A Theoretical Study of Rock Drilling with a High Pressure Water Jet

Based on analyses of experimental results of water jet drilling, the fluid motion law in rock pores and the tendency of energy distribution, the rock-breaking process under high pressure water jet drilling has been studied systematically. The research indicates that the main interaction between the rock and water jet is interface coupling, that the impacting load and the static pressure of the water jet act together to make the rock break, and that the stress wave is the main factor. Water jet drilling can be divided into two stages: At the initial stage, the stress wave plays the main role and most of the rock breaking takes place; at the later stage, the existing rock defects, for instance, micro-holes and micro-cracks, are propagated and merged to make macroscopic damage, and then the diameter of the jet-drilled hole is expanded.

Experimental Study of Rock Drill-ability Anisotropy by Acoustic Velocity

Rock drill-ability anisotropy has significant effects on directional drilling and deviation control. Its evaluation is an important but difficult research subject. Definitions of drill-ability anisotropy and acoustic anisotropy of rock are given in this paper. The acoustic velocities and the drill-ability parameters of several rock samples from the Engineering Center for Chinese Continemal Scientific Drilling （CCSD） are respectively measured with the device for testing the rock drill-ability and the ultrasonic testing system in laboratory, so that their drill-ability anisotropy and acoustic anisotropy are respectively calculated and discussed in detail by using the experimental data. On the basis of these experimental results and calculations, correlations between drill-ability anisotropy and acoustic anisotropy of the rock samples are illustrated through regression analyses. Thus, a mathematical model developed may be used to evaluate the rock drill- ability anisotropy with the acoustic logging or seismic data to a certain extent.

A novel experimental system for performance evaluation of water powered percussive rock drill

A set of water powered excavation test system was developed for the comprehensive performance testing and evaluation of water powered percussive rock drill indoors. The whole system contains hydraulic power section, electronic control system, test and data acquisition system, and assistant devices, such as guideway and drilling bench. Parameters of the water powered percussive rock drill can be obtained by analyzing testing data, which contain impact energy, front and back cavity pressure, pressure and flow in each working part, drilling velocity, frequency and energy efficiency etc. The system is applied to test the self-designed water powered percussive rock drill SYYG65. The parameters of water powered percussive rock drill with impact pressure of about 8.9 MPa are 58.93 J for impact energy, and 8.97% for energy efficiency, which prove the effectiveness of system.

Processing of diamond enhanced cemented tungsten carbide insert for rock drilling

This paper introduced the structure, component and sintering procedure of the Diamond/WC-Co composite insert fabricated by high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) method as well as by hot pressing method. In HPHT method, to avoid breakage and delamination of the diamond layer, two transition layers were added between the most outer diamond layer and the WC-Co body. The transition layers compensate for differences in thermal expansion coefficient and elastic modulus of diamond layer and WC-Co substrate. Thus reduces the residual stress induced by cooling the inserts from sintering temperature to room temperature. In hot pressing method, to decrease sintering temperature so as to protect diamond, an active sintering process which achieved by adding nickel and phosphorus into the starting mixed powder is adopted. To increase the toughness of the inserts to resist breakage, proper amount of rare earth compound, LaNi5 and CeO2, are added into the original mixed powder, too. Laboratory tests indicated that both of the diamond enhanced inserts fabricated by HPHT method and by hot pressing method have relatively high hardness and impact toughness, while their wear resistance is about hundreds of times greater than that of conventional cemented tungsten carbide inserts. The results of field drilling test indicated that the diamond enhanced inserts can meet the demands of rotary percussion drilling.

Finite element analysis of thermal residual stresses at cemented carbide rock drill buttons with cobalt-gradient structure

The aim of this study is to apply the concept of functionally graded materials(FGMs) to cemented carbides and to develop high-performance rock drill buttons. Cobalt-gradient structure was introduced to the surface zone of the buttons by carburizing process. Finite element method and XRD measurement were used to decide the distribution of thermal residual stress. Constitutive parameters were determined by constraint factor. Numerical results show that residual stresses of gradient buttons mainly concentrate in cobalt-gradient zone. There is compressive stress in the surface zone and tensile stress in the cobalt-rich zone. The maximum value of surface compressive stress is 180 MPa for WC-6Co cemented carbides. And the numerical results agree with the results of XRD measurement.

Development and application of turbodrills in hot dry rock drilling

The strata of hot dry rock(HDR) are usually igneous rocks with high temperature which are challenging for drilling activities. This paper deals with the key technology and research of turbodrills, introduced the application of turbodrills in HDR drilling at home and broad, and analyzed the field application cases. With the advancement such as low speed high torque turbodrill, reduction turbodrills, independent spindlesection and PDC bearings and so on, the application of turbodrills has widely expanded. The application of high-temperature turbodrills in Fenton Hill, HDR geothermal wells, high-temperature formation in Tahe oilfield all proved that turbodrills are the best downhole motors in deep high-temperature HDR drilling, thus they deserve further research and generalization.

Comparative Analysis and Development Trend of Rock Drill

A large number of pneumatic rock drills are being extensively used in a majority of mines in China nowadays, with a high noise level up to 125 dB(A) and large vibration and oil-fog on working-site, which can seriously jeopardize manipulator’s body and mind. Aiming at improving drilling environment and labor safety condition, the production mechanism of noise of all sorts of rock drills including pneumatic hydraulic and water-powered rock drills and measures of reducing noise level of pneumatic rock drills in special were discussed and led to the conclusion of that the pneumatic rock drills should be eliminated step by step, the hydraulic rock drill should be developed at full speed and especially the water-powered rock drill should be studied and applied according to the situation of China. In addition, the reasons of why hydraulic rock drills have not yet been used extensively and spread wide areas in China were discussed. The main technical parameters of newly developed leg-supporting water-powered rock drill and the comparation of experimental data between pneumatic rock drill and hydraulic rock drill were listed. The experimental results show that water-powered rock drill possesses the same superior properties as hydraulic rock drill and its noise is less than 20 dB(A) than pneumatic rock drill and there is no oil-fog on the working-site and vibration is reduced largely; but its drilling speed is raised largely , its structure is simpler, and maintenance is convenient. Therefore, popularizing applying of water-powered rock drill will be an effective way of improving mine working environment according to the current situation of China.

A NEW METHOD FOR CLASSIFICATION OF ROCK DRILLABILITY

A New method of rock drillability classification for impregnated diamond drilling is recommended. The essence of the method is comparing the area of the slots cut respectively on a standard synthetic rock sample and the rock sample being classified by one diamond saw to determine the rock drillability in diamond core drilling. This method has the advantages of good in simulation and stable in comparison standard.

Prediction of rotary drilling penetration rate in iron ore oxides using rock engineering system

Prediction of the drilling penetration rate is one of the important parameters in mining operations. This parameter has a direct impact on the mine planning and cost of mining operations, Generally, effective parameters on the penetration rate is divided into two classes： rock mass properties and specifications of the machine, The chemical components of intact rock have a direct effect in determining rock mechan- ical properties, Theses parameters usually have not been investigated in any research on the rock drill- ability, In this study, physical and mechanical properties of iron ore were studied based on the amount of magnetite percent, According to the results of the tests, the effective parameters on the pen- etration rate of the rotary drilling machines were divided into three classes： specifications of the machi- nes, rock mass properties and chemical component of intact rock, Then, the rock drillahility was studied using rock engineering systems, The results showed that feed, rotation, rock mass index and iron oxide percent have important effect on penetration rate, Then a quadratic equation with 0,896 determination coefficient has been obtained, Also, the results showed that chemical components can he described as new parameters in rotary drill penetration rate,

Measurement-while-drilling technique and its scope in design and prediction of rock blasting

With rampant growth and improvements in drilling technology, drilling of blast holes should no longer be viewed as an arduous sub-process in any mining or excavation process. Instead, it must be viewed as an important opportunity to quickly and accurately measure the geo-mechanical features of the rock mass on-site, much in advance of the downstream operations. It is well established that even the slightest variation in lithology, ground conditions, blast designs vis-a-vis geologic features and explosives performance, results in drastic changes in fragmentation results. Keeping in mind the importance of state-of-the-art measurement-while-drilling （MWD） technique, the current paper focuses on integrating this technique with the blasting operation in order to enhance the blasting designs and results. The paper presents a preliminary understanding of various blasting models, blastability and other related concepts, to review the state-of-the-art advancements and researches done in this area. In light of this, the paper highlights the future needs and implications on drill monitoring systems for improved information to enhnnrp th~ hl^tin~ r^HIt~

An analytical model for estimating rock strength parameters from small-scale drilling data

The small-scale drilling technique can be a fast and reliable method to estimate rock strength parameters. It needs to link the operational drilling parameters and strength properties of rock. The parameters such as bit geometry, bit movement, contact frictions and crushed zone affect the estimated parameters.An analytical model considering operational drilling data and effective parameters can be used for these purposes. In this research, an analytical model was developed based on limit equilibrium of forces in a Tshaped drag bit considering the effective parameters such as bit geometry, crushed zone and contact frictions in drilling process. Based on the model, a method was used to estimate rock strength parameters such as cohesion, internal friction angle and uniaxial compressive strength of different rock types from operational drilling data. Some drilling tests were conducted by a portable and powerful drilling machine which was developed for this work. The obtained results for strength properties of different rock types from the drilling experiments based on the proposed model are in good agreement with the results of standard tests. Experimental results show that the contact friction between the cutting face and rock is close to that between bit end wearing face and rock due to the same bit material. In this case,the strength parameters, especially internal friction angle and cohesion, are estimated only by using a blunt bit drilling data and the bit bluntness does not affect the estimated results.

Rock Damage Structure of the South Longmen-Shan Fault in the 2008 M8 Wenchuan Earthquake Viewed with Fault-Zone Trapped Waves and Scientific Drilling

This article is to review results from scientific drilling and fault-zone trapped waves （FZTWs） at the south Longman-Shan fault （LSF） zone that ruptured in the 2008 May 12 M8 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan,China.Immediately after the mainshock,two Wenchuan Fault Scientific Drilling （WFSD） boreholes were drilled at WFSD-1 and WFSD-2 sites approximately 400 m and 1 km west of the surface rupture along the Yinxiu-Beichuan fault （YBF）,the middle fault strand of the south LSF zone.Two boreholes met the principal slip of Wenchuan earthquake along the YBF at depths of 589-m and 1230-m,respectively.The slip is accompanied with a 100-200-m-wide zone consisting of fault gouge,breccia,cataclasite and fractures.Close to WFSD-1 site,the nearly-vertical slip of ～4.3-m with a 190-m wide zone of highly fractured rocks restricted to the hanging wall of the YBF was found at the ground surface after the Wenchuan earthquake.A dense linear seismic array was deployed across the surface rupture at this venue to record FZTWs generated by aftershocks.Observations and 3-D finite-difference simulations of FZTWs recorded at this cross-fault array and network stations close to the YBF show a distinct low-velocity zone composed by severely damaged rocks along the south LSF at seismogenic depths.The zone is several hundred meters wide along the principal slip,within which seismic velocities are reduced by ～30-55％ from wall-rock velocities and with the maximum velocity reduction in the ～200-m-wide rupture core zone at shallow depth.The FZTW-inferred geometry and physical properties of the south LSF rupture zone at shallow depth are in general consistent with the results from petrological and structural analyses of cores and well log at WFSD boreholes.We interpret this remarkable low-velocity zone as being a break-down zone during dynamic rupture in the 2008 M8 earthquake.We examined the FZTWS generated by similar earthquakes before and after the 2008 mainshock and observed that seismic velocities within fault core zone was reduced by ～10％ due to severe damage of fault rocks during the M8 mainshock.Scientific drilling and locations of aftershocks generating prominent FZTWs also indicate rupture bifurcation along the YBF and the Anxian-Guangxian fault （AGF）,two strands of the south LSF at shallow depth.A combination of seismic,petrologic and geologic study at the south LSF leads to further understand the relationship between the fault-zone structure and rupture dynamics,and the amplification of ground shaking strength along the low-velocity fault zone due to its waveguide effect.

中东地区碳酸盐岩油藏钻井工程技术现状及发展趋势

中国石油自进入中东地区以来在该地区5个国家获得14个项目,已钻井3 200余口,其中作业者项目1 100余口。中东地区碳酸盐岩油藏通常从上到下分布4~7套储层,井深及温度压力变化范围大,主要采用立体井网多井型组合丛式平台钻井。巨厚碳酸盐岩地层岩性及压力系统复杂,地层软硬交错,漏失通道复杂,同层漏垮矛盾突出,钻井过程中普遍存在漏失、垮塌阻卡频发等问题。为此,系统总结了十多年来中国石油及西方石油技术服务公司在该地区的钻井工程技术进展与实践成果,着重介绍了中东碳酸盐岩防漏堵漏技术、典型薄弱地层防塌技术及定向井钻井技术,分析了中国石油在该地区与西方公司在钻井工程技术方面存在的差距,并结合中东地区油田目前钻井存在的问题及未来开发面临的新形势与新要求,指出中东地区未来钻井工程将面临深部油藏、低渗透及超低渗透油藏、大平台钻井、分层规模注采和老井利用等方向的发展需求,为该地区未来钻井工程技术发展提供了参考。

基于IMU-LiDAR紧耦合的煤矿防冲钻孔机器人定位导航方法

防冲钻孔机器人是冲击地压矿井卸压的关键设备,其在复杂卸压巷道的精确地图构建和的稳定导航是实现钻孔作业智能化的基础和前提。在分析激光雷达点云畸变成因和同步定位与地图构建(SLAM)算法缺陷的基础上,设计了基于惯性测量单元(IMU)连续时间轨迹的点云畸变矫正方法,建立了激光雷达和IMU的数据融合模型,提出了基于IMU-LiDAR紧耦合的防冲钻孔机器人定位建图方法。根据煤矿卸压巷道特点建立了密闭坡道模型,开展了建图效果仿真分析,结果表明,所提算法在定位精度、轨迹误差方面均优于现有常用算法。在此基础上,设计了基于改进人工势场法和快速扩展随机树的动态路径规划方法,建立了适用于防冲钻孔机器人的路径规划与导航融合方案,并设计了2种仿真运动场景,结果表明,所提路径规划方法在全局路径规划和动态路径规划的平均路径长度、平均运行时间、平均生成节点数等方面均具有较好的综合性能。为了进一步验证防冲钻孔机器人定位导航方法的实用性,在校内模拟巷道、地面实验基地和井下卸压巷道等场景下开展了多组对比实验,结果表明:将IMU数据与LiDAR数据紧耦合后,所提方法的定位建图精度明显提高,在特征退化场景中具有优越的定位建图性能,且规划路径的运算效率和路径代价方面均具有良好的表现,验证了所提定位导航方法在多种场景中的可行性和优越性。

冲击破岩钻井提速技术研究现状与发展建议

提高钻井速度不仅是提高我国油气效益开发及深地勘探等方面的重要技术手段,同时对保障国家能源安全意义重大。冲击破岩钻井技术在国内外油田现场应用并获得了良好的提速效果,持续开展此类技术攻关有望攻克当下我国深地高温高压硬岩地层进尺低、提速难的技术痛点。介绍和分析了轴向冲击、扭力冲击和轴-扭耦合冲击辅助钻头破岩钻进技术方面的实践及发展动态。结合冲击破岩钻井技术现状,阐明了冲击辅助钻头破岩力学原理是冲击破岩钻井提速技术的关键问题,综述了国内外研究学者在冲击辅助钻头破岩物理实验、理论模型和数值模拟等研究方法上取得的科学进展。针对冲击破岩钻井提速技术的发展提出了相关建议,即加强在材料结构优化设计、智能化控制、多元技术融合和井场应用优化等方面的研究力度,为我国能源高效开发做出贡献。

晒旗河磷矿掘进巷道工作面钻孔卸压参数优化

岩爆是困扰晒旗河磷矿安全开采的主要技术难题,该矿钻孔卸压参数与围岩应力分布不匹配,卸压效果有待提高。以该矿+80 m工作面为研究对象,采用数值模拟对掘进巷道工作面不同钻孔卸压参数下巷道围岩的应力和弹性能变化情况进行分析,探寻最优的卸压钻孔参数方案。引入谷-陶岩爆判据,计算最大主应力和单轴抗压强度的比值,评价卸压钻孔参数优化前后的岩爆等级,验证钻孔卸压效果。研究结果表明:随着钻孔深度的增加,巷道围岩应力先减小后增大,当钻孔深度为10 m时,围岩应力和弹性能最小;在保持钻孔数量不变的情况下,钻孔间距过小,钻孔周围形成的卸压区域重叠,整体卸压范围受限,钻孔间距过大,每个钻孔间形成的卸压区域无法起到协同卸压作用。卸压钻孔参数优化后最大主应力下降了14 MPa,岩爆风险等级由中等岩爆降为无岩爆。研究结果可为鄂西地区类似矿山卸压钻孔参数的选用提供参考。

干热岩定向钻井关键技术研究与应用

为推动干热岩产业化步伐,中国地质调查局在青海共和盆地部署了我国首例干热岩试验性开发工程,采用一口直井注入和两口定向井采出的开发模式,文章就定向井钻井关键技术进行研究与应用。青海共和盆地干热岩主要为花岗岩,地层硬度大、研磨性强、温度高,加上大规模储存改造的影响,定向井钻井作业存在机械钻速低、碎岩工具寿命短、测量仪器耐温差、信号不稳定、井眼轨迹控制难度大等技术难题。为保证钻井作业顺利推进,从井眼轨迹控制、提高井下工具耐温耐磨能力、提高钻井液高温流变性能、钻井液主动降温等技术手段入手,创新研发了耐高温MWD、抗高温聚合物钻井液体系、螺旋板式钻井液冷却装置等关键技术与装备,优选了“牙轮钻头+单弯螺杆+MWD”钻具组合,安全高效地完成了双靶点定向井施工,AB靶心的中靶精度分别为4.85 m和8.97 m,钻井周期缩短20%以上,并取得了最高进尺175.00 m、最快机械钻速3.74 m/h的提速增效成果。

中空螺杆马达井底动力绳索取心钻具的研制与试验

针对大洋钻探硬岩取心钻具钻进效率低、取心效率低等问题,本文介绍了中国地质科学院勘探技术研究所研制的Ø185 mm规格中空螺杆马达井底动力绳索取心钻具的基本研制情况及陆地试验情况。研制过程中,通过理论计算和Ansys Workbench有限元仿真模拟,对中空式螺杆马达螺旋线型的结构进行了优化设计及动力学分析,并对万向节进行了受力安全分析,优选了材质,钻具攻克了多头小偏移量短节距中空转子和柔性中空万向节等关键技术,通过在陆地开展花岗岩块取心试验,验证了该取心钻具原理样机工作性能的可行性,为该钻具的工程应用提供了工作参数指导及匹配钻头的优选,也可为我国大洋钻探及深地科学钻探提供硬岩取心技术支持。

基于炮孔钻进参数的隧道掌子面围岩三维精细化分级方法

长进尺、大断面开挖条件下,隧道开挖掌子面-未支护段围岩三维稳定性具有更大挑战,围岩三维精细化分级是解决该问题的关键。基于现场收集的大量钻进参数样本,运用极端随机树算法,建立围岩智能分级机器学习模型;在此基础上,利用凿岩台车扫描定位系统及坐标系转换关系确定各炮孔钻进参数对应的三维坐标,并利用克里金空间插值技术构建开挖循环范围内钻进参数三维数据空间;结合隧道工程实际,进一步将钻进参数三维数据空间纵向分段、横向分块(分层、分区),利用围岩智能分级模型实现各尺度三维精细化分级,为制定、调整施工方案提供建议。研究有助于促进基于钻进参数的围岩智能分级的应用,提升施工阶段的围岩分级水平,为精细化设计奠定基础。

软弱围岩掘锚一体化快速掘进关键技术与工程实践

软弱围岩掘锚一体化快速掘进关键技术与装备是煤矿安全高效开采以及智能化建设的迫切需求。以具备膨胀性、节理化等软岩特征的煤矿回采巷道工程为背景,梳理了国内外掘锚一体机快速掘进技术发展现状,剖析了软弱围岩条件下掘锚一体机快速掘进面临3个方面的难题,包括全宽截割对围岩的扰动控制,软弱围岩及时高效永久支护,软弱围岩快速掘进煤帮临时支护。提出了软弱围岩掘锚一体化快速掘进的5项关键技术,包括:(1)低扰动截割技术。主要包括椭型全宽截割滚筒、截齿排布优化、截割动力学优化等。(2)减小空顶空帮距的及时支护技术。该技术是在掘锚一体化技术基础上,研制了集双圆柱导向、多连杆升降、支护油缸撑顶撑底、随动挡矸帘防护于一体的多钻机整体滑移平台,将掘锚一体机作业空顶距由2.5 m降至1 m,作业空帮距由3.5 m降至1 m。(3)软弱围岩多维度协同支护技术。综合考虑锚杆锚索支护参数间的时空协同效应和支护体与围岩的协同效应,掘进工作面采用低密度强力锚杆支护控制顶板,后部同步实施增强永久支护。(4)钻锚一体化技术。主要包括锚杆结构和力学特性、锚固剂材料及泵注技术等。(5)煤帮喷涂临时支护技术。主要包括快反应高延伸率喷涂材料、高比例精度喷涂泵送、不规则煤壁表面自适应轨迹控制、矿用防爆高精度机械臂、喷涂材料配套补给等。基于以上内容,研制了可控作业空顶距掘锚一体机,并进行了井下试验。试验表明,该装备有效缩短了作业空顶距和空帮距,实现了作业空顶距“可控”,适应于软弱围岩巷道快速掘进,掘进效率提高了1倍。