Research on the mechanism of rockburst induced by mined coal-rock linkage of sharply inclined coal seams

In recent years,the mining depth of steeply inclined coal seams in the Urumqi mining area has gradually increased.Local deformation of mining coal-rock results in frequent rockbursts.This has become a critical issue that affects the safe mining of deep,steeply inclined coal seams.In this work,we adopt a perspective centered on localized deformation in coal-rock mining and systematically combine theoretical analyses and extensive data mining of voluminous microseismic data.We describe a mechanical model for the urgently inclined mining of both the sandwiched rock pillar and the roof,explaining the mechanical response behavior of key disaster-prone zones within the deep working face,affected by the dynamics of deep mining.By exploring the spatial correlation inherent in extensive microseismic data,we delineate the“time-space”response relationship that governs the dynamic failure of coal-rock during the progression of the sharply inclined working face.The results disclose that(1)the distinctive coal-rock occurrence structure characterized by a“sandwiched rock pillar-B6 roof”constitutes the origin of rockburst in the southern mining area of the Wudong Coal Mine,with both elements presenting different degrees of deformation localization with increasing mining depth.(2)As mining depth increases,the bending deformation and energy accumulation within the rock pillar and roof show nonlinear acceleration.The localized deformation of deep,steeply inclined coal-rock engenders the spatial superposition of squeezing and prying effects in both the strike and dip directions,increasing the energy distribution disparity and stress asymmetry of the“sandwiched rock pillar-B3+6 coal seam-B6 roof”configuration.This makes worse the propensity for frequent dynamic disasters in the working face.(3)The developed high-energy distortion zone“inner-outer”control technology effectively reduces high stress concentration and energy distortion in the surrounding rock.After implementation,the average apparent resistivity in the rock pillar and B6 roof substantially increased by 430%and 300%,respectively,thus guaranteeing the safe and efficient development of steeply inclined coal seams.

Rockburst mechanism research and its control

A new rockburst classification, innovative works in developing a ‘‘strainburst test machine" and an‘‘impact-induced rockburst test machine" that can reproduce rockbursts in laboratory were researched.New concepts were proposed regarding the stress paths that take into account both the static and dynamic stresses analogous to that at excavation boundaries for generating artificially-induced strainburst and impact-induced rockburst. As an important method for rockburst control, a novel energyabsorbing bolt was developed, which has a constant-resistance under both static and impact loadings and a large-elongation capacity for containing large deformations of rock masses under burst-prone conditions.

Practices on rockburst prevention and control in headrace tunnels of Jinping II hydropower station

Rockburst problems induced by high in-situ stresses were prominent during construction of the headrace tunnels of Jinping II hydropower station. The rockbursts occurred in various forms, and it is necessary to take pertinent measures for integrated prevention and control of rockbursts. In view of the rockburst characteristics during tunnel construction of Jinping II hydropower station, the engineering geological conditions were presented, and the features, mechanisms and forms of rockbursts observed during construction were analyzed in detail. A large number of scientific researches, experiments and applications were conducted. Multiple measures were adopted to prevent and control rockbursts, including the prediction and early warning measures, stress relief by blasting in advance, optimized blasting design and optimized tunnel support in the tunnel sections prone to strong rockbursts. The effectiveness of these prevention and control measures was evaluated. Experiences have been accumulated through a great number of helpful explorations and practices for rockburst prevention and control. A comprehensive rockburst prevention and control system has been gradually established.

PREDICTION AND CONTROL OF ROCKBURST DURING DEEP EXCAVATION OF A GOLD MINE IN CHINA

The studies of prediction and control of rockburst are presented during deep excavation in a gold mine in China. Firstly,the stress-relief method is used to obtain a vast amount of data about initial geostress. Secondly,3D FEM analyses of large scale are performed to find out the law of geostress distribution at various excavation levels of the mining area. At the same time,as an equally important measure,six typical kinds of rock blocks are sampled for the experimental study of rockburst tendency. According to the synthesized results of the theoretical and testing results,the methods of brittleness coefficient,brittle index and stress,and so on,are adopted. Finally,the evaluation on the possibility of rockbursts is given that may take place at the deep mining area and some effective measures are put forward to prevent and control the rockburst.

胡家河地面水平井压裂防治冲击地压管理实践

胡家河矿为解决回采工作面高位坚硬顶板难以及时垮落的问题,引进地面“L”型水平井分段压裂技术,采取井上和井下联合监测压裂施工的方法,对压裂效果进行分析。胡家河矿在施工开展期间为规范压裂技术实施、合理分配人员和及时解决现场问题,构建了以“地面水平井分段压裂”为中心,“五+”协作统筹推进工作,做到六项反馈与确认,七大环节优化,最终形成了“156677”地面水力压裂管理体系。为推动同类矿井冲击地压防治技术研究工作提供新思路。

高地应力水平层状硬岩隧道岩爆分级与防控技术研究

本文依托乐汉高速大峡谷隧道,总结分析了高地应力水平层岩爆的特征并提出了岩爆分级标准。在岩爆分级的基础上,提出了针对不同岩爆等级的处置措施。现场实践结果表明,对于弱岩爆可以采用全断面法开挖,降低扰动次数。对于中~强岩爆段,宜采取短进尺分部开挖,降低爆破对围岩的一次性扰动,同时采取应力释放孔、应力解除爆破孔等辅助措施提前释放围岩应力。

Characteristics of rockburst and its mining technology in mines

In order to resolve how to mine under the condition of high stress with rockburst, this paper analyzes the law of rockburst, and considers that most of the rockbursts occur in the high stress area of stope. A method of rockburst forecast and its steps are given, and three different stages of rockburst are identified. Furthermore, this paper considers that blasting energy can effectively control rockburst by changing the characteristics of rock mass, which decreases the probability of rockburst happening. According to characteristics of rockburst, two feasible mining techniques under rockburst conditions are put forward, that is stoping and filling method, and sublevel caving method of mining without any sills in hanging wall.

矿山采动覆岩内部岩移原位监测技术进展及应用

覆岩内部岩移原位监测技术具备适应深井高承压水特厚煤层开采复杂地质条件、多层位动态监测、高精度远程实时在线传输等技术特点,可为矿山企业开展顶板灾害防控提供有效的数据支撑。从煤炭开采应用实践背景出发,系统回顾了采动覆岩内部岩移原位监测技术的发展历程、技术进展和应用效果。结合我国矿压理论及岩移监测技术发展历史,全面介绍了矿山采动覆岩内部岩移原位监测技术的重要阶段,阐述了该技术在多维实时协同监测、无人在线监测和深部岩移监测3个方面所取得的理论创新与技术突破。结合补连塔煤矿、同忻煤矿、高家堡煤矿等矿井监测工程实例,展示了采动覆岩内部岩移原位监测技术在实际工程应用中的有效性,并探讨了该技术在不同类型矿区、不同研究领域的应用前景。指出矿山采动覆岩内部岩移原位监测技术的发展趋势为精确化、智能化和集成化,即通过优化传感器性能和布置方案等提高监测精度和准确性,利用人工智能、大数据和物联网技术实现自动化分析和预测,将原位监测技术与其他技术相结合以形成完整的监测系统。

大凉山地区深埋高地应力公路隧道岩爆机理及防治对策

以乐西高速大凉山2号隧道工程为依托,对大凉山地区深埋高地应力公路隧道岩爆机理及防治对策进行研究。从深埋隧道岩爆孕育力学角度出发,结合能量及应力条件,运用有限元分析软件MIDAS GTS NX分别建立隧道在不同埋深、进深及断面形状的三维有限元模型,对围岩应力特征进行比较分析。研究结果表明:从力学角度来看,岩爆的孕育过程是由弹性转换为塑性,并发生在塑性岩体中,周围弹性岩体负责为其提供能量,围岩储存的能量和开挖导致的应力集中分别是岩爆发生的根本条件和触发条件;隧道埋深、进深以及断面形状是影响隧道岩爆的重要因素,其中埋深对其影响最为明显,围岩最大主应力与隧道埋深、开挖进深及断面大小呈正相关性;隧道埋深在600 m左右时,围岩最大主应力达到45.90 MPa。根据强度应力比法,结合施工钻孔取芯参数,最终结果表明大凉山隧道属于极高地应力区,具有发生岩爆的风险,施工时应当采取相关防范措施。

深部巷道岩爆防控措施效果对比研究

深部开采面临“三高一扰动”问题,易发生岩爆等地质灾害。分析了深部巷道破坏特征,提出了锚网喷支护、钻孔卸压、注水等岩爆防治措施,并基于FLAC3D构建了11个数值模型,对比顶板位移变化及切向应力,选择二郎山判别准则判别各方案的岩爆情况。结果表明:1)超前钻孔比周边钻孔更有助于改善顶板位移,超前钻孔和周边钻孔均为最优卸压方式;2)三种支护方式未能改变巷道顶板与边帮的岩爆倾向性结果,但是切向应力值有所下降;3)超前钻孔和周边钻孔组合施工的方案优于两种卸压方式单独施工的方案;4)考虑围岩软化及锚网喷支护条件下超前钻孔和周边钻孔均施工,使巷道顶部岩爆剧烈程度从中等岩爆降低至弱岩爆,拱脚处岩爆剧烈程度从中等岩爆降低至弱岩爆,侧帮岩爆剧烈程度从弱岩爆降低至无岩爆。将方案11应用于大红山铜矿40水平采准干线,岩爆防治效果良好。

深埋隧道岩爆影响因素及其预测研究

受自重应力影响,深埋隧道往往存在高地应力,岩爆是其开挖过程中常见的地质五灾害之一。影响岩爆的因素众多,一般认为与地质构造、地应力大小、围岩岩性、隧道埋深及施工条件等有关,需要综合多种因素共同考虑。总结已有研究,可将岩爆影响因素分为两类:一是岩石内部影响因素,二是岩石外部影响因素。结合岩爆案例及文献资料,本文归纳分析了影响岩爆的主要因素和特征,提出了相应的防治措施,为深入开展深埋隧道的岩爆孕灾机理、预测预警和防治措施研究提供了参考。

深部金矿岩爆倾向性分析与防控支护设计研究

深部开采是矿山未来发展的必由之路。受深部高地应力环境影响,开采过程中存在岩爆的工程风险,尤其是深部硬岩金属矿山更为突出。针对深部金矿岩爆问题,以阜山金矿为工程背景,开展了现场地应力测试,进行了室内岩石加卸载试验,得到了不同位置岩体弹性变形能指数,分析了岩体岩爆倾向性,提出了不同岩体质量情况下的岩爆防控支护技术。研究结果表明:第一主应力与第三主应力方向接近水平,平均水平主应力与自重应力的比值在1.02~1.09之间,说明矿区的地应力场以水平构造应力为主导;岩体上盘及矿岩内部弹性变形能较低,不具有岩爆倾向性,下盘具有弱岩爆倾向性;对比全长树脂锚杆支护、树脂锚杆+能量吸收锚杆补强支护和单纯能量吸收锚杆支护下岩体抗爆安全系数的差异,针对不同围岩条件下的永久巷道和临时巷道提出了差异化的支护方案。

ZDY20000LK型大直径防冲钻机的研制

煤层大直径钻孔卸压是一种常用的冲击地压局部解危的技术方法。目前防冲专用钻机普遍存在的输出转矩偏小、一次成孔直径小、自动化程度低等问题,影响了大直径卸压钻孔的高效、安全施工。通过提高钻孔成孔直径,扩大钻孔在煤层中的卸压影响区域,提高局部防冲效果,因此研制了针对冲击地压煤巷一次成孔300 mm直径钻孔的专用钻机与配套钻具。钻机最大输出转矩达到20000 N·m、并具有煤矿井下远程交互、自动上卸钻杆、输出参数调节范围大等特点,从而提高了钻机自动化程度、降低工人劳动强度、提高了大直径钻孔成孔效率。通过试验证明,钻机各项参数达到了设计指标。

岩爆及其判据和防治

岩爆研究可以追溯到18世纪上半叶。迄今为止,虽然诸多科研成果已经问世,但岩爆仍然是一个世界性难题。作为一般性的论述,首先提供一些背景材料,涉及到国内外一些工程实例、研究方法等。然后,叙述国际范围内常用的一些岩爆判据和岩爆分级方法;论述岩爆的预测和预报;对岩爆防治,包括应力解除钻孔、注水湿化和锚固等方法进行综述。最后,对锦屏二级水电站辅助洞发生的岩爆实例进行重点介绍,并在综合已有资料的基础上对岩爆判据、分级及防治等提出意见和建议。

高地应力区大直径TBM掘进岩爆风险控制

锦屏二级水电站1#,3#引水隧洞采用TBM掘进,中部深埋洞段岩爆风险突出。为制定合理可行的掘进方案与岩爆防治措施,在前人研究基础上,结合工程实际情况,采用多种数值分析手段,评价不同形式导洞开掘,对降低岩爆风险的影响。3种导洞开挖方式均可以显著地降低TBM掘进的岩爆风险,选择何种形式的导洞主要从设备和经济效益角度进行决策。据此提出高地应力区大直径TBM掘进岩爆风险控制措施,施工中结合钻爆法导洞预处理、应力解除爆破并辅以及时、系统、高质量的支护,降低岩爆风险,确保施工及结构安全。

锦屏二级水电站引水隧洞工程强岩爆综合防治措施研究

锦屏二级引水隧洞工程一般埋深1500—2000m，最大埋深2525m，具备发生强至极强岩爆的条件，工程开工以来已发生多次强岩爆。为最大限度降低强岩爆对工程安全和进度的影响，结合辅助洞和排水洞的施工经验，锦屏二级引水隧洞工程采用了微震监测、应力爆破解除、中空预应力注浆锚杆、水涨式锚杆、纳米仿钢纤维混凝土等综合防治措施。这些措施的综合运用在水电和交通隧道工程领域尚属首次，并已取得一定成果。

岩爆研究现状综述

岩爆是一种世界性的地质灾害,极大地威胁着矿山施工人员和设备的安全。目前,国内外在岩爆方面做了大量的研究工作,但是,由于岩爆问题极为复杂,还没有成熟的理论和方法。针对岩爆定义、岩爆发生机理、岩爆预测预报、岩爆控制的研究现状,进行了归纳分析与评述,并在某些方面提出了新的见解。

有色金属深井采矿研究现状与科学前沿

介绍了国内外金属矿山深部开采技术与研究概况,提出了诱变深井高应力、高地温、高井深为有利因素,变革深井开采技术所应解决的关键科学问题。

岩爆孕育过程的动态调控

针对岩爆孕育过程的特征、规律和机制,提出"优化开挖方案减少应力和能量聚集→预释放和转移能量→设计合理的支护参数吸收能量"的岩爆"三步走"防控理论以及在此基础上基于开挖过程中微震信息时空演化的岩爆动态调控理论。在施工过程中,根据实测到的微震信息演化规律进行岩爆等级预警,据此进行反馈分析和动态调控,运用"三步走"防控对策进行及时的开挖速率和支护措施动态调控,以尽可能避免岩爆的发生、降低岩爆发生的等级或延迟岩爆发生的时间。所建议的方法成功地应用于埋深1 900～2 525 m的锦屏二级水电站深埋引水隧洞和排水洞的施工开挖过程中,应用过程和结果验证了所建议方法的适用性。

深埋硬岩隧洞围岩的破坏模式分类与调控策略

根据锦屏II级水电站地下隧洞的地质条件、现场试验、数值分析和支护设计与施工全过程,建立深埋硬岩隧洞围岩的破坏模式分类方法。该分类方法依据支护要求和控制因素将深埋硬岩隧洞的破坏现象分为3个大类、9种典型破坏模式,分析各种破坏模式的发生机制、表现形态以及调控策略,重点讨论岩爆的机制以及相应的调控策略。应用该分类方法对锦屏II级水电站地下隧洞围岩的破坏模式进行识别、机制分析,相应的调控措施也得到采纳。工程实践表明,该分类方法全面、实用,为现场设计、地质和施工工程师等在深埋硬岩条件下进行隧洞开挖和支护设计优化提供具体指导方针。