滞系数与初始弹性模量的幂次方成正比,以此表征岩石初始的软硬和致密状态对其蠕变行为的影响,提出一种改进的分数阶非线性黏滞体,以描述衰减和稳定蠕变阶段的黏弹性特征;根据连续损伤力学理论,引入损伤因子,建立了考虑时效损伤的分数阶非线性损伤黏塑性体,以描述加速蠕变阶段的力学行为。将胡克体、改进分数阶非线性黏滞体和分数阶非线性损伤黏塑性体串联,建立一个硬脆性岩石非线性蠕变损伤模型,并验证其合理性,试验曲线与模型理论曲线吻合良好,说明该模型能较好描述硬脆性岩石蠕变全过程。对模型参数进行敏感性分析,讨论其对蠕变行为的影响,结果表明相关参数对准确描述硬脆性岩石的蠕变特征有重要作用。

抚顺西露天矿泥岩蠕变特性试验及介观模型研究

为研究抚顺西露天矿边坡中泥岩蠕变特征,利用ITZ-1型三轴剪切仪,采用陈氏分级加载法对抚顺西露天矿边坡中的岩样进行蠕变试验,获得岩样蠕变曲线。对试验数据进行数值拟合得到改进的Burgers模型基本参数,在ABAQUS有限元分析软件中对改进的Burgers模型二次开发编写UMAT子程序。通过Python脚本结合Voronoi多边形法建立岩石介观结构模型,模拟得出岩样蠕变曲线,分析试验蠕变曲线及数值模拟得出的介观尺度损伤。研究结果表明:抚顺西露天矿边坡中泥岩具有减速和等速蠕变阶段特性,岩石介观模型模拟所得蠕变结果与试验结果误差较小,泥岩中沿轴向生长的介观结构更易发生损伤、破坏。所建岩石介观模型可以更精确地模拟岩石介观结构特征,为工程实际中的岩石力学仿真模拟提供参考。

煤岩蠕变试验及其灾变模型

为全面揭示煤岩长历时蠕变破坏机制,开展了长历时煤岩单轴压缩分级蠕变声发射试验,分析了不同应力水平下煤岩蠕变变形和声发射规律,在此基础上,把临界幂律灾变函数引入理想黏弹塑性体,并与Burgers体串联,建立煤岩灾变蠕变模型。结果表明:煤岩单轴蠕变经历减速、稳定和加速蠕变3个阶段,声发射参数的变化规律能很好地反映煤岩蠕变3个阶段的变形特征;减速蠕变阶段内声发射事件较活跃,稳定蠕变阶段内低应力水平下声发射活动比中应力水平多,当从稳定蠕变阶段到加速蠕变阶段时,煤岩突然宏观脆性破坏,应变发生突变,声发射突然增大,呈现灾变破坏特征;高应力水平下的减速和稳定蠕变阶段煤岩内部裂隙充分且均匀发育,最终导致煤岩发生粉碎性的灾变破坏,这一破坏特征不同于单轴压缩破坏的剪切破坏;煤岩灾变蠕变模型能全面体现煤岩减速、稳定和加速蠕变阶段,已有几种非线性蠕变模型预测高应力水平蠕变试验结果相关系数最大为0.74,而灾变蠕变模型预测的相关系数大于0.97。岩石蠕变试验数据拟合结果表明灾变模型能够很好地描述各类岩石蠕变过程,临界幂律指数β对灾变破坏起控制作用,随着β的不断增大,岩石蠕变也从渐进式破坏转变为灾变破坏,从而验证了此煤岩灾变蠕变模型的正确性和适用性。

基岩断层面黏滑和蠕滑时岩石表层光释光信号模拟

重建断层的黏滑(seismic slip)和蠕滑(creep)历史对于更好地了解断层活动和地震危险性评估至关重要。近年来,利用大地测量技术研究活动断层的蠕滑和黏滑过程成为一个研究热点。然而,在地质历史时期(如百年尺度以上),如何判断活动断层的滑动方式(黏滑或蠕滑),并获取其滑动速率仍然是一项挑战。文中基于近十年来发展的岩石表层光释光测年方法,结合内蒙古狼山断裂花岗岩样品的光释光晒退参数进行理论模拟,得到了基岩正断层发生黏滑、蠕滑和崩积楔侵蚀等情形的光释光晒退模型。模拟结果表明,该方法能够有效区分断层的黏滑和蠕滑,获得相应的活动期次和位移量,并且有潜力记录崩积楔侵蚀。文中还分析了该方法区分断层活动方式、期次的时间分辨率和获得位移量的空间分辨率。

基于分数阶理论的软泥岩一维次固结蠕变模型

工程中因岩石蠕变而诱发的灾害屡见不鲜,其中的软岩蠕变在实际工程中也较为常见。为探讨软岩蠕变特性,并准确预测软岩蠕变变形,本研究首先对宁夏固原市隆德县的软泥岩进行了一维次固结蠕变试验,分析了一维次固结蠕变试验下软泥岩的蠕变特性;然后引入了分数阶理论的概念,推演能够描述非线性蠕变特征的分数阶Burgers模型本构方程;最后利用Matlab中lsqcurvefit算法对软泥岩一维次固结蠕变试验数据进行数值求解,分析了分数阶阶数对软泥岩一维次固结蠕变曲线的影响。蠕变试验表明:软泥岩蠕变机制符合固结蠕变中瞬时变形、固结变形、稳定变形三阶段,并呈明显的非线性特征,且原状、重塑试样在固结过程中均产生了较大程度的次固结蠕变,最大变形量可占总变形量的59%。数值模拟结果表明:分数阶Burgers模型能够更好地描述次固结蠕变的非线性特征;模型分数阶阶数γ有较强的敏感性,能够反映拟合曲线的弹性阶段及之后的非线性黏弹性阶段,而分数阶阶数β敏感性较差,仅能对黏弹性阶段的蠕变趋势做出细微反应。

盐岩蠕变特征对井筒形变量的影响规律

针对盐岩地层普遍出现的套损现象,借助三轴岩石力学实验对取自川东北油气田某地层段盐岩的蠕变特性进行了实验研究。基于实验结果,构建了可描述盐岩的衰减蠕变阶段和稳态蠕变阶段特征的非定常盐岩蠕变模型,基于该盐岩蠕变模型计算深部盐岩地层蠕变过程中井筒径向位移的变化,计算结果显示井筒内压能有效地降低盐岩内壁的蠕变位移,而地层水平主应力和上覆地层压力可增大地层的偏差应力,从而增加盐岩内壁的蠕变位移。为避免盐岩蠕变造成套管变形,在水泥中添加空心陶瓷颗粒可有效降低水泥的弹性模量,使得水泥环能充分吸收地层径向蠕变给井筒系统增加的应变能,进而降低对套管的挤压作用,减小套变风险,形成油气井工程上一种新型套管止变技术方法。

基于蠕变曲线对称的蠕变模型研究及参数敏感性分析

为了获得滇中引水隧洞围岩的蠕变特性和研究隧洞围岩的长期稳定性,采用中国科学院武汉岩土所自主研发的全自动三轴开展绿泥页岩的单轴蠕变试验,获得了绿泥页岩的轴向蠕变曲线和等时应力-应变曲线,并基于等时应力-应变曲线的特征确定出绿泥页岩的长期强度值。基于经典蠕变曲线特征与大量试验蠕变曲线,发现描述衰减蠕变曲线的方程可以通过对称处理,故假设加速曲线与衰减蠕变曲线是关于稳定蠕变曲线的中点对称的,得到一种基于蠕变曲线对称的加速蠕变模型,并基于蠕变试验曲线的特征提出一套确定蠕变模型参数的方法。最后,将引入加速蠕变模型中的参数进行敏感性分析,使得引入模型中的参数具有明确的物理意义。结果表明:随着轴向应力的不断增大,岩石的瞬时应变值和蠕变变形值不断增大,而第一级荷载作用下岩石的瞬时应变占蠕变总变形比值最大。所建立的蠕变模型不仅可以很好地描述绿泥页岩的衰减蠕变和稳定蠕变变形规律,也较好地弥补了西原模型无法描述加速蠕变的缺陷,且该模型曲线与试验曲线的吻合度要远远高于西原模型与试验曲线的吻合度,并且不同应力作用下模型曲线与试验曲线的相关性系数均在0.90以上;同时,通过不同类型试验曲线与模型曲线的验证也说明了该模型是可用于不同类型岩石蠕变曲线的预测。最终,引入参数j值控制了加速蠕变的变形速率和进入加速蠕变的时间,参数k值控制了蠕变时间和加速阶段的蠕变速率。

Laboratory creep tests for time-dependent properties of a marble in Jinping Ⅱ hydropower station

In order to investigate the time-dependent behaviors of deep hard rocks in the diversion tunnel of Jinping II hydropower station, uniaxial creep tests were carried out by using the triaxial testing machine RC-2000. The axial compressive load was applied step by step and each creep stage was kept for over several days. Test results show that： （1） The lateral deformation of rock specimens is 2-3 times the axial compressive deformation and accelerates drastically before damage, which may be employed as an indicator to predict the excavation-induced instability of rocks. （2） The resultant deformation changes from compression to expansion when the Poisson＇s ratio is larger than 0.5, indicating the starting point of damage. （3） In the step-loading stages, the Poisson＇s ratio approximately remains constant; under constantly imposed load, the Poisson＇s ratio changes with elapsed time, growing continuously before the specimen is damaged. （4） When the applied load reaches a certain threshold value, the rock deteriorates with time, and the strength of rocks approximately has a negative exponent relation with time. （5） The failure modes of the deep marble are different in long- and short-term loading conditions. Under the condition of short-term loading, the specimen presents a mode of tensile failure; while under the condition of long-term loading, the specimen presents a mode of shear failure, followed by tensile failure.

加载与干湿循环作用下土石混合料蠕变特性试验

土石混合料在干湿循环作用下具有显著的蠕变性,其对高填方工程蠕变变形的影响不可忽略。为了研究了不同干密度及荷载水平对土石混合料湿化蠕变变形的影响,开展了9组土石混合料干湿循环作用下的压缩蠕变试验。结果表明,土石混合料的湿化蠕变变形随荷载水平的提高而增大,随干密度的提高而显著减小,但随着干密度进一步提高,湿化蠕变变形的减小幅度则明显弱化。土石混合料在干湿循环作用下的湿化蠕变变形与干湿循环次数对数之间较好地满足线性发展规律,初次湿化应变及湿化蠕变速率均同荷载水平及干密度之间符合幂函数特征,在此基础上提出了考虑不同干密度及荷载水平的土石混合料干湿循环蠕变经验模型。

软岩硐室群蠕变模型选择与长期稳定性研究

硐室服务年限较长,围岩会随着时间的积累而产生蠕变,造成支护变弱甚至失效,从而影响矿山安全。为研究工程软岩硐室围岩的蠕变特性,以钟九铁矿井底硐室群为研究对象,首先采用ROCK1000-50VHT型岩石高温三轴流变试验系统进行5、10、15 MPa围压下的三轴蠕变试验,分析其蠕变和破坏特征。试验结果显示:闪长岩蠕变破坏在低围压下主要为剪切破坏,当围压逐渐增大时,会转变为劈裂破坏;在三轴应力条件下,闪长岩的蠕变会出现压密、弹性、裂隙扩展和破坏4个阶段;当加载应力较低时,闪长岩在瞬时应变后会出现等速蠕变,随后轴向应变逐渐趋于稳定;但当加载应力较高时,岩体进入到等速蠕变阶段的时间变长,轴向应变不断增大。根据其蠕变特征选取Burgers模型建立本构方程,经拟合后与蠕变试验曲线基本吻合,表明本构模型能够反映闪长岩蠕变力学特性。最后采用Burgers蠕变本构模型,基于FLAC3D对硐室支护模型进行数值模拟。结果表明,现有支护方案可以保持硐室群的长期稳定性。研究对软岩硐室群支护时效性分析具有借鉴意义。

深井软岩巷道围岩蠕变失稳机理与关键控制技术

治理深部软岩巷道围岩蠕变失稳是实现安全采掘作业的必要前提,以顾桥煤矿为工程背景,采用实验测试、理论分析、工业性实验、现场监测等方法进行深入研究。结果表明:顾桥矿深部巷道围岩强度较弱,浸水后容易导致长期强度、弹性模量、黏聚力、内摩擦角较大幅度下降,岩石软化、底板松动圈持续扩展以及围岩整体稳定性降低;围岩内外承载结构的特殊形状近似竖向椭圆。以改善承载结构的稳定性为基点,提出了底板深孔注浆技术,底板深孔注浆可以快速改变承载结构形状,将不稳定的近似竖向椭圆形状转变为稳定性很高的近似圆形形状。