On the Reconstruction of Teachers’Role of Business English Reading Classroom Teaching Based on Literature Circle

Business English reading teaching under the mode of“literature circles”focuses on cultivating students’autonomy in reading,group cooperation,and the exchange of ideas among group members.In this teaching mode,teachers are no longer the masters of the reading classroom,but the helpers,participants,and researchers in the process of students’reading.The reconstruction of teachers’role can promote the benign development of relationship not only between teachers and students,but also between students and students,inject new impetus and vitality into the classroom,and improve students’reading literacy.

Defection or Cooperation—Richard Power’s Moral Insights in Prisoner’s Dilemma

Prisoner’s Dilemma is a master trope for relaying the permanent impasse or dilemma of cooperation versus defection.In Prisoner’s Dilemma Richard Powers narrates a multiform of dilemma mainly narrating Eddie Hobson’s traumatic history,along with Eddie’s attempt to carry out a strategy—Eddie’s ideal Hobstown which is supposed to cope with the confused dilemma.Pow⁃ers’strategic moral insights are revealed by assuming that each player feels sympathy for the other and a moral cooperative instead of antagonistic solution to the Prisoner’s Dilemma will be found.

Richard Power’s Philosophical Thoughts in Prisoner’s Dilemma

The“prisoner’s dilemma”illustrates that everyone is rationally thinking about maximizing their own interests and taking their own best strategies,but the end result is counterproductive.In Prisoner’s Dilemma Richard Powers describes multiformareas of dilemma;to lose balance;to make choices;and ask each other:what to do next?It is a master trope for relaying the permanent impasse or dilemma of cooperation versus defection.In most cases,the prisoner's dilemma is more about the number of defeats in the game,and even a major loss of society.Individual rationality is likely to be a collective disregard,and if everyone is acting on the principle of self-interest,it is often the result that everyone is lost.Powers expresses his philosophical insight:Until a cooperative instead of antagonistic solution is collectively agreed upon,we still remain imprisoned in an interminable and oppressive struggle and conflict decided by self-interest and rational control,which is also a moral response to historical consciousness of postmodernism.

Teacher's Role in the Oral English Class

English speaking has been paid more attention today, especially in the age of globalization. Teachers are attempting to find out more effective methods to enhance the teaching results of English speaking. Facing the great demands and present difficulties of oral English classes, teachers have to conduct more study and practice to find out what roles that an oral English teacher has to take in the oral English classroom. Compared with the traditional teaching role in the English classroom, an oral English teacher has to fulfill more than one role in the classroom teaching so as to provide better learning conditions for students. Lacking more exposure to the real interaction with native speakers, students expect the oral English teacher to be a creator of the language environment. With various teaching and learning activities in the oral English classroom, the teacher has to be a good organizer to ensure every student to achieve improvement. An oral English teacher also has to correct students'language errors while ensuring the smooth progress of the classroom teaching. Only when an oral English teacher make clear what roles he or she has to take in the classroom can he or she achieve effective teaching.

The Exploration of the Helpful Roles Teacher Can Play to Help non-English Major Students Improve Their English Writing

It is commonly known that writing is an advanced skill which is essential in language learning but at the same time the most difficult task for learners. This paper is with the aim to explore helpful roles that teacher can play to help non-English major students improve their English writing, so as to help improve their writing ability in the author's context.

An Adaptive Strategy via Reinforcement Learning for the Prisoner＇s Dilemma Game

The iterated prisoner's dilemma(IPD) is an ideal model for analyzing interactions between agents in complex networks. It has attracted wide interest in the development of novel strategies since the success of tit-for-tat in Axelrod's tournament. This paper studies a new adaptive strategy of IPD in different complex networks, where agents can learn and adapt their strategies through reinforcement learning method. A temporal difference learning method is applied for designing the adaptive strategy to optimize the decision making process of the agents. Previous studies indicated that mutual cooperation is hard to emerge in the IPD. Therefore, three examples which based on square lattice network and scale-free network are provided to show two features of the adaptive strategy. First, the mutual cooperation can be achieved by the group with adaptive agents under scale-free network, and once evolution has converged mutual cooperation, it is unlikely to shift. Secondly, the adaptive strategy can earn a better payoff compared with other strategies in the square network. The analytical properties are discussed for verifying evolutionary stability of the adaptive strategy.

Least Privileges and Role’s Inheritance of RBAC

The main advantages of role-based access control （RBAC） are able to support the well-known security principles and roles＇inheritance. But for there remains a lack of specific definition and the necessary formalization for RBAC, it is hard to realize RBAC in practical work. Our contribution here is to formalize the main relations of RBAC and take first step to propose concepts of action closure and deta closure of a role, based on which we got the specification and algorithm for the least privileges of a role. We propose that roles＇ inheritance should consist of inheritance of actions and inheritance of data, and then we got the inheritance of privileges among roles, which can also be supported by existing exploit tools.

THE OPTIMAL CONTROL FOR PROMOTING THE COOPERATION IN EVOLUTION GAME GENERATED BY PRISONER'S DILEMMA

Natural selection opposes the evolution of cooperation unless specific mechanisms are at work in Prisoner＇s Dilemma. By taking advantage of the modern control theory, the controller design is discussed and the optimal control is designed for promoting cooperation based on the recent advances in mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation. Two con- trol strategies are proposed： compensation control strategy for the cooperator when playing against a defector and reward control strategy for cooperator when playing against a coop- erator. The feasibility and effectiveness of these control strategies for promoting cooperation in different stages are analyzed. The reward for cooperation can＇t prevent defection from being evolutionary stable strategy （ESS）. On the other hand, compensation for the coopera- tor can＇t prevent defection from emerging and sustaining. By considering the effect and the cost, an optimal control scheme with constraint on the admissible control set is put forward. By analyzing the special nonlinear system of replicator dynamics, the exact analytic solution of the optimal control scheme is obtained based on the maximum principle. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated by examples.

Role of P,S and B on Creep Behavior of Alloy 718

The doping of phosphorus, sulfur and boron in IN718 superalloy can remarkably influence the creep behavior. The modifications of the minor elements seem not to vary the stress exponent and the influences primarily concentrate on the effective diffusion coefficient. A pronounced beneficial interaction between P and B and a weaker detrimental interaction between P and S have been obtained. The preexponential frequency constant is proved to be strongly related with the creep activation energy because of the so-called compensation effect. The compensation temperature has been determined to be about 1080 K, which corresponds to the transformation temperature from rapidly coarsened γ'' phase to δ phase. It has been proposed that trace elements can influence the effective diffusion coefficient individually or cooperatively, which in turn either retard or speed the creep process.

Evolutionary prisoner's dilemma game on highly clustered community networks

This paper studies the evolutionary prisoner＇s dilemma game on a highly clustered community network in which the clustering coefficient and the community size can be tuned. It finds that the clustering coefficient in such a degree-homogeneous network inhibits the emergence of cooperation for the entire range of the payoff parameter. Moreover, it finds that the community size can also have a marked influence on the evolution of cooperation, with a larger community size leading to not only a lower cooperation level but also a smaller threshold of the payoff parameter above which cooperators become extinct.

Evolutionary prisoner’s dilemma on Newman-Watts social networks with an asymmetric payoff distribution mechanism

In this paper, we introduce an asymmetric payoff distribution mechanism into the evolutionary prisoner＇s dilemma game （PDG） on Newman Watts social networks, and study its effects on the evolution of cooperation. The asymmetric payoff distribution mechanism can be adjusted by the parameter α： if α〉 0, the rich will exploit the poor to get richer; if α 〈 0, the rich are forced to offer part of their income to the poor. Numerical results show that the cooperator frequency monotonously increases with c~ and is remarkably promoted when c~ 〉 0. The effects of updating order and self-interaction are also investigated. The co-action of random updating and self-interaction can induce the highest cooperation level. Moreover, we employ the Gini coefficient to investigate the effect of asymmetric payoff distribution on the the system＇s wealth distribution. This work may be helpful for understanding cooperative behaviour and wealth inequality in society.

Putative roles of cathepsin B in Alzheimer's disease pathology: the good, the bad, and the ugly in one?

Alzheimer＇s disease（AD）is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss in memory,cognition,and executive function and activities of daily living.AD pathogenesis has been shown to involve loss of neurons and synapses,cholinergic deficits,amyloid-beta protein（Aβ）deposition,tau protein hyperphosphorylation, and neuroinflammation.

The role of DJ-1 complexes and catecholamine metabolism： relevance for familial and idiopathic Parkinson＇s disease

Autosomal recessive mutations in the PARK7 gene,which encodes for the protein DJ-1,result in a loss of function and are a cause of familial Parkinson’s disease（PD）,while increased wild-type DJ-1protein levels are associated with some forms of cancer.Several functions of DJ-1 have been described,with the greatest evidence indicating that DJ-1 is a redox-sensitive protein involved in the regulation of oxidative stress and cell survival.

The Changing Role of Chinese Women in History--From the Dream of Red Mansions to the Moment in Peking

In the history of feudal society,women were suffering from the oppression and inequality in their family and status,and also strict restriction from the society.Their freedom was limited and they could not make full use of their wisdom,and abili ty.But the role of women did not stay the same during the feudal society.It had changed though the fundamental role remained the same.Here in this essay,it mainly talked about the changing role of Chinese in history,from the beginning of the Qing Dy nasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty.It collected information,and evidences from two books which were of great value to inves tigate women's role.They were Cao Xueqin's the Dream of Red Mansions and Lin Yutang's Moment in Peking.A great por tion of these two book's main characters were women,no matter what their social statuses were,no matter what roles they were playing in the big feudal family.Based on the result of analysis,the study suggests that women have been making progress all the time in changing their situation.And the development of economy has given women immense chances to achieve their self-actu alization.

Discussion on Teacher's Role under Life Threatening Circumstances

This paper first reviewed a controversial case in which a teacher ran away from his students in a earthquake. Several educational ethnic questions were aroused from the case: Is protecting students part of teacher's job? To what extent should it be applied? etc. Then the author aims to answer these questions based on a real case study from philosophical perspective, that is, analyzing teacher's role(i) as a human being;(ii) as a educator;(iii) as a educatee. Finally the paper concludes that teachers should protect their students even under life threatening circumstances.

An Analysis of the Readers' Roles in the Construction of Meaning in John Donne's The Flea under Reader-Oriented Theory

Among the sundry studies in China on John Donne's The Flea,there has been none done from the perspective of Reader-Oriented Theory to probe into the readers' roles in the construction of meaning.The present article under Wolfgang Iser's theories,in a further pursuit of the expansion of the gestalt of such studies on the poem,aims at exploring the readers' active roles in complementing,completing and recreating the textual meaning,and differentiating the implied reader and the actual reader through the poem as well as attempting to fulfill the construction of the reading cognitive model through the interpretation of the conceit the flea.

Payoff-based accumulative effect promotes cooperation in spatial prisoner’s dilemma

We study the effect of accumulative payoff on the evolution of cooperation in the evolutionary prisoner＇s dilemma on a square lattice. We introduce a decaying factor for the accumulative payoff, which characterizes the extent that the historical payoff is accumulated. It is shown that for fixed values of the temptation to defect, the density of cooperators increases with the value of the decaying factor. This indicates that the more the historical payoff is involved, the more favourable cooperators become. In the critical region where the cooperator density converges to zero, cooperators vanish according to a power-law-like behaviour. The associated exponents agree approximately with the two-dimensional directed percolation and depend weakly on the value of the decaying factor.

PREFERENCE AND EVOLUTION IN THE ITERATED PRISONER'S DILEMMA

Game theory is extensively used to study strategy-making and actions of play- ers. The authors proposed an analysis method for study the evolutionary outcome and behaviors of players with preference in iterated prisoner＇s dilemma. In this article, a preference parameter k was introduced in the payoff matrix, wherein the value of k denotes the player＇s degree of egoism and altruism （preference）. Then, a game-theoretic dynamical model was formulated using Birth-and-Death process. The authors studied how preference influences the evolutionary equilibrium and behaviors of players. The authors get the general results： egoism leads to defection, and altruism can make players build trust and maintain cooperation, and so, the hope of the Pareto optimal solution. In the end, the simulation experiments proved the efficiency of the method.

Adaptive co-evolution of strategies and network leading to optimal cooperation level in spatial prisoner's dilemma game

We study evolutionary prisoner＇s dilemma game on adaptive networks where a population of players co-evolves with their interaction networks. During the co-evolution process, interacted players with opposite strategies either rewire the link between them with probability p or update their strategies with probability 1 - p depending on their payoffs. Numerical simulation shows that the final network is either split into some disconnected communities whose players share the same strategy within each community or forms a single connected network in which all nodes are in the same strategy. Interestingly, the density of cooperators in the final state can be maximised in an intermediate range of p via the competition between time scale of the network dynamics and that of the node dynamics. Finally, the mean-field analysis helps to understand the results of numerical simulation. Our results may provide some insight into understanding the emergence of cooperation in the real situation where the individuals＇ behaviour and their relationship adaptively co-evolve.

Cooperation influenced by the correlation degree of two-layered complex networks in evolutionary prisoner’s dilemma games

An evolutionary prisoner＇s dilemma game is investigated on two-layered complex networks respectively representing interaction and learning networks in one and two dimensions. A parameter q is introduced to denote the correlation degree between the two-layered networks. Using Monte Carlo simulations we studied the effects of the correlation degree on cooperative behaviour and found that the cooperator density nontrivially changes with q for different payoff parameter values depending on the detailed strategy updating and network dimension. An explanation for the obtained results is provided.