New Evidence for Genesis of the Zoige Carbonate-Siliceous-Pelitic Rock Type Uranium Deposit in Southern Qinling:Discovery and Significance of the 64 Ma Intrusions

The carbonaceous-siliceous-argillitic rock type uranium deposit in the Zoige area is located in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, and has gained much attention of many geologists and ore deposit experts due to its scale, high grade and abundant associated ores. Because of the insufficient reliable dating of intrusive rocks, the relationship between mineralization and the magmatic activities is still unknown. In order to study this key scientific issue and the ore-forming processes of the Zoige uranium ore field, the LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of magmatic rocks was obtained：64.08±0.59 Ma for the granite-prophyry and ~200 Ma for the dolerite. U-Pb dating results of uraninite from the Zoige uranium ore field are mainly concentrated on ~90 Ma and ~60 Ma. According to LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon dating, the ages for the dolerite, porphyry granite and granodiorite are 200 Ma, 64.08 Ma approximately and 226.5-200.88 Ma, respectively. This indicates that the mineralization has close relationship with activities of the intermediate-acidic magma. The ages of the granite porphyry are consistent with those uraninite U-Pb dating results achieved by previous studies, which reflects the magmatic and ore-forming event during the later Yanshanian. Based on the data from previous researches, the ore bodies in the Zoige uranium ore field can be divided into two categories：the single uranium type and the uranium with polymetal mineralization type. The former formed at late Cretaceous（about 90 Ma）, while the latter, closely related to the granite porphyry, formed at early Paleogene（about 60 Ma）. And apart from ore forming elemental uranium, the latter is often associated with polymetallic elements, such as molybdenum, nickel, zinc, etc.

Effect of overburden pressure on determination of reservoir rock types using RQI/FZI,FZI^* and Winland methods in carbonate rocks

Rock typing is an important tool in evaluation and performance prediction of reservoirs.Different techniques such as flow zone indicator(FZI),FZI~*and Winland methods are used to categorize reservoir rocks into distinct rock types.Generally,these methods are applied to petrophysical data that are measured at a pressure other than reservoir pressure.Since the pressure changes the pore structure of rock,the effect of overburden pressure on rock typing should be considered.In this study,porosity and permeability of 113 core samples were measured at five different pressures.To investigate the effect of pressure on determination of rock types,FZI,FZI~*and Winland methods were applied.Results indicated that although most of the samples remain in the same rock type when pressure changes,some of them show different trends.These are related to the mineralogy and changes in pore system of the samples due to pressure change.Additionally,the number of rock types increases with increasing pressure.Furthermore,the effect of overburden pressure on determination of rock types is more clearly observed in the Winland and FZI~*methods.Also,results revealed that a more precise reservoir dynamic simulation can be obtained by considering the reservoir rock typing process at reservoir conditions.

Investigation of Microfacies—Electrofacies and Determination of Rock Types on the Aptian Dariyan Formation NW Persian Gulf

Dariyan (Shuaiba) Formation is one of the main reservoir units in the Persian Gulf and South Western Iran. The microfacies and depositional environment of this formation is been investigated in the current study and influencing factors in reservoir characteristics have been discussed for Dariyan reservoir in the Soroush oil field. Facies analysis conducted on core and cutting samples indicated that Dariyan Formation is mainly deposited on a carbonate ramp setting with a shallow intra shelf basin. In addition, it has been demonstrated that facies changes reflect the main controls of the tectonic and climate (sea level fluctuations) during the deposition of these sediments. To determine the reservoir unites in this formation, 5 electrofacies were determined by neural network method that it is using different petrophysical logs (i.e. GR, PHIE and SWE). Using rock typing as the best way to establish an association between the various collected data (e.g. logs and cores) and geological descriptions 4 hydraulic flow units or rock types, determined on the basis of the Flow Zone Indicator (FZI) method in the Dariyan Formation of the Soroush field. Establishing a correlation between microfacies and rock types, the carbonate zones with moderate to good reservoir properties and also the intervals with the highest reservoir quality were determined.

A detailed rock density model of the Hong Kong territories

We used the geological map and published rock density measurements to compile the digital rock density model for the Hong Kong territories.We then estimated the average density for the whole territory.According to our result,the rock density values in Hong Kong vary from 2101 to 2681 kg·m^(-3).These density values are typically smaller than the average density of 2670 kg·m^(-3),often adopted to represent the average density of the upper continental crust in physical geodesy and gravimetric geophysics applications.This finding reflects that the geological configuration in Hong Kong is mainly formed by light volcanic formations and lava flows with overlying sedimentary deposits at many locations,while the percentage of heavier metamorphic rocks is very low(less than 1%).This product will improve the accuracy of a detailed geoid model and orthometric heights.

Formation evaluation and rock type classification of Asmari Formation based on petrophysical-petrographic data:A case study in one of super fields in Iran southwest

The Oligo-Miocene Asmari Formation is one of the most important hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Middle East.The oilfield under study is one of the largest oilfields in the Zagros basin with the Asmari Formation being the major reservoir rock.In this study,petrographic analyses,petrophysical data and neural network clustering techniques were used for identifying rock types in the Asmari reservoir.Facies analysis of the Asmari Formation in the study area has resulted in the definition of 1 clastic lithofacies and 14 carbonate microfacies types.Using petrophysical logs from 43 wells and their correlation with capillary pressure(Pc)curves,led to the recognition of 7 electrofacies(EF1-EF7).Microscopic evidence of Electrofacies group C1 and S1 show that the sedimentary facies of these electrofacies are most commonly found in restricted and shoal facies belts zone.Also,petrographic studies show that the sedimentary facies of C2,C3,C4,S2 and S3 were formed in the open marine,Lagoon,and Tidal flat facies belt zone of homoclinal ramp sedimentary environment during the Oligo-Miocene based on relative sea level changes respectively.The link between electrofacies and geological data indicated that both sedimentary and diagenetic processes controlled the reservoir quality of the Asmari Formation.Porosity,permeability and water saturation were used to estimate the reservoir quality of each electrofacies.EFs 1 and 2 with high porosity and permeability,low water saturation is considered as the best reservoir with regard to sedimentary textures(dolowackestone and dolograinstone)and the effect of diagenetic processes such as dolomitization processes.Vuggy,growth framework and interparticle porosities are major in EF-2,while the intercrystalline porosity is the major type in EF-1.EFs 3 and 4 show low values of porosity,permeability and high percentage of water saturations,which characterizes them as poor reservoir rocks.Finally,EF-5 is the only electrofacies in the siliciclastic parts of the Asmari reservoir,which is composed of rounded and well-sorted quartz grains that are slightly cemented.In sandstone electrofacies,electrofacies EF-5(S1),is the best type of sandstone reservoir rock and to move towards electrofacies EF-7(S3),will reduce reservoir quality.In carbonate electrofacies,also,electrofacies no 1,the best type of carbonate reservoir rock can be observed and move towards electrofacie number 4,lower quality of reservoir rocks is seen.

Rock Types and Reservoir Characteristics of Shahejie Formation Marl in Shulu Sag, Jizhong Depression, Bohai Bay Basin

Due to the complicated lithology in the ES3 Member of the Shahejie Formation in the Shulu sag,Jizhong depression,it is difficult to classify the rock types and characterize the reservoirs at the marl intervals.In this paper,a four-element classification method has been proposed,and seven rock types have been identified by analyzing the mineral composition.The primary rock types are medium-high organic carbonate rocks and medium-high organic shaly-siliceous carbonate rocks.With the methods of field emission scanning electron microscopy,high-pressure mercury intrusion,nitrogen adsorption,and nano-CT,four types of reservoir spaces have been identified,including intra-granular pores,intergranular pores(inter-crystalline pores),organic pores,and micro-fractures.By combining the method of high-pressure mercury intrusion with the method of the nitrogen adsorption,the porosity of the marl has been measured,ranging from 0.73%to 5.39%.The distribution of the pore sizes is bimodal,and the pore types are dominated by micron pores.Through this study,it has been concluded that the sag area to the east of Well ST1H is the favorable area for the development of self-sourced and self-reservoired shale oil.According to the results of geochemical and reservoir analysis,the III Oil Group may have sweet spot layers.

Mechanism of Pendulum-type wave phenomenon in deep block rock mass

Pendulum-type ( μ wave) wave is a new type of elastic wave propagated with low frequency and low velocity in deep block rock masses. The μ wave is sharply different from the traditional longitudinal and transverse waves propagated in continuum media and is also a phenomenon of the sign-variable reaction of deep block rock masses to dynamic actions, besides the Anomalous Low Friction (ALF) phenomenon. In order to confirm the existence of the μ wave and study the rule of variation of this μ wave experimentally and theoretically, we first carried out one-dimensional low-speed impact experiments on granite and cement mortar blocks and continuum block models with different characteristic dimensions, based on the multipurpose testing system developed by us independently. The effects of model material and dimensions of models on the propagation properties of 1D stress wave in blocks medium are discussed. Based on a comparison and analysis of the propagation properties (acceleration amplitudes and Fourier spectra) of stress wave in these models, we conclude that the fractures in rock mass have considerable effect on the attenuation of the stress wave and retardarce of high frequency waves. We compared our model test data with the data of in-situ measurements from deep mines in Russia and their conclusions. The low-frequency waves occurring in blocks models were validated as Pendulum-type wave. The frequencies corresponding to local maxima of spectral density curves of three-directional acceleration satisfied several canonical sequences with the multiple of 2～(1/2), most of those frequencies satisfied the quantitative expression (2～(1/2))i V p/2△ .

Geochemical Characteristics of the Jinjiazhuang Ultrabasic Rock-Type Gold Deposit in Chicheng County, Hebei Province

The Jinjiazhuang gold deposit occurs in the Zhangjiakou gold field, Northwest Hebei. The ore bodies are mostly hosted in Xiaozhangjiakou ultrabasic rocks dominated by diopsidite. Electron microprobe analyses indicate that the deposit is characterized by the enrichment of some platinum group elements in principal metallic minerals such as chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite and pyrite, and the presence of millerite. Stable isotope studies show that carbon, sulfur and most of the metallogenic elements were probably derived largely from the host Xiaozhangjiakou ultrabasic rocks and that it is possible that the ore\|forming fluid was predominated by meteoric water.

The metallogenic models of gold deposits of quartz vein type and altered rock type

Metallogenic models of gold deposits of quartz vein type and altered rock type will be dis-cussed in this note. They are considered to be closely related to granite spatially andgenetically.

东昆仑大格勒地区碱性岩-碳酸岩型铌矿勘查进展及找矿前景

铌广泛应用在冶金工业、原子能工业、航空航天工业、军事工业、电子工业、超导材料及医疗仪器等方面,是全球高度关注的关键矿产。碱性岩-碳酸岩型矿床赋存了世界上大部分的铌资源,而我国铌资源禀赋差,对外依存度大于90%。2021年青海省地质调查院在东昆仑大格勒地区发现了碱性岩-碳酸岩型铌矿,通过三年的勘查工作,圈定5条铌矿体,矿体延伸长160~1280 m,控制最大斜深800 m,矿体厚度4.3~115.7 m,Nb_(2)O_(5)平均品位0.092%~0.156%,伴生P_(2)O_(5)平均品位3.8%~5.6%。通过资源量估算,Nb_(2)O_(5)推断资源量超过10万吨,已达大型矿床规模。目前铌矿体在走向和倾向上延伸稳定,显示出良好的找矿前景。

Impact of microorganism degradation on hydrocarbon generation of source rocks:A case study of the Bozhong Sag,Bohai Bay Basin

The discovery of the Bozhong 19-6 gas field,the largest integrated condensate gas field in the eastern China in 2018,opened up a new field for the natural gas exploration deep strata in the Bohai Bay Basin,demonstrating there is a great potential for natural gas exploration in oil-type basins.The ethane isotope of the Bozhong 19-6 condensate gas is heavy,showing the characteristics of partial humic gas.In this paper,aimed at the source rocks of the Bozhong 19-6 gas field in the Bohai Bay Basin,the characteristics of the source rocks in the Bozhong 19-6 structural belt were clarified and the reason are explained from impact of microorganism degradation on hydrocarbon generation of source rocks why the condensate oil and gas had heavy carbon isotope and why it showed partial humic characteristics was explored based on the research of parent materials.The following conclusions were obtained:The paleontology of the Bozhong 19-6 structural belt and its surrounding sub-sags is dominated by higher plants,such as angiosperm and gymnosperm.During the formation of source rocks,under the intensive transformation of microorganism,the original sedimentary organic matter such as higher plants was degraded and transformed by defunctionalization.Especially,the transformation of anaerobic microorganisms on source rocks causes the degradation and defunctionalization of a large number of humic products such as higher plants and the increase of hydrogen content.The degradation and transformation of microorganism don't transform the terrestrial humic organic matter into newly formed“sapropel”hydrocarbons,the source rocks are mixed partial humic source rocks.As a result,hydrogen content incrased and the quality of source rocks was improved,forming the partial humic source rocks dominated by humic amorphous bodies.The partial humic source rocks are the main source rocks in the Bozhong 19-6 gas field,and it is also the internal reason why the isotope of natural gas is heavy.

四川盆地及周缘地区震旦系灯影组白云岩岩石类型及沉积相划分方案

四川盆地震旦系灯影组有巨大的天然气勘探潜力,但其储层白云岩岩石类型划分和沉积环境解析方面尚存较大争议,不利于沉积相及有利储集相带展布的精确刻画,制约了下一步油气勘探开发进程。为此,针对四川盆地及周缘地区大量的露头和钻井开展了系统的岩相和沉积环境分析,在明确白云岩类型的基础上,结合岩性组合方式进一步识别了沉积相,并与前人提出的岩性和沉积相划分方案进行了对比与总结,建立了一套既适用于油气勘探又满足沉积学研究的白云岩岩石类型和沉积相划分方案。研究结果表明:①按结构成因可将灯影组白云岩划分为2大类6种类型16种亚类,即保留原始沉积结构的白云岩大类,包括颗粒白云岩、泥晶白云岩、微生物(藻)黏结白云岩,并进一步细分了9种亚类;原岩经过成岩改造形成的白云岩大类包括葡萄状白云岩、角砾白云岩、晶粒白云岩,并可进一步细分7种亚类。②研究区白云岩可识别出台地边缘和局限台地2个相带,共包含8种亚相和17种微相,其中台地边缘相可以划分为微生物(藻)丘、丘滩间洼地、浅滩3个亚相8种微相;局限台地相可划分为微生物(藻)丘、丘滩间海、浅滩、台内洼地、潟湖5种亚相9种微相。③台地边缘相比局限台地相具有丘滩占比大,单层厚度大和叠覆式产出的特征。④丘基—丘核—丘坪—丘盖生长序列反映了微生物丘完整生长—淹没过程,丘基—丘核—丘坪序列可以与潮下—潮间—潮上米级向上变浅旋回相匹配。结论认为,研究提出的丘滩微相划分方案丰富和完善了该区沉积环境解释的理论基础,并具有较强的油气勘探适用性。

无人机高光谱岩性和矿物识别技术研究

无人机高光谱遥感技术以其高空间分辨率和高光谱分辨率的技术优势,在大比例尺区域地质填图领域可以发挥重要作用。利用无人机搭载全谱段高光谱成像仪(HD_SAVI)获取0.2 m高空间分辨率影像数据,采用经验线性法对所获取数据进行光谱重建,重建后无人机高光谱影像光谱曲线与地面实测光谱曲线谱形基本一致,典型特征吸收峰位置偏差均在1个像元以内。采集岩性样本构建岩性知识库,利用深度学习算法基于无人机高光谱影像数据开展岩性识别;岩性识别结果与大比例尺地质图对比,岩性空间分布基本一致,地质体边界准确且较清晰。参考典型矿物光谱库进行矿物识别。与同一地区CASI/SASI航空高光谱数据地质填图结果进行对比分析,结果表明:两者提取的矿物在空间分布上具有较高的一致性,但无人机低空高光谱影像空间分辨率较高,识别出的矿物种类更加丰富。无人机高光谱遥感技术可以满足无人区、交通不便地区地质勘查,以及重点区或矿区外围等地区大比例尺地质填图的需要。

塔里木盆地北部奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩断溶体油藏成因类型及特征再认识

前人提出的“断溶体”油藏概念,现已成为海相碳酸盐岩油气藏勘探开发的新目标、新类型。但断溶体油藏与传统的风化壳型喀斯特油藏有显著差别,断溶体储集体类型、结构特点也存在差异。研究断溶体溶蚀作用和构造破裂作用的差异性,将断溶体划分为过溶蚀残留型、破碎+强溶蚀型和强破碎+弱溶蚀型3种类型。研究表明不同成因类型的断溶体油藏,其溶蚀程度、缝洞规模、累产油量、地层能量和缝洞间连通性差异明显。过溶蚀残留型油藏的分布受风化壳不整合面及断裂带的纵向溶蚀作用控制。破碎+强溶蚀型及强破碎+弱溶蚀型油藏的形成和分布与不整合面的发育和构造位置关系不大,主要受溶蚀断裂带“破碎+溶蚀程度”控制,在溶蚀断裂带核部发育规模较大的洞穴,向两侧逐步发育裂缝-孔洞型、裂缝型储层。

鄂尔多斯盆地中东部太原组碳酸盐岩烃源岩岩相类型及地球化学特征

随着鄂尔多斯盆地中东部上古生界下二叠统太原组斜道段灰岩和毛儿沟灰岩中高产气藏的发现,太原组煤系烃源岩以外的碳酸盐岩生烃潜力评价显得尤为重要。以鄂尔多斯盆地中东部地区太原组灰岩为研究对象,通过岩心观察、测井资料及地化实验数据的综合应用,分析海陆混合沉积潮坪环境中灰岩有机地化特征,并对有利于烃源岩发育的岩相类型进行划分。结果表明:①总体看来,太原组灰岩较之泥页岩有机质丰度偏低,斜道段灰岩有机质丰度最高,毛儿沟段次之;有机质类型主要以Ⅰ型为主,部分样品出现Ⅱ型干酪根特征;有机质普遍处于高成熟度演化阶段,热解峰温(T max)平均可达483℃,镜质体反射率(R o)普遍高于1.2%。②基于地球化学参数及岩石学特征的差异,将太原组灰岩共分为4类岩相类型:Ⅰ-Ⅱ型干酪根高有机质纹层状泥质泥晶灰岩相、Ⅰ-Ⅱ型干酪根中-高有机质块状泥晶灰岩相、Ⅰ-Ⅱ型干酪根中有机质块状生屑泥晶灰岩相以及Ⅰ型干酪根低有机质块状藻凝块灰岩相。③研究区中部以Ⅰ-Ⅱ型干酪根中-高有机质块状泥晶灰岩为主,烃源岩厚度不大;西部以Ⅰ-Ⅱ型干酪根中有机质块状生屑泥晶灰岩岩相为主,有效烃源岩厚度较大;东部灰岩沉积分布广且厚度大,虽以Ⅰ型干酪根低有机质块状藻凝块灰岩为主,但岩相多变,有效烃源岩厚度不小。

中西非裂谷系富油凹陷石油地质特征与勘探方向

基于地震、钻井、烃源岩测试分析等资料,对中西非裂谷系主要盆地富油凹陷石油地质特征进行研究,并探讨未来油气勘探方向。研究表明:中非裂谷系发育下白垩统湖相优质烃源岩,西非裂谷系发育上白垩统陆源海相优质烃源岩,两类烃源岩为中西非裂谷系油气富集提供了物质基础。中西非裂谷系发育包括基岩在内的多套储集层,并存在下白垩统、上白垩统和古近系3套区域盖层。晚中生代以来,受中非剪切带右旋走滑作用等地球动力学因素的影响,中西非裂谷系不同方向的盆地在裂谷作用期次、区域盖层发育层段、圈闭类型及成藏模式等方面存在差异。其中,北东—南西向盆地主要保存了早白垩世一期裂谷层序,区域盖层位于下白垩统裂陷期地层内,形成反转背斜、花状构造及基岩潜山等圈闭类型,发育“源储一体、源内成藏”及“源上储下、源下成藏”两种成藏模式;北西—南东向盆地具有多期裂谷叠置特征,发育上白垩统和古近系区域盖层,形成披覆背斜、断背斜、反向断块等圈闭类型,以“源下储上、源上成藏”为主要成藏模式。多期叠置裂谷盆地的源内成藏组合、强反转盆地的源内岩性油藏及页岩油是中西非裂谷系盆地未来勘探的重要领域。

鄂尔多斯盆地靖边气田上古生界致密砂岩岩石类型测井识别

基于靖边气田上古生界盒_(8下)和山_(2)^(3)录井、岩心薄片分析、x衍射粘土分析、全岩分析、测井等资料综合分析,认为研究区上古生界含气层系致密砂岩储层的岩石类型主要有3种:石英砂岩、岩屑石英砂岩和岩屑砂岩。针对3种砂岩类型,分析对应的测井响应特征,优选出对砂岩岩石类型敏感的测井参数:光电吸附截面指数和自然伽马,进而采用交会图技术分别确定盒_(8下)和山_(2)^(3)的石英砂岩、岩屑石英砂岩及岩屑砂岩解释标准,系统开展砂岩岩石类型测井解释,与岩心分析测试资料对比,盒_(8下)和山_(2)^(3)测井解释符合率分别为89.2%和95.0%。最后,利用系统的测井砂岩岩石类型解释结果,厘清了不同类型砂岩的纵向和平面分布特征,为储层精细评价提供有效支撑。

Evaluation of Source Rock Potential for Hydrocarbon Generation in Shallow Offshore, Lamu Basin, Kenya

The ever-increasing demand for oil and gas has driven its exploration in rather extreme conditions. In Lamu offshore, which is hitherto underexplored, most of the wells already drilled turned out dry save for a few wells with hydrocarbon shows despite the promising reservoir properties and related geological structures. This, therefore, necessitated a source rock evaluation study in the area to ascertain the presence and potential of the source rock by integrating the geochemical data analysis and petroleum system modeling. The shallow Lamu offshore source rock quantity, quality, and maturity have been estimated through the determination of the total organic carbon (TOC) average values, Kerogen typing, and Rock-Eval pyrolysis measurements respectively. Geochemical data for Kubwa-1, Mbawa-1, Pomboo-1, and Simba-1 were evaluated for determining the source rock potential for hydrocarbon generation. Petroleum system modeling was applied in evaluating geological conditions necessary for a successful charge within a software that integrated geochemical and petrophysical characterization of the sedimentary formations in conjunction with boundary conditions that include basal heat flow, sediment-water interface temperature, and Paleo-water depth. The average TOC of 0.89 wt % in the study area suggests a fair organic richness which seems higher in the late cretaceous (0.98 wt %) than in the Paleocene (0.81 wt %). Vitrinite reflectance and Tmax values in the study area indicate the possible presence of both mature and immature source rocks. Type III Kerogen was the most dominant Kerogen type, and gas shows are the most frequent hydrocarbon encountered in the Lamu Basin with a few cases registering type II/III and type II. The charge properties (i.e. Temperature, transformation ratio, and Vitrinite reflectance) over geologic time at each of the wells have been estimated and their spatial variation mapped as seen from the burial history and depth curves overlaid with temperature, transformation ratio, and Vitrinite reflectance respectively. From the upper cretaceous maturity maps, the results seem to favor near coastal regions where average TOC is about 1.4 wt %, Vitrinite reflectance is more than 0.5%, transformation ratio is more than 10%, and temperatures range from 80°C to 160°C. The results postulate the absence of a definitive effective source rock with a likelihood of having cases of potential and possible source rocks. Moreover, greater uncertainty rests on the source rock’s presence and viability tending toward the deep offshore. Geochemical analysis and petroleum system modeling for hydrocarbon source rock evaluation improved the understanding of the occurrence of the possible and potential source rocks and processes necessary for hydrocarbon generation.

宽高比对煤柱型冲击地压影响规律的实验研究

我国深部煤炭开采日趋复杂,区段煤柱在采动、构造或坚硬顶底板影响下极易诱发煤柱型冲击地压,煤柱型冲击地压的防治已成为煤矿安全高效开采的难题,研究不同宽高比条件下区段煤柱的力学性能及冲击破坏特性对煤柱型冲击地压防治具有积极意义。采用不同宽高比煤样的“岩-煤-岩”组合体进行了单轴压缩实验,通过分析煤岩组合体的冲击倾向性、动态破坏特征、分形维数和声发射特征参数等,研究了宽高比对煤柱冲击破坏的影响规律。结果发现:①煤柱的宽高比对煤岩组合体的冲击倾向性具有显著影响,宽高比不小于2∶1时,其冲击能量指数K_(E)为1.82~2.65,冲击倾向性无明显变化;小于2∶1时冲击倾向性呈先升高后降低的趋势,1∶1时K_(E)最大,达到了15.43。②随宽高比减小,煤岩组合体破坏特征依次表现为:拉压破坏—压剪破坏—拉剪破坏。煤柱宽高比为5∶1~3∶1时,煤岩组合体破坏较为缓慢;宽高比为2∶1时开始出现片状煤屑弹出,冲击破坏剧烈程度较低;宽高比为1∶1和0.75∶1时,具有明显的冲击破坏特性;宽高比为0.5∶1时,煤岩组合体整体稳定性下降,相对0.75∶1煤岩组合体煤柱破坏的剧烈程度降低。③峰后声发射能量释放率与分形维数D变化规律相似,均随宽高比减小呈先升高后降低的趋势。宽高比不小于2∶1时,煤岩组合体破坏过程中能量持续释放时间较长,煤柱破坏平缓;宽高比为1∶1时,能量释放率和D值明显增大,相较宽高比不小于2∶1煤岩组合体的能量释放率增大了约4倍,D值增大了0.18~0.23,煤柱冲击破坏最为剧烈;宽高比0.75∶1煤岩组合体能量释放率与D值分别降低了约10%和0.01,破坏剧烈程度与1∶1煤岩组合体相近;宽高比减小至0.5∶1时,相关参数的降低幅度约为0.75∶1煤岩组合体的6倍,破坏剧烈程度相对较小。研究表明:宽高比对煤柱的冲击破坏具有显著影响,整体上,煤柱冲击破坏剧烈程度随宽高比减小(5∶1~0.5∶1)呈先升高后逐渐降低的趋势;煤柱宽高比大于3∶1时,煤柱冲击危险性相对较小,煤柱宽高比为1∶1和0.75∶1时冲击危险性较大,0.5∶1次之。

塔里木盆地富满断控破碎体油藏储集类型特征与注水替油效果

塔里木盆地走滑断裂控制的超深油气藏是近年来中国油气勘探开发最重要领域之一,但目前该类型油藏的储集空间类型并不清楚,不同储集空间类型与注水效果关系不明确,严重制约了富满油田的高效开发。在充分分析野外露头、岩心、成像测井以及动态监测资料的基础上,系统剖析了断控破碎体的3种主要储集空间类型及其与注水效果的关系。提出了断控破碎体的概念,指出富满油田主要为断控破碎体油藏,研究结果表明:①断裂空腔型储集体主要分布在断裂带的核部,由断层滑动面产状变化引发内部体积调整形成了“空腔”型洞穴。埋藏条件下的储集空间相对较为封闭,内部孔隙空间较大,注水后原油置换率较高,部分油井动用储量的注水采收率可高达93%。②角砾间孔隙型储集体主要分布在断裂带的核部,由相邻的角砾相互支撑而形成角砾间不规则储集空间类型。该类储集体分布较为均匀,孔隙度中等,单位压降下的产液量较高,但是由于储集空间内部连接并不通畅,注水后置换率较低,需要研究探索构建立体结构井网来提高开发效果。③构造裂缝型储集体主要分布在断裂带的损伤带和过程带,在断层带的两侧和端部发育形成一定宽度的裂缝带。裂缝带周边也会发育少量孔隙,部分区域会形成一定的渗流优势通道,因此注入水的流失量较大,注水效果相对于断裂空腔型储集体较差。研究成果支撑了富满油田上产原油350×10^(4) t,可助推注水开发方案和提高采收率方案的优化,对同类型油藏高效开发具有重要的借鉴意义。