Bayes discriminant analysis method to identify risky of complicated goaf in mines and its application

A Bayes discriminant analysis method to identify the risky of complicated goaf in mines was presented. Nine factors influencing the stability of goaf risky, including uniaxial compressive strength of rock, elastic modulus of rock, rock quality designation （RQD）, area ratio of pillar, ratio of width to height of pillar, depth of ore body, volume of goaf, dip of ore body and area of goal, were selected as discriminant indexes in the stability analysis of goal. The actual data of 40 goals were used as training samples to establish a discriminant analysis model to identify the stability of goaf. The results show that this discriminant analysis model has high precision and misdiscriminant ratio is 0.025 in re-substitution process. The instability identification of a metal mine was distinguished by using this model and the identification result is identical with that of practical situation.

Hydraulic support crushed mechanism for the shallow seam mining face under the roadway pillars of room mining goaf

While the fully-mechanized longwall mining technology was employed in a shallow seam under a room mining goaf and overlained by thin bedrock and thick loose sands, the roadway pillars in the abandoned room mining goaf were in a stress-concentrated state, which may cause abnormal roof weighting, violent ground pressure behaviours, even roof fall and hydraulic support crushed(HSC) accidents. In this case,longwall mining safety and efficiency were seriously challenged. Based on the HSC accidents occurred during the longwall mining of 3-1-2 seam, which locates under the intersection zone of roadway pillars in the room mining goaf of 3-1-1 seam, this paper employed ground rock mechanics to analyse the overlying strata structure movement rules and presented the main influence factors and determination methods for the hydraulic support working resistance. The FLAC3 D software was used to simulate the overlying strata stress and plastic zone distribution characteristics. Field observation was implemented to contrastively analyse the hydraulic support working resistance distribution rules under the roadway pillars in strike direction, normal room mining goaf, roadway pillars in dip direction and intersection zone of roadway pillars. The results indicate that the key strata break along with rotations and reactions of the coal pillars deliver a larger concentrated load to the hydraulic support under intersection zone of roadway pillars than other conditions. The ‘‘overburden strata-key strata-roadway pillars-immediate roof" integrated load has exceeded the yield load that leads to HSC accidents. Findings in HSC mechanism provide a reasonable basis for shallow seam mining, and have important significance for the implementation of safe and efficient mining.

Mechanisms of support failure and prevention measures under double-layer room mining gobs——A case study: Shigetai coal mine

In the practice of mining shallow buried ultra-close seams,support failure tends to occur during the process of longwall undermining beneath two layers of room mining goaf(TLRMG).In this paper,the factors causing support failure are summarized into geology and mining technology.Combining column lithology and composite beam theory,the key stratum of the rock strata is determined.A finite element numerical simulation is used to analyze the overlying load distribution rule of the main roof for different plane positions of the upper and lower room mining pillars.The tributary area theory(TAT)is adopted to analyze the vertical load distribution of each pillar,and dynamic models of coal pillar instability and main roof fracture are established.Through key block instability analysis,two critical moments are established,of which critical moment A has the greater dynamic load strength.Great economic losses and safety hazards are created by the dynamic load of the fracturing of the main roof.To reduce these negative effects,a method of pulling out supports is developed and two alternative measures for support failure prevention are proposed:reinforcing stope supports in conjunction with reducing mining height,or drilling ground holes to pre-split the main roof.Based on a comprehensive consideration of economic factors and the two categories of support failure causes,the method of reinforcing stope supports while reducing mining height was selected for use on the mining site.

Dynamic disaster control of backfill mining under thick magmatic rock in one side goaf:A case study

In order to explore the control effect of backfill mining on dynamic disasters under special geological mining conditions of overlying thick magmatic rock(TMR),a three-dimensional numerical model of a panel of one side goaf in Yangliu coal mine with double-yield backfill material constitutive model was developed.The simulation results were then compared with field monitoring data.The dynamic disaster control effect of both caving and backfill mining was analyzed in three different aspects,i.e.,displacement field,stress field and energy field.The results show that in comparison to the full caving mining method,the bearing capacity of the goaf after backfilling was enhanced,the backfill mining can effectively reduce the stress and energy accumulated in the coal/rock body,and the backfill mining eliminates the further moving space of TMR and prevents its sudden rupture.Before TMR fracture,the subsidence displacement of TMR was reduced by 65.3%,the front abutment stress of panel decreased by 9.4%on average and the high energy concentration zone around panel was also significantly reduced.Overall,the results of this study provide deeper insights into the control of dynamic disasters by backfill mining in mines.

Monitoring of coal-mine goaf based on 4D seismic technology

The range of coal-mine underground goaf has continuously expanded over time.Caving,fracture,and deformation zones have also changed,thereby inducing coal-mine water inrush and other environmental disasters.In this study,4 D seismic monitoring technology that is effective in reservoir development was used to monitor abnormal changes in coal-mine underground goaf to explore the feasibility of the method.Taking a coal mine in Hancheng,Shaanxi as an example,we used the aforementioned technology to dynamically monitor the abnormal changes in the goaf.Based on the 4 D seismic data obtained in the experiment and the abnormal change characteristics of the coal-mine goaf,the method of 4 D seismic data processing in reservoir was improved.A set of 4 D data processing flow for the goaf was established,and the anomalies in the surface elevation and overlying strata velocity caused by collapse were corrected.We have made the following improvements to the method of 4 D seismic data processing in the reservoir:(1)the static correction problem caused by the changes of surface elevation and destruction of the low-velocity layer has been solved through fusion static correction to comb the low-frequency components of elevation statics with the high-frequency components of refraction statics;(2)the problem of overlying strata velocity changes in the goaf caused by collapse has been solved through the velocity consistency method;(3)the problem of reflection event pull-down in the disturbance area has been solved through space-varying moveout correction based on cross-correlation;and(4)amplitude anomalies in the coal seam caused by the goaf have been addressed using the correction method of space-varying amplitude.Results show that the 4 D seismic data processing and interpretation method established in this study is reasonable and effective.

Roadway layout for recycling residual coal pillar in room-and-pillar mining of thick coal seam

In the context of a room-and-pillar mining gob in Shanxi province in China,this paper numerically investigates the stress distribution and deformation rules of roadway surrounding rocks at various locations of residual coal pillars in room-and-pillar mining gobs using software FLAC3 D.It is found that the concentrated stress beneath coal pillars distributes in a shape of ellipse.A reasonable roadway layout is then proposed.In this design,it is indicated that roadways should be designed to avoid the supporting zones of pillars with increasing compression and take into account the roof falling and crushing in the upper gob.According to the surrounding rock deformation characteristics and mining roadway locations as well as the supporting principles of timely support,rock reinforcing,piecewise management and suiting local conditions,a new asymmetric shield supporting plan is proposed.The field surveying results show that this supporting plan can effectively control the roadway rock deformation,thus guarantee the safe and smooth construction of roadways.

A probe into“mining technique in the condition of floor failure”for coal seam above longwall goafs

Targeting at the coal seam with useful value discarded above goafs,attempted to explore the feasibility of'mining technique in the condition of floor failure' from theoretical point of view,and predicted.It indicated that mining technique in the condition of floor failure used above Longwall Goafs in Baijiazhuang Mining is totally feasible.At law,the deformation of the floor in the mining technique by means of probability-integral method.And it is discov- ered that deformed basin can emerge in the footwall of No.6 coal seam and its maximum subsidence was possibly 1 633 mm or so and its maximum positive curvature is 61.74/10^(-3). At last,it therefore suggests appropriate ground pressure control measures as strengthening observation of ground pressure and adopting false slope for exploitation and strengthening support for reasonable push and slide based on the adverse ground pressure behaviors possibly occurring in the mining technique.This serves to gather data and lay sturdy founda- tion for further probe into the mining technique,and offers theoretical and technical grounds for concrete implementation of the mining technique.

Identifcation of large-scale goaf instability in underground mine using particle swarm optimization and support vector machine

An approach which combines particle swarm optimization and support vector machine(PSO–SVM)is proposed to forecast large-scale goaf instability(LSGI).Firstly,influencing factors of goaf safety are analyzed,and following parameters were selected as evaluation indexes in the LSGI:uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)of rock,elastic modulus(E)of rock,rock quality designation(RQD),area ration of pillar(Sp),the ratio of width to height of the pillar(w/h),depth of ore body(H),volume of goaf(V),dip of ore body(a)and area of goaf(Sg).Then LSGI forecasting model by PSO-SVM was established according to the influencing factors.The performance of hybrid model(PSO+SVM=PSO–SVM)has been compared with the grid search method of support vector machine(GSM–SVM)model.The actual data of 40 goafs are applied to research the forecasting ability of the proposed method,and two cases of underground mine are also validated by the proposed model.The results indicated that the heuristic algorithm of PSO can speed up the SVM parameter optimization search,and the predictive ability of the PSO–SVM model with the RBF kernel function is acceptable and robust,which might hold a high potential to become a useful tool in goaf risky prediction research.

基于3Dmine的采空区治理工程实践

通过对某金矿采空区资料收集及现场调查,利用3Dmine软件建立了该金矿采空区+巷道三维数字模型,准确获得了各中段采空区的实际边界和采空区形态等相关信息。针对采空区情况,结合矿区生产实际,经综合分析研究,提出了采空区治理方案,即:对矿区已经贯通连成一体的采空区群/塌陷坑(四中段以上)采用地表废石充填,四中段未贯通的采空区采用中深孔强制崩落顶板,将上部自地表“灌入”的废石充填到采空区,同时采取密闭隔离的方式联合治理;对于其余地段的采空区,已经结束回采且无法进入的区域采取在中段石门密闭隔离的方式进行治理,尚在开采的其他采空区采取施工措施工程进行坑内毛石回填并密闭隔离方式治理。通过多项措施的综合运用,彻底消除了发生大面积地压活动并引起地面塌陷的隐患,为井下正常生产作业创造了良好的条件。

Integration system research and development for three-dimensional laser scanning information visualization in goaf

An integration processing system of three-dimensional laser scanning information visualization in goaf was developed. It is provided with multiple functions, such as laser scanning information management for goaf, cloud data de-noising optimization, construction, display and operation of three-dimensional model, model editing, profile generation, calculation of goaf volume and roof area, Boolean calculation among models and interaction with the third party soft ware. Concerning this system with a concise interface, plentiful data input/output interfaces, it is featured with high integration, simple and convenient operations of applications. According to practice, in addition to being well-adapted, this system is favorably reliable and stable.

基于DIMINE-MIDAS/GTS的采空区稳定性分析

随着矿山的开采,形成大量的采空区,采空区的存在严重威胁井下作业人员安全,并影响企业的长期发展。为了保障安全生产,采用室内试验、数值模拟等技术手段针对南川河石灰岩矿井的地下采空区进行了稳定性分析。在室内岩石力学试验基础上,根据Hoek-Brown准则及其强度参数的估计法,对该矿的岩石力学参数进行折算,利用大型三维矿山软件DIMINE建立有限元三维数值模型,结合有限元数值分析软件MIDAS/GTS进行矿山开采及采空区稳定性有限元数值模拟分析。得出结论:老采空区顶板出现拉应力破坏,局部最大拉应力为2.27 MPa,易发生冒顶片帮事故;13号矿柱产生主应力集中,处于压应力破坏;采空区周边矿柱仅有少量单元发生塑性破坏,塑性区主要存在于采空区顶板;地表位移沉降较小,矿山采空区基本处于稳定状态。

Subsidence over room and pillar retreat mining in a low coal seam

The objective of this paper is to study the behavior of a low thick and low depth coal seam and the overburden rock mass. The mining method is room and pillar in retreat and partial pillar recovery. The excavation method is conventional drill and blast because of the small production. The partial pillar recovery is about 30% of the previous pillar size, 7 m × 7 m. The roof displacement was monitored during retreat operation; the surface movement was also monitored. The effect of the blasting vibration on the final pillar strength had been considered. Due to blasting, the pillar reduced about 20%. The consequence is more pillar deformation and roof vertical displacement. The pillar retreat and ground movement were simulated in a three-dimensional numerical model. This model was created to predict the surface subsidence and compare to the subsidence measured. This study showed that the remaining pillar and low seam reduce the subsidence that was predicted with conventional methods.

Protecting miners from coal bursts during development above historic mine workings in Harlan County,KY

In order to reach a large,untapped reserve of high-quality coal,D8 Cloverlick Mine proposed to mine a corridor nearly 600 m deep beneath the Benham Spur of Black Mountain,Kentucky’s highest peak.D8 Cloverlick Mine was extracting the Owl seam,but the corridor’s route lay approximately 20 m above century-old mine workings in the C–(Darby)seam.Adding to the concern,three serious coal bursts had recently occurred in nearby Owl seam workings.Maps of the old workings seemed to indicate that the underlying C–seam had been fully extracted.However,two of the coal bursts had occurred above areas where the C–Seam was also shown as mined out.Mine Safety and Health Administration(MSHA)Technical Support therefore investigated the records of past mining to better understand the old mine maps.Underground conditions observed in current Owl seam workings were also compared with the maps of the old C–seam workings.The study concluded that the presence of hazardous underlying remnants could not be ruled out.To mitigate the burst risk,D8 Cloverlick Mine adopted a strategy of stress probe drilling.A self-propelled coal drill was used to auger 11.5-m-long,small diameter holes in advance of mining.As each hole was drilled,the cuttings were measured to detect the presence of highly stressed coal.Ultimately the crossing was successfully completed without incident.

Technology of back stoping from level floors in gateway and pillar mining areas of extra-thick seams

According to the special requirements of secondary mining of resources in gateway-and-pillar goal in extra-thick seams of Shanxi, this paper presents a technical proposal of back stoping from level floors. Numerical simulation and theoretical analysis are ccsed to investigate the compaction characteristics of cavities under stress as well as an appropriate mining height of the primary-mining layer based on dif- ferent mining widths and pillar widths. For Yangjian coal mine, the mining thickness of the first seam during back stoping from level floor is determined to be 3 m, which meets the relevant requirements. Gateway-and-pillar goaf of a single layer has a range of influence of 9 m vertically. If gateway-and-pillar goaf occurs both in 9-1 and 9-5 layers, the range is extended to within 11.2 m. When the mining width of a gateway is less than 2 m or larger than 5 m, the gateway-and-pillar goal in the upper layer of the primary-mining seam can be filled in and compacted after stoping. When the working face is 2 m away from the gateway and pillar before entering into it and after passing through it, the coal body under the gateway and pillar is subjected to relatively high stress. During mining of the upper layer, moreover, the working face should interlock the goaf in primary-mining layer for 20 m.

基于3Dmine-Rhino-Ansys-Flac3d大新锰矿采空区群稳定性分析

广西大新锰矿西北采空区现有体积大、存在时间长等问题,为了分析大新锰矿西北采空区群稳定性,采用3Dmine、Rhino、Ansys、Flac3d等多种手段对其进行稳定性分析,为矿区采空区安全处理提供了科学依据。

Analysis on air-leakage law of goal in condition of ascending mining for top-coal caving

Using the Jisan Coalmine's top-coal caving for the 3down coal seam with ascending mining as the project background, the air-leakage characteristics of the goaf wasanalyzed. Through data fitting of the in situ observation, the models of gas seepage, diffusion and air-leakage in the goaf were established in ascending mining. The ComputationFluid Dynamics software Fluent was used to simulate the air-leakage law of the goaf. Theresults of the numerical simulation provide a basis for the use of the technology of ventilation and fire prevention in the working face of an ascending mining, which ensures thesafety in production in the working face of the top-coal caving for 3_down coal seam in theJisan Coalmine.

3Dmine软件在空区处理中的应用

三道庄矿区因前期开采形成了纵横交错、相互贯通的高危采空区,利用3Dmine软件建立地表与空区模型,通过对模型的动态显示及三维分析,准确掌握空区形态、赋存状态及与周边空区的联系,为合理设计穿孔爆破方案提供基础,本文以E区1270\1280复合空区爆破处理为例,介绍3Dmine软件在空区治理中的应用。

基于层次分析法与频率比模型的采空塌陷危险性评价

采空塌陷危险性评价是编制地质灾害防治规划、开展地质灾害防治与监测预警工作的重要依据。本文采用层次分析法与频率比模型相结合构建了采空塌陷危险性评价模型(AHP-PF组合模型)。以沈阳市蒲河-清水矿区为例,考虑了地质条件、地表特征、开采条件等3方面影响因素,选取了第四纪覆盖类型、第四纪松散层厚度、地质构造复杂程度、可采煤层顶板强度指标、煤层倾角、地表沉陷速率、采深采厚比、采空区叠置层数等8个评价指标,利用AHP-PF组合模型计算各指标权重及频率比,最后进行采空塌陷危险性分区。评价结果表明,采空塌陷危险性高区主要集中在采深采厚比小、沉陷速率大及目前仍在开采的区域,该区域是地质灾害防治、搬迁避让的重点区域。

水力渗透型煤矿采空区三维音频大地电磁快速解译

煤矿采空区或回采阶段工作面常面临水力渗透威胁,如何快速有效且低成本地预判水力渗透成为难题。提出并系统论述了一种面向水力渗透型采空区的音频大地电磁三维反演及快速解译方案。通过设计采空区理论地电模型,探讨采空区电阻率三维反演可行性。实测数据反演解释结果揭示:采空区巷道顶板区域存在明显低阻分布,部分工作面存在顶板裂隙导水造成的富水低阻区域,局部垮落带与上覆含水层明显连通。为可疑透水位置定位、水位和涌水量监测,以及后续开采规划制订提供了参考。从理论和实证角度,为音频大地电磁法的采空区富水状态分析和动态监控应用提供了新思路,相关方法能够有效提高水力渗透型采空区的解译效果。

地空瞬变电磁法在煤矿采空区中的应用效果分析

煤矿采空区一直是工程中难以解决的重点难题之一,现工程中一般是结合开采资料及煤层分布进行综合分析。由于大型煤矿多采用自然塌落法来处理采空巷道,而非金属类矿山的填充法,随着时间的推移,会出现非常多的塌陷,导致采空区内部情况非常复杂,难以查清。尤其是在老旧的煤矿当中,由于过去技术落后,矿洞测绘资料存在一定的失真,导致很难明确定义现采空区的具体范围,为工程的顺利开展提出了重大的课题。结合黑龙江依兰煤矿(日伪时期的开采老旧煤矿采空区),在地形地貌条件特别差,人难以攀登的条件下,应用地空瞬变电磁法,初步解决了该采空区的范围和规模。