Measurement and study of the distributing law of in-situ stresses in rock mass at great depth

To solve the technical cruxes of the conventional system in deep rock mass, an automatic testing system for hydraulic fracturing that includes a single tube for hydraulic loop, a pressure-relief valve, central-tubeless packers, and a multichannel real-time data acquisition system was used for in-situ stresses measurement at great depths （over 1000 m） in a coalfield in Juye of Northern China. The values and orientations of horizontal principal stresses were determined by the new system. The virgin stress field and its distributing law were decided by the linear regression from the logged 37 points in seven boreholes. Besides, the typical boreholes arranged in both the adjacent zone and far away zone of the faults were analyzed, respectively. The results show that a stress concentration phenomenon and a deflection in the orientation of the maximal horizontal stress exist in the adjacent zone of the faults, which further provides theoretical basis for design and optimization of mining.

Influence of geostatic stresses on permeability of jointed rock masses

In this paper, a new constitutive model for the deformation of rock discontinuities in a geostress field is proposed, the permeability tensor with consideration of coupled hy dromechanical behaviour of jointed rock masses is formulated. It is found that the influ ence of geostatic stresses on the permeability of jointed rock masses is caused mainly by af fecting the aperture of discontinuities and the flow paths in discontinuity networks; the hydraulic conductivity of jointed rock masses decreases in negative exponential relationwith the increase of embedded depth and in hyperbolic relation with the increase of lateral pressure coefficient. The theory of hydromechanical coupling is applicable in the study of reservoir induced earthquake.

Stress arch bunch and its formation mechanism in blocky stratified rock masses

Stress arch is a common phenomenon occurring in continuous materials and has also l：een proved to have great influences on the self-stabilization of soils or rock masses after excavation. In this paper, based on UDEC simulation, stress redistribution after excavation is investigated for a kind of special discontinuous material, i.e. blocky stratified rock mass. A layered stress arch system is observed with each stress arch lying over another. This special phenomenon is defined herein as ＂stress arch bunch＂. Effects of dip angle of bedding plane, lateral pressure and joint offset on this stress arch bunch are studied. Its formation mechanism is also discussed based on voussoir beam theory.

THE CONSTITUTIVE RELATION OF CRACK-WEAKENED ROCK MASSES UNDER AXIAL-DIMENSIONAL UNLOADING

An accurate and efficient numerical method for solving the crack-crack interaction problem is presented. The method is mainly by means of the dislocation model, stress superposition principle and Chebyshev polynomial expansion of the pseudo-traction. This method can be applied to compute the stress intensity factors of multiple kinked cracks and multiple rows of periodic cracks as well as the overall strains of rock masses containing multiple kinked cracks under complex loads. Many complex computational examples are given. The dependence of the crack-crack interaction on the crack configuration, the geometrical and physical parameters, and loads pattern, is investigated. By comparison with numerical results under confining pressure unloading, it is shown that the crack-crack interaction under axial-dimensional unloading is weaker than those under confining pressure unloading. Numerical results for single faults and crossed faults show that the single faults are more unstable than the crossed faults. It is found from numerical results for different crack lengths and different crack spacing that the interaction among kinked cracks decreases with an increase in length of the kinked cracks and the crack spacing under axial-dimensional unloading.

ZONAL DISINTEGRATION MECHANISM OF DEEP CRACK-WEAKENED ROCK MASSES UNDER DYNAMIC UNLOADING

Size and quantity of fractured zone and non-fractured zone are controlled by cracks contained in deep rock masses. Zonal disintegration mechanism is strongly dependent on the interaction among cracks. The strong interaction among cracks is investigated using stress superposition principle and the Chebyshev polynomials expansion of the pseudo-traction. It is found from numerical results that crack nucleation, growth and coalescence lead to failure of deep crack- weakened rock masses. The stress redistribution around the surrounding rock mass induced by unloading excavation is studied. The effect of the excavation time on nucleation, growth, interaction and coalescence of cracks was analyzed. Moreover, the influence of the excavation time on the size and quantity of fractured zone and non-fractured zone was given. When the excavation time is short, zonal disintegration phenomenon may occur in deep rock masses. It is shown from numerical results that the size and quantity of fractured zone increase with decreasing excavation time, and the size and quantity of fractured zone increase with the increasing value of in-situ geostress.

Back-analysing rock mass modulus from monitoring data of two tunnels in Sydney, Australia

This paper presents two case studies where the rock mass modulus and in situ stress are estimated from the monitoring data obtained during the construction of underground excavations in Sydney,Australia.The case studies comprise the widening of existing twin road tunnels within Hawkesbury sandstone and the excavation of a large cavern within Ashfield shale.While back-analysis from detailed systematic monitoring has been previously published,this paper presents a relatively simple methodology to derive rock mass modulus and in situ stress from the relatively simple displacement data routinely recorded during tunnelling.

Seismic bearing capacity of strip footings on rock masses using the Hoeke Brown failure criterion

In this paper,the bearing capacity of strip footings on rock masses has been studied in the seismic case.The stress characteristics or slip line method was used for analysis.The problem was analyzed in the plane strain condition using the Hoeke Brown failure criterion.First,the equilibrium equations along the stress characteristics were obtained and the rock failure criterion was applied.Then,the equations were solved using the finite difference method.A computer code has been provided for analysis.Given the footing and rock parameters,the code can calculate the stress characteristics network and obtain the stress distribution under the footing.The seismic effects have been applied as the horizontal and vertical pseudo-static coefficients.The results of this paper are very close to those of the other studies.The seismic bearing capacity of weightless rock masses can be obtained using the proposed equations and graphs without calculating the whole stress characteristics network.

Zonal disintegration phenomenon in rock mass surrounding deep tunnels

Zonal disintegration is a typical static phenomenon of deep rock masses. It has been defined as alternating regions of fractured and relatively intact rock mass that appear around or in front of the working stope during excavation of a deep tunnel. Zonal disintegration phenomenon was successfully demonstrated in the laboratory with 3D tests on analogous gypsum models, two circular cracked zones were observed in the test. The linear Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion was used with a constitutive model that showed linear softening and ideal residual plastic to analyze the elasto-plastic field of the enclosing rock mass around a deep tunnel. The results show that tunneling causes a maximum stress zone to appear between an elastic and plastic zone in the surrounding rock. The zonal disintegration phenomenon is analyzed by considering the stress-strain state of the rock mass in the vicinity of the maximum stress zone. Creep instability failure of the rock due to the development of the plastic zone, and transfer of the maximum stress zone into the rock mass, are the cause of zonal disintegration. An analytical criterion for the critical depth at which zonal disintegration can occur is derived. This depth depends mainly on the character and stress concentration coefficient of the rock mass.

The principle of stability control of surrounding rock-bearing structures in high stress soft rock roadways

Through the description of the deformational features of the surrounding rockaround high stress engineering soft rock roadways,the coupling stabilization principle ofinner and outer structures in surrounding rock was put forward.The supporting principlesof high stress engineering soft rock roadway (high resistance and yielding support,timelysupport,high strength and high stiffness supports) were proposed,which were applied inengineering practices,and obtained better achievements.

Mechanical Response of Saturated Geological Rock Mass under Tidal Force

In this paper,the mechanical response of saturated geological rock under tidal force is explored by poroelastic theory.First,we use the free energy formula of saturated rock under a tidal force to study the relationships of pore pressure with stress,and stress with strain.Then we analyze the relationship between rock strain and tidal potential by the equilibrium differential equations of saturated rock under tidal force.Finally,we derive the physical relationship between the two parameters (pore pressure and tidal mean stress) of saturated rock and tidal potential.The relationship shows that:pore pressure is directly proportional with tidal potential,but tidal mean stress of saturated rock is inversely proportional with tidal potential.The ratio coefficient is related not only to the Lame coefficients of rock skeletons,but also to the Biot modulus.By using this model to analyze observational well water level of C-18 well which locates in Huili,Sichuan Province,the well level response coefficient (D) was estimated.This way,we derive the Skempton coefficient (B),the coefficient A and C which refer to the response coefficients of pore pressure and tidal stress to tidal potential respectively.Then we compare the differences among each coefficient in coupling and uncoupling conditions.It shows that for saturated rocks,the response of stress and pore pressure to earth tides is a product of coupling,and it is necessary to take into account the coupling effect when we study the mechanical response.The model will provide the basis not only for the study of mechanics and hydrodynamics of well-confined aquifer systems,and the mechanics of faulting under tidal force,but also for quantitative research of the triggering mechanism of tidal forces.

A Study on Propagation Mechanism of Fracture Systems in Rock Masses by Discontinuity Displacement Method

The main task of fracture mechanics of rock masses is the study on the propagating mechanism of fractures in rock masses , which can be efficiently conducted by discontinuty displacement (DD) numerical evaluation . Firstly ,the element stress and displacement are analysed and the principle and steps of the numerical calculation of stress intensity factor and fracture extension force are introduced .The numerical results of parallel and echelon fracture systems ,which are compared with real field fractures .are presented. Finally . a simple engineering application example is presented .

采动力学与岩层控制关键理论及工程应用

研究岩体采动力学响应和岩层控制技术对促进煤炭安全高效开采、保障能源稳定供给具有重要意义,是实现煤炭资源科学开采的理论基础。矿山岩体灾害(围岩变形、冲击地压等)频发,其形成-演化-发生全过程与采动力演化分布、岩层运动、开采扰动和能量演化密切相关。基于实用矿山压力控制理论,提出并阐述了采场岩层控制进展与控制准则,建立了定量分析的力学模型和设计方法,发展了针对性的岩体灾害控制技术,并创新研制了配套试验研究装备。采动力学与岩层控制理论将岩层控制分为采场岩层控制和巷道围岩控制;提出控制或利用采动岩层运动改变致灾条件,给出“给定变形”和“限定变形”准则;调控“3S”因素准则(围岩应力环境、围岩结构属性、围岩支护结构)改变围岩自稳能力。以岩体灾害控制为目标,提出了以“应力主控”为核心的释能主控技术;建立了岩体灾害控制大小原理和弱面判据(安全系数K、冲击危险性系数U);研发了采场矿压机械模拟试验系统、采动力试验系统和蠕变及动力扰动冲击加载试验系统,实现了实验室尺度还原采动力作用下岩体变形-破裂-运动过程,为研究采动力作用下岩体力学响应提供了试验装备;分别从采场岩层控制、地质软岩巷道控制、工程软岩巷道控制及冲击地压控制4个方向进行了工程案例研究,相关研究成果在工程应用中得到了验证。

山东龙郓煤业10·20冲击地压事故区域应力背景与防控研究

矿山巷道、交通隧道等地下硐室围岩稳定与岩体所处区域地应力环境息息相关。分析区域深部地应力与地下硐室走向、形状等因素的关系,有助于提前规避硐室开挖风险。文章以山东龙郓煤业10·20冲击地压事故为背景,通过地应力测量与监测工作,初步揭示了山东西部地壳浅表层现今地应力环境,结合龙郓煤业矿区附近现今地应力场特征,探讨此次冲击地压事故产生的区域应力背景,并从地应力角度提出相应的防控建议。研究结果表明:测量深度范围内主应力大小总体上与深度成正比线性关系,最大水平主应力值为3.48~20.76 MPa,随深度增加梯度为0.0182 MPa/m;最小水平主应力值为3.44~14.95 MPa,随深度增加梯度为0.0130 MPa/m;区内最大水平主应力方位为北东43°~89°,平均方位为北东75°;地壳浅表层构造作用以水平构造作用为主,但随着深度的增加,逐渐向垂直构造作用转变;龙郓煤业10·20冲击地压事故的诱发机制主要是垂向应力大于水平主应力,现今处于拉张应力环境,尤其是巷道走向平行于最大水平主应力方向;建议龙郓煤业巷道轴线与最大水平主应力方向的夹角为60°~90°,同时巷道顶板可以采用拱形顶板,确保巷道岩体稳定。

程潮铁矿崩落法开采对上覆岩体变形的影响研究

针对程潮铁矿开展工程地质调查,采用离散元分析软件UDEC建立其二维地质剖面模型,在假设其上部水平矿房未开采的条件下,模拟了程潮铁矿无底柱分段崩落法开采-480m、-500m相邻分段的过程,研究单一分段及相邻分段开采导致的围岩“冒落带、导水裂隙带”的分布规律及范围,探索程潮铁矿单分段矿房开采时其上覆岩体形成的导水裂隙带高度范围y随采长x的变化函数,分析无底柱分段崩落法不同分段矿房开采对于上覆岩体变形及影响机理,为类似开采技术条件矿山安全生产提供参考。

深部工程岩体温度与渗流耦合作用下复杂应力场反演方法

深部地质体应力场的复杂性可归因于高地温和高岩溶水压覆存环境中的岩体非线性特征和局部构造应力场重构。该文结合岩体在流-固-热多场耦合作用下的力学响应机制,建立了能够解析深部各应力测点构造信息特征的非线性反演与优化方法。系统地分析了深部地质体温度场—渗流场—地应力场的耦合作用,以及温度场和渗流场对地应力场的影响机理,开展了三山岛金矿区深部岩体在不同围压及孔隙水压力作用下的三轴压缩试验,探究了深部岩体物理力学参数随不同孔隙水压及围压的非线性变化规律。提出了一种非线性特征延扩迭代算法(NCEI算法),该算法能够对各区域实测地应力数据中“弱”非线性与连续性部分的特征信息进行整体优化拟合,以及对局部构造区地应力中“强”非线性和非连续部分的特征信息进行强化解析。基于ABAQUS软件的二次开发接口,编写出多耦合计算子程序,实现了岩体地应力场—温度场—渗流场的耦合迭代计算,并对三山岛矿区深部地应力场进行了反演计算和分析。反演结果表明,考虑岩体多场耦合作用下的NCEI算法的各测点应力分量的平均反演精度为85.62%,高于BP神经网络算法与不考虑岩体耦合作用下NCEI算法的反演计算结果。因此,该研究方法可充分考虑深部地质环境的特征,为深部岩体复杂地应力场的反演与构建提供新的思路。

大跨度破碎岩体顶板预应力锚固支护机理及效果研究

大跨度破碎岩体顶板采用预应力锚固支护,能最大程度地维持顶板围岩稳定,因此研究预应力锚固对大跨度破碎岩体顶板的支护机理及支护效果,对于保障破碎岩体下大跨度地下工程、露天大断面隧道工程的长期稳定性具有重要意义。对锚固后锚固体强度变化进行力学解析,剖析大跨度破碎岩体顶板预应力锚固支护机理,以云南金厂河多金属矿Ⅳ级破碎岩体大跨度顶板支护难题为工程背景,针对其支护方式建立数值模型进行分析,对FLAC3D软件中结构单元Cable的布置,设计新的三段式布置法,将预应力锚杆(索)在FLAC3D软件层面分为预紧段、自由段、锚固段分别赋予指定参数进行数值计算,建立3组不同支护方式的数值模拟方案对预应力锚固支护效果进行验证。结果表明:预应力锚固后,支护区域顶板受拉应力基本小于破碎岩体顶板抗拉强度,塑性区体积对比普通无预应力支护方案,下降比率达到61.95%,顶板Z方向垂直沉降量降低比率高达83.90%,预应力锚固范围内围岩得到了有效控制。

束状孔与当量大孔爆破应力波在节理岩体中的衰减规律

束状孔当量球形药包爆破技术是基于大直径深孔采矿法的新型爆破技术,与单孔爆破技术相比,其炸药能量利用率更高。为了探究节理岩体中束状孔与当量大孔爆破应力波衰减规律的不同,开展束状孔与当量大孔爆破模型试验研究。试验采用混凝土制作相似模型并用无缝钢管将炮孔包围以忽略爆生气体的作用,同时考虑不同节理厚度的影响,得到了爆炸应力波峰值速度与节理厚度的关系,并将两种布孔方式在相同节理条件下进行对比分析。结果表明:两种布孔方式的爆炸应力波峰值速度均随着节理厚度的增加而逐渐降低,在相同节理厚度条件下,束状孔爆破的应力波衰减相对更小。

三点弯曲载荷下岩体偏置斜裂隙的应力强度因子

地下巷道(硐室)顶板常因弯曲离层而破断,其破断位置与裂隙几何形态和位置密切关联。为揭示裂隙对岩层断裂的影响,建立了岩体偏置斜裂隙的三点弯曲模型,定义了裂隙的偏置系数和贯通率,分析了裂隙偏置系数、倾角和贯通率三者之间的关系,基于力学平衡原理和σ-K关系导出了偏置斜裂隙与偏置竖裂隙应力强度因子K的关系式。同时分析了裂隙倾角、贯通率和偏置系数对应力强度因子的影响规律。该方法可为裂隙影响下巷道(硐室)顶板的张拉断裂提供判定依据。

安顺煤矿煤岩电磁辐射测试技术研究

随安顺煤矿开采深度的加深,工作面回采时异常动力灾害发生的危险性显著提高。为防范灾害事故,可基于煤岩受载破坏过程电磁辐射强度与煤岩破坏的相关性,采用电磁辐射仪测试煤岩体的损伤破坏状态,对煤岩体动力灾害事故危险性进行预测,通过设置三采区轨道下山、四采区轨道风门0~300 m处为对照组,对四采区轨道、回风、胶带三条下山掘进巷道进行煤岩电磁辐射测试,并对其监测数据进行规律分析。研究结果表明:掘进作业严重影响巷道内应力分布与煤岩破坏状态,靠近掘进点的部位所受应力扰动更为明显,掘进较深、支护稳定的巷道所受影响较小;巷道危险区的煤岩电磁辐射强度相对较高;存在断层时,断层周围电磁辐射信号较强;掘进煤巷的应力受扰动情况比岩巷更加稳定,且所受应力普遍较小。

深部岩体爆破冲击波能量分布特征

地应力对岩体爆炸应力与爆炸能量的分布有重要影响。针对深部岩体爆破冲击波能量分布,基于叠加原理,计算地应力和爆炸荷载双重作用下岩体爆炸应力分布,结合岩体破坏准则,得到了冲击波作用下深部岩体的破坏特征,分析不同工况下传递入深部岩体引起爆破扩腔、径向裂隙扩张及岩石弹性变形的冲击波能量占比,采用数值模拟方法探究了地应力对岩体爆破冲击波能量分布的影响。研究结果表明:岩体性质、炸药性能及地应力水平均会对深部岩体冲击波能量分布产生显著影响;高地应力环境下,硝铵炸药传递入硬岩(花岗岩)的冲击波总能量占比及有效能量的占比较于软岩(页岩)更小,与低性能炸药相比,采用高性能炸药爆破时传递入花岗岩的冲击波总能量占比及有效能量的占比更大;随地应力增大,用于爆腔膨胀的冲击波能量占比基本不变,用于裂隙扩张的冲击波能量占比近似呈线性减小,用于引起弹性变形的冲击波能量占比近似呈指数增长;高地应力环境下,传递入岩体的冲击波总能量占比虽然较大,但有效能量的占比较小;研究成果可为改善深部岩体爆破冲击波能量分布及提升岩体爆破效果提供参考。