Cloning of a MADS Box Gene(GhMADS3)from Cotton and Analysis of Its Homeotic Role in Transgenic Tobacco

A MADS box gene （GhMADS3） was cloned from cotton （Gossypium hirsutum L.） based on EST sequences. The predicted protein sequence of GhMADS3 showed 85%, 73%, and 62% identity with Theobroma cacao TcAG, Antirrhinum majus FAR, and Arabidopsis thaliana AG, respectively, and was grouped with AG homologues when the full length sequences excluding N-extensions were compared. GhMADS3 expressed in the wild type cotton flower primarily in stamens and carpels, which was comparable to AG in Arabidopsis. However, it was not expressed in floral buds of a homeotic cotton variant chvl. Ectopic expression of GhMADS3 in tobacco （Nicotiana tabacum L.） resulted in flowers with sepal-to-carpel and petal-to-stamen transformation. The carpelloid first whorl organs, with stigmatic tissue on their upper edges, had a white appearance when compared with the dark green color of the wild type sepals. At times, long filaments were observed at the fusion site of the first carpelloid oranges. The second whorl organs in staminoid were usually smaller than the wild type and the color was changed from pink to white. These results suggest that GhMADS3 has a homeotic role in flower development.

Multifunctional graphene‐based composite photocatalysts oriented by multifaced roles of graphene in photocatalysis

Graphene(GR),a single‐layer carbon sheet with a hexagonal packed lattice structure,has displayed attractive potential and demonstrably become the research focus in artificial photocatalysis due to its enchanting properties in enhancing light absorption,electron transfer dynamics,and surface reactions.Currently,numerous efforts have shown that the properties of GR,which are closely correlated to the photocatalytic performance of GR‐based composites are significantly affected by the synthesis methods.Herein,we first introduce the optimization strategies of GR‐based hybrids and then elaborate the synthesis of GR‐based composite photocatalysts oriented by manifold roles of GR in photoredox catalysis,containing photoelectron mediator and acceptor,improving adsorption capacity,regulating light absorption range and intensity,as well as macromolecular photosensitizer.Beyond that,a brief outlook on the challenges in this burgeoning research field and potential evolution strategies for enhancing the photoactivity of GR‐based hybrids is presented and we anticipate that this review could provide some enlightenments for the rational construction and application of multifunctional GR‐based composite photocatalysts.

Role of mitochondria in regulating micro RNA activity and its relevance to the central nervous system

Mitochondria serve as the powerhouse of cells,respond to cellular demands and stressors,and play an essential role in cell signaling,differentiation,and survival.Aberrant mitochondria function has been linked to diverse and complex human diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases,cancers,myopathies,premature aging,and metabolic syndromes（Nunnari and Suomalainen,2012）.

The Role Played by Agricultural Policy-based Finance in New Village Construction

The necessity of the agricultural policy-based finance in terms of supporting the new village construction is analyzed: in the first place, the theoretical roots of agricultural policy-based finance supporting new village construction are "market failure" and "government intervention"; in the second place, the continual decline of agriculture and the "rural financial market failure" in recent years have become the objective evidence and historical mission for agricultural policy-based finance to support new village construction; in the third place, the combination of agricultural policy-based finance and new village construction is conducive to solving the "three agriculture" problems and facilitating the reform of new village construction. The feasibility of the support is analyzed: firstly, agricultural policy-based finance boasts the status and position of the "primary drive" in new village construction; secondly, the nation continuously deepens the reform of rural financial system and policy-based banks and strengthens the functions of Agricultural Development Bank, which provides policies for agricultural policy-based finance to support new village construction; thirdly, the 14 years' reform and development of Agricultural Development Bank and the eleventh five year plan lay sound practical basis for the support of agricultural policy-based finance to new village construction. Based on the necessity and feasibility, the following six aspects are analyzed to fully display the function of the "first engine" of agricultural policy-related finance to new village construction. Firstly, strengthening the credit and loan aid to grain and cotton and some other agricultural products in the circulation domain; secondly, strengthening the credit and loan aid to agricultural industrialization in processing field; thirdly, intensifying the credit and loan aid to agricultural comprehensive development, rural infrastructure construction, application and promotion of agricultural technology, agricultural production means and agricultural ecological construction; fourthly, intensifying the credit and loan aid to rural special group and regional development; fifthly, intensifying the credit and loan aid to agriculture and rural emergency response system and social security system; sixthly, strengthening the credit and loan aid to agriculture and the intermediary construction of rural financial services.

Evaluation of the Effects of Cypermethrin on Female Reproductive Function by Using Rabbit Model and of the Protective Role of Chinese Propolis

The prophylactic effects of Chinese propolis against cypermethrin toxicity were evaluated by performing ovary and uterus histopathology, as well as by characterizing ovarian function, embryos, and litters. Cypermethrin induced atypia in the ovary and uterus, and decreased the ovulation sites and the number of embryos. Cypermethrin-induced oxidative stress during pregnancy, decreased the parturition rate as well as the number and weight of offspring and increased the incidence of morphological malformations in the offspring. Administration of propolis to cypermethrin-treated animals mitigated cypermethrin-induced reproductive toxicity.

The Relationship between Mental Health Literacy and Subjective Well-Being of Young and Middle-Aged Residents: Perceived the Mediating Role of Social Support and Its Urban-Rural Differences

This study investigates mental health literacy among young and middle-aged urban and rural residents and the differences in mental health literacy,perceived social support and subjective well-being.From January to February 2022,620 participants(320 rural and 300 urban residents)from three provinces of China were selected by con-venience sampling.A general data questionnaire,mental health literacy scale,perceived social support scale and subjective well-being scale were administered.The mental health literacy scores of urban residents were 3.34±0.57 and those of rural residents were 2.73±0.79.The results of multiple regression analysis showed that the mental health literacy scores of rural residents were more significant than those of urban residents in terms of sex and age,while urban residents’mental health literacy scores were more significant than those of rural resi-dents in terms of monthly income.Mental health literacy,perceived social support and subjective well-being of young and middle-aged urban and rural residents were all positively correlated(P<0.01).While the level of mental health literacy is better among urban residents than rural residents,perceived social support plays a partial mediating role between mental health literacy and subjective well-being of both urban and rural residents,and should be the focus of researchers seeking to improve the level of well-being of residents.

Role of Catalyst on the Formation of Resorcinol-Furfural Based Carbon Aerogels and Its Physical Properties

Carbon aerogels (CAG) were synthesized by the pyrolysis of resorcinol-furfural based organic aerogels, derived from sol-gel polymerization of resorcinol and furfural using different catalysts followed by supercritical drying of as-prepared gels. Different catalysts viz. hydrochloric acid (HA), acetic acid (AcH) and hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) of different concentrations were used for this purpose in order to study the role of different catalysts and the effect of R/C ratio (reactant to catalyst molar ratio) on the formation of organic gel monolith and their physical properties were investigated. Aerogels were thoroughly characterized by using CHN, FTIR, TG-DSC, XRD and SEM. A considerable reduction of gelation time and the formation of relatively denser organic gel were observed in the case of HMTA, which indicated the dual role (catalyst & cross-linking agent) of HMTA during the polymerization/polycondensation of resorcinol and furfural. Carbon aerogels obtained by using different catalysts showed BET surface area, average pore size, total pore volumes in the range of 438 496 m2/g, 17.9 22.4 ? and 0.20 0.27 cm3/g, respectively. The SEM images and results revealed the presence of different morphologies of carbon aerogels, obtained by using different catalysts. The HMTA catalyzed samples were found to have highest surface area with particles in smaller in size and well interconnected 3D carbon network.

Study of Infection of Echinococcus granulosus in Yak in Spring and Its Potential Role in Transmission of Cystic Echinococcosis in Rangtang County of Sichuan,China

Dear Editor, Cystic echinococcosis （CE）, caused by Echinococcus granulosus in larval stage, is considered as one of the most dangerous parasitic zoonosis in the world. The obligate 2-host parasitic cycle of Echinococcus granulosus is predominantly synanthropic. Dogs are the usual definitive hosts, and lots of mammalian species can be intermediate hosts, including domestic livestock and human[I2]. In the Tibetan plateau, China, the population is mainly Tibetans primarily engaged in livestock husbandry and CE is therefore a health problem for both people and animal in Tibetan communities. The reported infection rate of Echinococcus gronulosus in slaughtered yak in slaughterhouses is usually very high, being about 50% or higher as reported, and the liver and lungs are the main affected organs[34].

Corrigendum:Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its related enzymes and receptors play important roles after hypoxic-ischemic brain damage

In the article titled“Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its related enzymes and receptors play important roles after hypoxic-ischemic brain damage”,published on pages 1453-1459,Issue 8,Volume 16 of Neural Regeneration Research(Xiong et al.,2021),there are some errors in author list and affiliations because of mistake in description and also oversight during final proof checking,the correct author list and affiliations are shown below.

Comment on roles of tissue plasminogen activator and its inhibitor in proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Dear Sir,We congratulate Wu et al for their study entitled＂Roles of tissue plasminogen activator and its inhibitor in proliferative diabetic retinopathy＂.The authors investigated the effects of tissue plasminogen activator（t-PA）and plasminogen activator inhibitor（PAI）in the pathogenesis of proliferative diabetic retinopathy（PDR）.The authors reported that t-PA and PAI are involved in the pathogenesis of PDR.

Roles Portrayed by Women： A Content Analysis in Brazilian Television Advertisements

The main purpose of this paper was to examine female roles portrayed by advertising. More specifically, the questions that motivated this research project were ＂What messages about women have been given to society through advertisement？＂ and ＂Have these portrayals been changed during the past decades？＂ The study consisted of a systematic content analysis of Brazilian commercials from 1973 to 2000. The population from which this sample was drawn consisted of Brazilian commercials which got an award in international and national festivals. A probabilistic sample procedure was employed. Ninety five pieces were selected. The categories and operational rules used in the study were developed based on previous research. This study has proposed that female images in advertising are depicted in three different ways： stereotyped, idealized, and plural portrayals. Our results have revealed that some specific images have changed, however, they continued to be stereotyped and idealized.

The role of RhoA in the migration of endothelial cells stimulated by interleukin-8

The development and maintenance of an abundant blood supply is essential for the healing of wound and neoplastic tissues.Angiogenesis,the development of new vessels from adjacent capillary networks,plays an important role in physiologic and as well as in

Roles of reinforced nerve conduits and low-level laser phototherapy for long gap peripheral nerve repair

Peripheral nerve injuries are common in clinical practice because of traumas such as crushing and sectioning. Lesions of the nerve structure result in lost or diminished sensitivity and/or motor activity in the innervated territory. The degree of lesion depends on the specific nerve involved, the magnitude and type of pres- sure exerted, and the duration of the compression. The results of such injuries commonly include axonal degeneration and retro- grade degeneration of the corresponding neurons in the spinal medulla, followed by very slow regeneration （Rochkind et al., 2001）. The adverse effects on the daily activities of patients with a peripheral nerve injury are a determining factor in establishing the goals of early recovery （Rodriguez et al., 2004）.

Analysis of Speed Thresholds in Youth Amateur Football Players Divided by Roles Using GPS Technologies

Ability to accelerate, decelerate, recover and sprint again, is a crucial ability for team sports, athletes are forced in repeatingthis actions several times during matches. The objective parameters that influence resistance to sprints are their duration and recovery.The aim of this study was to analyze performance of young under 18 football players on high intensity running thresholds with the useof GPS 20 Hz （K-Sport Universal, Montelabbate, Italy）. We have analyzed three football matches of Marche Amateur under 18Championship （Italy） during 2017 season, using 10 GPS, one for each players except the goalkeeper. In order to better define a moreaccurate PPM （players performance model）, the players that have been substituted were removed from analysis, using only data fromfull match to build database. Total of detection is 26, with an average of 8.6 players for match divided by role. Our result according withliterature shows that in total distance, the role that obtained higher value was external midfielder and forward traveled more distance insprint.

Seismogenic Capability of the Northeastern Segment of the Longmenshan Thrust Zone and its Tectonic Role at the Eastern Tibetan Plateau

Objective The occurrence of the devastating Wenchuan earthquake not only caused huge economic loss and deaths but also raised a question whether or not it would trigger any destructive earthquakes on its neighboring segments in the Longmenshan Thrust Zone （LTZ） in the future.

Building Failure Causes in Nigeria and Mitigating Roles by Engineering Regulation and Monitoring

This paper assessed some of the reported cases of building failures and their possible causes in Nigeria between 1977 and 2011. The reported major failure causes are structural failure (SF), Carelessness (CLSS), poor workmanship (PW), poor supervision (PS), poor materials (PM), and quackery (Q).These causes of failure were subjected to Chi-Square statistical test at 5% significant level and 4 degree of freedom to know the most common cause of failure in Nigeria. The analysis showed quackery as the principal culprit in the reported building failures in Nigeria with prevalence of 8 over poor supervision being the minimum in occurrence. Structural failure occurred 5 times, while poor materials, carelessness and poor workmanship occurred 4, 2 and 2 respectively. The Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN) with Engineering Regulation and Monitoring (ERM) as her arm as a technical professional group discouraging quackery and failures generally in Engineering Practice. The holistic approach needs effective training of Engineers starting with strong mathematical and scientific background at the secondary and tertiary education levels in conjunction with rigorous field and Industrial training exercises. There after effective scrutiny, professional registration process of competent engineers is followed.

Role of alpha-synuclein in neuronal apoptosis induced by rotenone

BACKGROUND： Aggregation of α-synuclein is the major component of Lewy bodies, which are the pathological hallmarks of Parkinson disease （PD）. Although the mechanism of this protein aggregates is unclear, previous study showed that environmental toxins such as rotenone could induce the expression and aggregation of α-synuclein. OBJECTIVE： To observe the role of α-synuclein in PD.DESIGN ： A randomized controlled trial.SETTING ： Beijing Institute for Neuroscience, Capital University of Medical Sciences.MATERIALS ： This study was performed from July 2005 to January 2006 at the Beijing Institute for Neuroscience, Capital University of Medical Sciences. Human dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were provided by Beijing Institute for Neuroscience, Capital University of Medical Sciences. METHODS： Human dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were treated to make α-synuclein over express. Rotenone was added into the medium of cultured both native SH-SY5Y cells and α-synuclein-overexpression SH-SY5Y cells. Lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） assay was used to detect with the cell viability. Flow cytometry and electrophoresis were adopted to measure the cell apoptosis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ： Cell viability, DNA fragmentation, and the number of cell apoptosis.RESULTS： After being treated with rotenone, LDH activity of α-synuclein overexpressed SH-SY5Y cells was （76.625±6.34） μkat/L, which was significantly lower than that of control group （P 〈 0.05）. As compared with normal SH-SY5Y cell, α-synuclein over-expressed SH-SY5Y cells had less DNA fragments and apoptotic cells, α-synuclein might play a role in cell apoptosis induced by rotenone, which was also confirmed by using of antioxidant reagent. CONCLUSION： α-synuclein may partially protect against cell apoptosis induced by rotenone in SH-SY5Y cells.

Cochlear homeostasis and its role in genetic deafness

Each component of the human ear performs a specific function in hearing.The actual process of sound transduction takes place in the auditory portion of the inner ear,the fluid-filled cochlea.In the cochlea,the sensitivity and efficiency of sensory apparatus to convert mechanical energy into neural activity,largely depends on the fluidic and ionic environment.In the lateral wall of cochlea,the secretory epithelium stria vascularis plays an important role in the maintenance of fluidic and ionic homeostasis.A variety of gene mutations disturbs the cochlear homeostasis and subsequently leads to hearing impairment.The review covers several aspects of cochlear homeostasis,from cochlear fluid and the functional role of stria vascularis,cochlear K+ recycling and its molecular substrates to genetic deafness with abnormal cochlear homeostasis.

Role of Oxidative Stress in Non-genotoxic Carcinogenesis with Special Reference to Liver Tumors Induced by Peroxisome Proliferators

Peroxisome proliferators (POPs), such as hypolipidemic drugs or industrial phthalate ester plasticizers, are widely known as non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens in rodents. As one of the possible mechanisms of POP-induced carcinogenesis, the 'Oxidative Stress' theory has been postulated. In this review, in order to reconsider the significance of 'Oxidative Stress' to POP-induced carcinogenesis, we focus on in vivo studies examining formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OH -dG), a marker of oxidative DNA damage with mutagenic potential, after treatment of rodents with POPs. Some studies clearly demonstrated that 8-OH-dG levels in the liver DNA were increased by POP-treatments. These findings suggest that 'Oxidative Stress' could contribute as one factor to POP-induced carcinogenesis. Furthermore, we refer to other multiple biological changes caused by POP-treatment presumably contributing to the carcinogenic mechanisms, and consider possible roles of 'Oxidative Stress' in the carcinogenesis process

Role Dynamic Allocation of Human-Robot Cooperation Based on Reinforcement Learning in an Installation of Curtain Wall

A real-time adaptive roles allocation method based on reinforcement learning is proposed to improve humanrobot cooperation performance for a curtain wall installation task.This method breaks the traditional idea that the robot is regarded as the follower or only adjusts the leader and the follower in cooperation.In this paper,a self-learning method is proposed which can dynamically adapt and continuously adjust the initiative weight of the robot according to the change of the task.Firstly,the physical human-robot cooperation model,including the role factor is built.Then,a reinforcement learningmodel that can adjust the role factor in real time is established,and a reward and actionmodel is designed.The role factor can be adjusted continuously according to the comprehensive performance of the human-robot interaction force and the robot’s Jerk during the repeated installation.Finally,the roles adjustment rule established above continuously improves the comprehensive performance.Experiments of the dynamic roles allocation and the effect of the performance weighting coefficient on the result have been verified.The results show that the proposed method can realize the role adaptation and achieve the dual optimization goal of reducing the sum of the cooperator force and the robot’s Jerk.