Environmental Geochemistry of Heavy Metal Contaminants in Soil and Stream Sediment in Panzhihua Mining and Smelting Area,Southwestern China

Mining and smelting activities are the main causes for the in creasing pollution of heavy metals in soil, water body and stream sediment. An e nvironmental geochemical investigation was carried out in and around the Panzhih ua mining and smelting area to determine the extent of chemical contamination in soil and sediment. The main objective of this study was to investigate the envi ronmental geochemistry of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn and As in soil and sediment and to assess the degree of pollution in the study area. The data of heavy metal concentrations reveal that soils and sediments in the area have been slightly c ontaminated. Geochemical maps of I\-\{geo\} of each heavy metal show that the co ntaminated sites are located in V-Ti-magnetite sloping and smelting, gangues d am. The pollution sources of the selected elements come mainly from dusts result ant from mining activities and other three-waste-effluents. The area needs to be monitored regularly for trace metal, especially heavy metal enrichment.

Effect of sediment on vertical dynamic impedance of rock-socketed pile with large diameter

Based on the fictitious soil pile model, the effect of sediment on the vertical dynamic impedance of rock-socketed pile with large diameter was theoretically studied by means of Laplace transform technique and impedance function transfer method. Firstly, the sediment under rock-socketed pile was assumed to be fictitious soil pile with the same sectional area. The Rayleigh-Love rode model was used to simulate the rock-socketed pile and the fictitious soil pile with the consideration of the lateral inertial effect of large-diameter pile. The layered surrounding soils and bedrock were modeled by the plane strain model. Then, by virtue of the initial conditions and boundary conditions of the soil pile system, the analytical solution of the vertical dynamic impedance at the head of rock-socketed pile was derived for the arbitrary excitation acting on the pile head. Lastly, based on the presented analytical solution, the effect of sediment properties, bedrock property and lateral inertial effect on the vertical dynamic impedance at rock-socketed pile head were investigated in detail. It is shown that the sediment properties have significant effect on the vertical dynamic impedance at the rock-socketed pile head. The ability of soil-pile system to resist dynamic vertical deformation is weakened with the increase of sediment thickness, but amplified with the increase of shear wave velocity of sediment. The ability of soil pile system to resist dynamic vertical deformation is amplified with the bedrock property improving, but the ability of soil-pile system to resist vertical vibration is weakened with the improvement of bedrock property.

Characteristics of B,Zn and Se in stream sediments of Tanzania and their agricultural applications:Based on 1∶1000000 geochemical survey

Tanzania is located in eastern Africa with a predominantly agricultural ecomomy,the potential for developing and utilizing cultivated land are promising,but scientific guidance is required.B,Zn and Se are essential micronutrients for plants and human body with crucial biological functions,in particular,Se is significant for human health and considered as“the king of anti-cancer”.As these elements required by human or plants are mainly absorbed from soil directly or indirectly,therefore,it is important to understand the contents and distributions of them in the soil of cultivated land for guiding agricultural production.In this work,low-density geochemical survey at the scale of 1∶1000000 was carried out in Tanzania,and the results show that the concentrations of B,Zn and Se in stream sediments are low and their distributions are heterogeneous.According to the distributions of geological units,the existing cultivated land resources can be divided into five regions in Tanzania.Compared with the national background values,the concentrations of B,Zn and Se are insufficient overall but enriched locally in these regions.In general,element concentrations in stream sediments and soil have a positive correlation because of their similar sources,which is essential in agriculture application.Based on the information provided by low-density geochemical data and maps,the Se-sufficient and Se-rich regions were delineated in Tanzania,where can be used to develop Se-rich industries.Finally,this paper believes that geochemical survey is a powerful tool for cultivated land evaluation,agriculture management and land development.

Assessment of trace metals contamination in stream sediments and soils in Abuja leather mining, southwestern Nigeria

This study is aimed at determining the level of environmental degradation as well as the concentration of trace elements in soil and stream sediments in order to evaluate the environmental impact of the mining operation.Twenty-five(25) soils and ten(10) stream sediment samples were collected from the study area. The physicochemical parameters were determined using appropriate instrumentation with the aid of a digital p H meter(Milwaukee meter) to measure the p H and electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, moisture content and loss on ignition of the soil and stream sediment samples. The p H of the soil sample ranged from(6.10 to 7.19); Electrical conductivity ranged from(21.3 to 279.4 μS/cm), moisture content varied from(0.60% to 7.20%), and the LOI ranged from(2.03% to 18.62%). The results of the analysis showed that the concentrations of the trace elements in the soils and stream sediment samples were slightly higher than the background values. Plots of the trace elements in stream sediment samples show moderate, consistent decrease downstream except at points where there was mine water discharge into the main river. The pollution levels of heavy metals were examined in stream sediment and soil samples using different assessable indices, such as the enrichment factor, which showed significant-moderate enrichment for Cr, Th, Nb, Zn, Pb, Y and Zr and the geoaccumulation index, which showed practically moderate contamination with Cr, Ni and Sr based on regional background reference values. Geo-accumulation index and contamination index for soils and stream sediment revealed uncontaminated to moderate contamination. Likewise,elements with moderate contamination were Cr, Ni and Sr.The Pearson correlation showed that there were significant positive associations among selected metals in soil and stream sediment samples.

Application of geophysical-geochemical method in verification of stream sediment anomaly in Baoxinggou area of Heilongjiang

Baoxinggou area is located in northern Daxing'anling. In this area,comprehensive use of geophysical and geochemical exploration methods plays an important role in the prospecting,and has yielded some application results so far. Based on the 1 /100 000 stream sediment anomaly survey,the methods of 1 /20 000 soil geochemical measurement,trenching engineering on the earth's surface and 1 /10 000 IP intermediate gradient survey were all used to verify and decompose drainage anomalies,as well as to find and locate ore bodies. In this way,an effective,economical and quick prospecting method was concluded,which focuses on the middle and lower mountain forest swamp landscape in the northern part of Daxing'anling,and provides reference for the prospecting in the area.

重铬酸钾容量法测定地质样品中的有机碳

目前,地质样品中有机碳的测定方法有干烧法(高温电炉灼烧)和湿烧法(重铬酸钾氧化)两大类。干烧法要求实验条件苛刻、操作繁琐、不易掌握、受碳酸盐的干扰,湿烧法虽然操作比较简单,但方法受样品中还原性物质的干扰,如氯根、亚铁等,通过优化熔矿温度、熔矿时间、熔剂浓度的选择,考察氯离子的干扰实验。结果表明,样品中含氯化物低的样品通过加入0.1 g硫酸银消除干扰,样品中含氯化物高的样品通过高温灼烧减量消除干扰。氧化指示剂选用邻菲啰啉或苯二氨基苯甲酸。方法的相对标准偏差(RSD)在0.80%~4.4%,准确度(RE)在-3.2%~1.2%,方法适用于土壤、水系沉积物、岩石等地质调查样品中有机碳的测定。通过标准物质验证,方法技术指标满足地质行业规范(DZ/T 0130.4—2006)中有机碳的分析要求,建立了一种简单、快捷、经济、准确的测定地质样品中有机碳的测定方法,满足地球化学调查批量样品生产的需要。

高频燃烧-红外吸收光谱法测定土壤和水系沉积物中总有机碳和有机质的含量

传统重铬酸钾容量法已难以满足测定批量土壤样品中总有机碳和有机质的绿色环保要求,为有效提高检测效率,达到少用或不用有毒、有害试剂的目标,提出了题示方法。取0.050 0 g样品(已于105℃烘2 h)于陶瓷坩埚(已于1 000℃灼烧4 h)中,置于85℃恒温电热板上,滴加体积比1∶5的盐酸-水混合溶液,直至溶液停止冒泡,蒸干后于105℃恒温干燥箱中烘烤2~3 h,取出,加入0.4 g纯铁助熔剂和1.5 g纯钨助熔剂,选择高碳池分析气路,分析时间为30 s,采用高频燃烧-红外吸收光谱法测定其中总有机碳和有机质的含量。结果表明,总有机碳的检出限(3s)为0.012%,有机质的检出限(3s)为0.021%。测定了6种标准物质中总有机碳,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=12)小于5.0%,与认定值基本一致。方法用于分析20个实际样品,测定结果与NY/T 1121.6-2006中传统重铬酸钾容量法进行对比,结果表明两种方法的测定结果具有较好的一致性。

裸露岩石对喀斯特坡地水土流失及水动力特征的影响

[目的]裸露岩石如何影响坡地产流产沙及水动力特征尚需进一步深入研究。[方法]通过室内模拟试验,设置不同岩石裸露率(0,10%,30%,50%,70%)的坡地,开展不同雨强(30,60,90 mm/h)条件下的人工模拟降雨试验,旨在探究雨强与裸露岩石对坡地产流产沙及水动力特征的影响。[结果]坡地地表产流产沙随雨强增大呈增大趋势,而随岩石裸露率的增加呈减小趋势。在不同雨强条件下,0岩石裸露率坡地与10%岩石裸露率坡地的产流产沙差异多呈不显著(p>0.05),而与其他岩石裸露率坡地之间呈显著差异(p<0.05)。低岩石裸露率坡地(10%)与高岩石裸露率坡地(50%及以上)间产流产沙差异显著(p<0.05)。流速(V)、水深(h)、雷诺数(Re)、弗罗德数(Fr)、水流剪切力(τ)及水流功率(w)随雨强增大呈增大趋势,阻力系数(f)随雨强增大呈减小趋势。流速(V)、弗罗德数(Fr)随着岩石裸露率增加呈减小趋势,而水深(h)、阻力系数(f)随着岩石裸露率增加呈增大趋势,雷诺数(Re)、水流剪切力(τ)与水流功率(w)在不同雨强下变化规律有差异。水动力参数变化在不同坡地间具有一定差异性。产沙与水动力参数数量关系以指数函数拟合效果最好,流速(V)(R^(2)=0.819,p<0.05)、水流剪切力(τ)(R^(2)=0.858,p<0.05)及水流功率(w)(R^(2)=0.890,p<0.05)预测坡地产沙效果较好,其中水流功率(w)为最佳预测参数。[结论]研究结果进一步丰富了岩溶坡地土壤侵蚀理论,并可为建立适合于岩石裸露坡地的水蚀预测模型提供参考。

广东离子吸附型稀土矿床特征及找矿预测

稀土是我国的优势矿种,尤以华南地区离子吸附型稀土矿产资源最为突出,广东省内的风化壳离子吸附型稀土矿床主要分布在韶关、河源、梅州、清远、潮州、揭阳、肇庆和茂名等地。水系沉积物地球化学异常是圈定矿床找矿远景区最有效且快速的一种手段,本次研究以广东省1∶20万水系沉积物地球化学数据为基础,将镧(La)和钇(Y)分别作为轻稀土(LREE)和重稀土(HREE)的特征元素,选取了34处稀土异常调查区(其中LREE异常区15处,HREE异常区19处),通过对人工剥土和人工冲击钻采样分析,初步评估了相应的稀土成矿潜力。139件样品分析结果显示,114个样品达到边界品位(≥0.02%),占送样总数的82.0%;71个样品达到工业品位(≥0.04%,最高可达0.27%),占送样总数的51.1%,新发现韶关乳源、潮州钱东、汕尾碣石、河源东源和河源龙川5个找矿远景区。为了更有效地圈定离子吸附型稀土矿床,结合稀土矿床找矿预测的标志,建议在1∶20万水系沉积物稀土元素地球化学异常区的基础上,开展低密度不规则网土壤地球化学测量,进一步浓缩异常范围并圈定离子吸附型稀土矿床找矿远景区,系统建立稀土资源潜力评价体系。

广东惠东禁排岭钨多金属矿矿床地质特征与找矿思路探索

禁排岭钨多金属矿区处于紫金-博罗大断裂与莲花山断裂带西带的夹持区域,区内发现了多个钨矿(化)点,其成因认识还存在争论。在认真分析研究以往地质资料的基础上认为矿区矿(化)体受构造、地层和岩体控制,矿区矿床成因为中高温热液交代矿床。禁排岭地段水系沉积物测量W异常沿岩体外接触带明显富集,具有寻找热液充填型钨多金属矿的远景。

全自动凯氏定氮仪测定水系沉积物、土壤、岩石全氮含量方法的优化探索

本文通过改变硫酸钾(K_(2)SO_(4))和五水硫酸铜(CuSO4·5H2O)两个联合消化催化剂比例,以及消化催化剂加入量、辛醇滴入量和浓硫酸加入量等条件,探究KII60型全自动凯氏定氮仪在测定水系沉积物与土壤中全氮含量方法的优化以及对比。该方法得出在加入硫酸钾(K_(2)SO_(4))与五水硫酸铜(CuSO4·5H2O)质量比为9:1,加入浓硫酸量为6mL,辛醇最佳滴入量2滴为最佳条件。方法检出限低至25μg/g,相对标准偏差小于2.2%,相对误差小于0.65%,测定结果与传统方法无显著性差异。该方法简便、快捷、准确度高、精密度好,环境友好型,适用于水系沉积物、土壤和岩石中全氮含量的批量测定。

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定岩石、水系沉积物及土壤中硼

样品在硝酸、磷酸、氢氟酸、高氯酸溶解后,以B208.893nm为分析谱线,建立电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定岩石、水系沉积物、土壤中硼的方法。试验结果表明:合理的选择分析谱线,样品中共存元素均不会干扰测定。硼检出限0.021μg/mL。对6种岩石、水系沉积物、土壤国家标准样品进行5次测定,测定值与认定值基本一致,相对标准偏差分别在2.06%~4.23%范围。

地球化学测量在黑龙江省宝泉铜矿勘查中的应用及找矿效果

宝泉铜矿位于黑龙江省黑河市附近,是黑河-嫩江铜金成矿带内近年来新发现的中型铜矿床。在该矿床的发现及勘查过程中,不同比例尺的地球化学测量工作均起到了至关重要的作用。研究表明,该矿床具有明显的地球化学异常特征,异常的主成矿元素均为Au、Ag、Cu、Mo,其中与矿体高度吻合的1∶5万辰-06-Hs-1和1∶1万Ⅳ-15Ht-4号组合异常综合排序均为第一,异常面积分别达39.3 km^(2)和3.42 km^(2),且浓集中心明显,异常强度较高且重现性较好,与铜矿体相吻合的Cu-20号土壤异常具内带,极大值为501.5×10^(-6),平均值为129.2×10^(-6)。工程揭露发现铜矿体的赋存部位、空间展布及规模产状均与各元素的异常特征高度吻合。从异常分布上来看,铜元素沿正南及北东向具有一定的延伸,经后期钻孔验证后,与铜矿体产状一致,证明异常对找矿有明显效果。该方法为区域异常圈定和控制矿体的延深、延展提供理论依据。

Using two contrasting methods with the same tracers to trace the main sediment source in a mountainous catchment

Assessing the contribution of sediments from different sources is essential to understand erosive processes and formulate further soil conservation strategies to address environmental problems.In this study,we combined the source fingerprinting approach with geochemistry,including comparison of potential sources,and distribution pattern of major elements,to estimate the different land-use relative contributions to streambed sediment in the Luowugou catchment(13.5 km^2)located on the Heishui River,the first branch of the Jinsha River,China.A total of 57 samples from stream bank,cropland,grassland,forest land,and sediments were collected,and then,15 elements were analyzed foreach sample.The fingerprinting results demonstrated that the stream bank(62.4%)had the greatest relative contribution to the bed sediment yield,while cropland,grassland,and forest land contributed 18.6%,14.9%,and 4.1%to the bed sediments,respectively.In comparison to the fingerprinting method,even though the results upon geochemistry only provide a qualitative assessment,the ranking of sediment contributions based on geochemistry was consistent with the sediment fingerprinting ranking,that is,stream bank>cropland>grassland>forest land.Our findings suggest that the focal point for sediment control practices should be the stream bank rather than cropland in the region.Geochemistry can result in an important means in validating the fingerprinting results.

全自动石墨消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤和水系沉积物中稀土元素

稀土元素由于化学性质稳定,均一化程度高,常作为地球化学示踪剂,为揭示岩石、矿物成因、成岩成矿的地球化学条件以及物质来源和岩浆分异演化等提供重要信息,因此,建立快速、准确地测定地质样品中稀土元素含量的方法非常重要。地质样品因基体复杂,大部分的样品前处理需要酸溶,酸溶试剂用量大,溶样过程中产生的酸雾易对实验人员造成伤害,且批量样品前处理劳动强度大。基于此,本文建立了以全自动石墨消解仪消解样品,“加酸—消解—赶酸—定容—摇匀”全程用软件控制,以Rh和Re为内标,电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定土壤和水系沉积物中La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu、Y等15个稀土元素的方法。通过12个土壤和水系沉积物国家一级标准物质对消解程序、消解混合酸及方法精密度、准确度和检出限进行研究。结果表明:按照优化后的消解程序消解土壤和水系沉积物,混合酸用量为4mL,稀土各元素测定值与标准值一致,相对误差(RE)绝对值在0~6.67%之间,ΔlgC绝对值在0~0.028之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在0.97%~4.62%之间。全自动石墨消解因自动化操作,操作条件一致,温度均匀,精度更高,各元素的RSD值均小于电热板消解的元素RSD值。本方法精密度、准确度和检出限满足《地质矿产实验室测试质量管理规范》的要求,混合酸用量远低于常用的电热板消解法,相应的环境污染也减少;方法精密度优于常用的电热板消解法。前处理时只需要称样后将消解管置于石墨消解仪中,溶样全过程自动完成,自动化程度高,适用于批量样品的测试。

X射线荧光光谱法同时测定土壤和水系沉积物中23种主次痕量组分

提出了X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)同时测定土壤和水系沉积物中Br、Cl、Al_(2)O_(3)、CaO、Cr、Cu、Fe_(2)O_(3)、Ga、K_(2)O、MgO、Mn、Na_(2)O、Nb、Ni、P、Pb、Rb、SiO_(2)、Ti、Zn、Zr、V、Y等23种主次痕量组分的方法。利用粉末压样机将样品压制成圆形样片后,按照仪器工作条件进行测定。以120个国家标准物质为校准样品绘制校准曲线,采用经验系数法和康普顿散射内标法校正基体效应,研究了Pb对Ga、Br测定结果的影响。结果表明:高含量Pb会对Ga、Br产生谱线重叠干扰,因此选择Pb为Ga、Br谱线重叠干扰的校正元素,并将Br的校正系数由负值-0.000 48调整为正值0.000 48;23种组分检出限为1~1 000μg·g^(-1);以两个未参与曲线校正的土壤和水系沉积物标准物质进行方法验证,所得测定值与认定值基本一致,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=12)均小于10%,符合DZ/T 0258-2014要求。

库仑滴定法测定土壤及水系沉积物中硫含量

为提高土壤及水系沉积物中全硫含量测定结果准确度,提出了库仑滴定法进行全硫量测定的方法优化,探究了称样量、炉温、载气流量和催化剂种类等不同因素影响对土壤及用水系沉积物中硫含量的测定准确度的影响。测试结果表明:库仑滴定法测定土壤及水系沉积物中硫含量的最佳工作条件为炉温1200℃,称样量0.1000 g,载气流量1.0 L/min;纯铁催化剂对于极高或极低硫值样品的测定结果稳定度更高,WO3催化剂具有更高的性价比;库仑滴定法相较于燃烧-碘量法和高频红外法对低硫含量样品测定更准确。相较于燃烧-碘量法和高频红外法,库仑滴定法对低硫含量样品测定更准确。

等离子体发射光谱仪在环境样品检测中的应用

等离子体发射光谱法可用于测定环境样品中的Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn等元素,但需要优化前处理条件。本文采用该方法,测定6个国家一级标准物质样品(水系沉积物、土壤和岩石各有2个)。结果表明,各元素的测定值与推荐值基本吻合,相对误差为-3.70%~4.32%,相对标准偏差为-0.018%~0.016%,满足《土壤环境监测技术规范》(HJ/T 166—2004)的要求。该方法具有仪器灵敏度高、数据重现性好和分析速度快等优势,适用于环境样品中Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn的测定。

江西灵山岩体水系沉积物地球化学特征及稀有金属找矿预测

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北沟掌勘查区位于华北克拉通北缘中段,区内地层出露简单,北西向断裂构造发育,化探异常明显,1∶50000水系沉积物测量与1∶10000土壤测量异常套合好,Ag、Pb、Zn、Au、Mo等元素异常重现性较好,异常浓集中心明显,峰值高,与区内的蚀变带相耦合,区内已圈定12条蚀变带与4条矿化体,化探异常、蚀变带与矿化体郡守北西向断裂构造控制,经研究认为,该区有较大找矿潜力。