Analysis of root fractal characteristics in remote areas of the Taklimakan desert,China

Fractal geometry is a potential new approach to analyze the root architecture, which may offer improved ways to quantify and summarize root system complexity as well as yield ecological and physiological insights into the functional relevance of specific architectural patterns. Fractal analysis is a sensitive measure of root branching intensity and fractal dimension expresses the ＂space filling＂ properties of a structure. The objective of this study was to find out the fractal characteristics of root systems in a remote area of the Taklimakan desert in China. The entire root system of two naturally occurring species were excavated and exposed with shov- els in 2007. The species were Tamarix taklamakanensis and Calligonum roborovskii. A one-factorial ANOVA with species as factor showed statistically a highly significant difference in fractal dimensions, indicating differences in their pattern of root branching. There was no relationship between root diameter and two parameters of fractal root models a and q, representing general characteris- tics of root systems, for either species （a： the ratio of the sum of root cross-sectional areas after a branching to the cross-sectional area before root division; q： the distribution of the cross-sectional areas after branching）. We have found significant linear relation- ships between the diameter after branching and root length and biomass respectively, because of the self-similarity of root branching. Branching rules are the same for roots of all sizes and lengths. Root biomass for the root systems of entire trees can be estimated by measuring the diameter of each root at the base of the trunk or the diameter after branching. We have shown that the diameter of each root at the base of the trunk and the diameter after branching are effective indices that can be measured easily in order to estimate the root lengths, biomass and other parameters of root architecture.

施氮量对滴灌水稻根系形态构型和分形特征的影响

旨在探明水稻在膜下滴灌下根系形态、构型、氮利用效率变化及其与分形维数的关系。于2021—2022年,以氮高效品种(T-43)和氮低效品种(垦-26)为材料,设置滴灌(drip irrigation,DI)、淹灌(flooding irrigation,FI)2种方式与4种施氮水平(0、150、300和450 kg hm^(–2))的盆栽试验。基于盒维数法结合根系图像分形分析程序计算根系形态的分形维数和分形丰度,研究滴灌及施氮对水稻产量、氮素利用效率、根系形态、构型、分形维数、分形丰度的影响。结果表明,(1)在相同施氮水平下,与淹灌相比,滴灌处理下T-43和垦-26细根百分比、根长密度(root length density,RLD)β值、氮肥农学利用效率(nitrogen agronomic efficiency,NAE)显著提高(分别为6.8%~14.5%和9.9%~17.2%、0.65%~5.45%和0.32%~3.43%、12.1%~22.4%和12.2%~20.5%);>0.5 mm RLD、0~40 cm土层表面积密度(surface area density,SAD)和根体积密度(RLD)、分形维数(fractal dimension,FD)、分形丰度(fractal abundance,FA)显著降低,造成产量降低(3.8%~37.4%和7.6%~48.3%)。(2)滴灌模式下,施氮显著提高了水稻根系FD和FA,T-43在施氮量为300 kg hm^(–2)时,FD和FA最高(分别为1.55和14.07);垦-26在施氮量为450 kg hm^(–2)时最高(分别为1.62和14.78)。(3)相关分析表明,FD、FA与直径0.1~0.3 mm RLD、0~10 cm土层根长和根质量密度、产量、氮素稻谷生产效率呈显著正相关,与30~40 cm土层表面积密度呈显著负相关。因此,在滴灌条件下,氮高效品种“T-43”配施300 kg hm^(–2)氮肥,能够增加细根根长密度比例,优化表层根系形态分布,提高根系分形维数和丰度,进而实现滴灌水稻产量和氮肥利用效率协同提高。

玉米秸秆及其生物炭复配基质对玉米根系构型的影响

【目的】研究玉米Zea mays L.秸秆及其生物炭对设施栽培中基质改良的价值,探明玉米根系构型及其对不同复配基质的响应。【方法】采用盆栽试验,测定并分析了不同配比基质的理化性质和玉米地上部、根系生物量,采用WinRHIZO(Pro.2020a)根系分析系统分析计算玉米根系的形态以及分形、拓扑结构特征参数,采用SPSS软件分析地上部/根系生物量、根系形态特征与构型特征参数的相关性。【结果】添加秸秆及其生物炭的各处理中,T3处理(蛭石、珍珠岩、玉米秸秆和玉米秸秆生物炭的添加量分别为22.4、22.4、22.4和44.8 dm^(3))的理化性质相较CK最为优化,总孔隙度和持水孔隙度分别达到81.02%和55.38%,可利用的速效氮、磷、钾含量均处在最优水平。T3处理根系的生物量和根长、根表面积、根体积3个主要形态特征参数均与其他处理差异显著,分别高于CK处理112.82%、79.89%、101.21%和102.53%。随着秸秆及其生物炭添加比例的增加,各处理根系分形维数逐渐增大,从CK的1.425增大至T3的1.514;拓扑指数逐渐减小,从CK的0.699减小至T3的0.627,T3处理的拓扑指数更接近0.5。玉米根系生物量和主要形态特征参数与分形维数、分形丰度呈极显著正相关,与拓扑指数呈极显著负相关。【结论】添加秸秆及其生物炭可改善基质理化性质,为根系提供优质生长环境;环境对根系构型的可塑性较高,可以使玉米根系构型向更利于养分和水分利用的方向改变;根系构型性状可在一定程度上表征根系形态特征,也可作为指标来验证复合基质的栽培效果。

基于分形理论的香根草根系护坡力学性能分析

为了定量评价香根草根系护坡效果,该研究以不同生长期的香根草为对象,基于植被生态学和分形理论获取根系形态参数指标,分析根系分形维数与生长期间演化规律。通过室内三轴试验研究不同含根量和根系分布方式对根土复合体抗剪强度的影响,分析根土复合体黏聚力和内摩擦角与根系分形维数间关系,并建立考虑香根草根系分形维数的边坡稳定性系数模型。结果表明:香根草根系数量和含根量与根系分形维数基本呈线性关系,而根系表面积与根系分形维数呈对数关系,三者均随根系分形维数增多而增大,但增幅均逐渐减小。含根量由0增加至1.0%时,根土复合体黏聚力、内摩擦角分别提高了72.0%和6.9%,含根量对黏聚力影响较大。不同根系分布方式对边坡稳定性影响能力由小到大依次为竖向、倾斜、相交和混合分布,同素土边坡相比,相交和混合分布根系的边坡稳定性系数分别提高了14.7%和15.8%,含根量为1.0%时,相交分布根系的边坡稳定性系数提高了28.4%。根系分形维数与边坡稳定性系数呈线性关系,利用根系分形维数能够评价边坡稳定性。研究结果可为香根草护坡工程提供参考。

茶树边坡抗冲性能影响因素分析

为研究茶树种植对边坡抗冲性能的作用并探究影响茶树边坡抗冲性能的因素,以远安县某茶场地域环境为对象设计边坡模型,进行冲刷试验、水稳性团聚体分布测定和根系分形扫描。结果显示:1)径流率先增大到峰值再波动并趋于稳定,最大径流率表现为茶树边坡(1.224)<原生植被边坡(1.280)<素土边坡(1.398);2)茶树边坡抗冲系数比原生植被边坡和素土边坡分别提升12.8%和53.2%;3)边坡土壤水稳性团聚体含量表现为茶树边坡>原生植被边坡>素土边坡;4)茶树发育情况整体优于原生植被,具体表现在覆盖度(茶树95%>原生植被87%)和分形维数2方面。经分析,茶树种植有利于提升边坡抗冲性能,抗冲性能受植被覆盖度、根系发育情况、水稳性团聚体含量、冲刷时间和冲刷深度的影响。

Advances in experimental methods for root system architecture and root development

Plant roots play important roles in acquisition of water and nutrients, storage, anchoring, transport, and symbiosis with soil microorganisms, thus quantitative researches on root developmental processes are essential to understand root functions and root turnover in ecosystems,and at the same time such researches are the most difficult because roots are hidden underground. Therefore, how to investigate efficiently root functions and root dynamics is the core aspect in underground ecology. In this article, we reviewed some experimental methods used in root researches on root development and root system architecture, and summarized the advantages and shortages of these methods. Based on the analyses, we proposed three new ways to more understand root processes：（1） new experimental materials for root development;（2） a new observatory system comprised of multiple components, including many observatory windows installed in field, analysis software,and automatic data transport devices;（3） new techniques used to analyze quantitatively functional roots.

Effect of Acid Treatment on Root Architecture in Seedlings of <i>Malus hupehensis</i>var. <i>pingyiensis</i>

The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of acid treatment on root morphology and architecture in seedlings of Malus hupehensis var. pingyiensis. The rootstock seedlings were cultured in 1/2 Hoagland nutrient solutions of different pH (pH 4, pH 4.5, pH 5 and pH 6), respectively. The parameters of root architecture were measured in the day 4, 8 and 12 with the professional WinRHIZO 2007. Compared with the control (pH 6), the treatments significantly decreased the fractal dimension, length, diameter, surface area and volume of roots in day 8 and 12, and they kept decreasing followed the increase of the acidity and treatment time. The growth of lateral roots was more susceptible to acid treatment than taproots. In addition, the acid treatment mainly inhibited the growth of rootlets, significantly decreased the proportion of rootlets that changed the composition of roots, and then simplified the space structure of roots.

Ecological adaptation of Reaumuria soongorica root system architecture to arid environments

The architectural parameters of Reaumuria soongorica root system in different habitats of Gansu Province, China were analyzed to examine its ecological adaptability to arid environments. Results show that： （1） Topological indices of R. Soongorica root sys- tem are small in all habitats, and root branching pattem tends to be dichotomous. Also, the indices gradually increase in the Min- qin windblown sand region and the Zhangye Gobi region in Hexi Corridor, which indicates that drought tends to produce her- ringbone-like root branching pattems. （2） Fractal dimension values ofR. Soongorica root system are small and not obvious in the Minqin windblown sand region and the Zhangye Gobi region in Hexi Corridor, with values of 1.1778 and 1.1169, respectively. Fractal dimension values are relatively large in Jiuzhoutai semi-arid hilly and gully region of the Loess Plateau, which indicates that the R. Soongorica root system has better fractal characteristics in this region than in the other regions. （3） Total branching ra- tios of the R. Soongorica root system in arid regions of Hexi Corridor are smaller than that in the Jiuzhoutai semi-arid hilly and gully region of the Loess Plateau. This shows that root branching ability in the semi-arid region is stronger, and it decreases to some degree with increased drought. （4） The root connection lengths of R. soongorica root system are long in all habitats, but there are significant length differences between the different habitats. The root connection length at the Minqin windblown sand region is the longest. It is concluded that R. soongoriea adapts to arid environments by decreasing root branching, decreasing root overlap and increasing root connection length, which makes its root branching pattern tend to be herringbone-like to reduce com- petition in root internal environment for nutrients and to enhance root absorption rate of nutrients, and ensure effective nutrition space. Thus the roots can absorb enough water and nutrients in resource-poor settings to ensure normal physiological requirements.

低磷胁迫对红豆草根系构型的影响

为研究低磷胁迫对红豆草根系构型的影响,本试验采用营养液沙培法,对生长80 d的5份红豆草材料进行常规磷(1.00 mmol·L^(-1) KH_(2)PO_(4),NP)和低磷胁迫处理(0.01 mmol·L^(-1) KH_(2)PO_(4),LP),分别在处理后0、12 d和24 d采样分析根系平面几何构型和立体几何构型的差异。结果表明,低磷胁迫下,供试红豆草根长增大,磷敏感红豆草6在胁迫12 d和24 d时增幅最大,分别较胁迫0 d增加了25.60%、35.06%,而其根表面积、根体积、根平均直径和根尖数的增长明显受到抑制,且随胁迫天数增加,抑制效果显著。随胁迫天数的增加,供试材料的最长根系通道内部连接总数增加,根系外部连接总数减少,胁迫24 d时,耐低磷红豆草5的外部连接总数降幅最大,较胁迫0 d下降了26.49%;供试材料的拓扑指数均较小,接近0.5,根系构型接近叉状分支,随胁迫时间的延长,拓扑指数增大,根系构型有向鱼尾形过渡的趋势,胁迫24 d时,与NP相比,耐低磷红豆草5和10295的拓扑指数增幅最大,分别为12.85%和12.91%;各材料分形维数随着胁迫天数的增加而增大,分形丰度则降低,胁迫24 d时,耐低磷红豆草5的分形维数增幅最大,分形丰度降幅最小,分别较胁迫0 d增加5.71%和降低4.69%。表明耐低磷红豆草5通过改变根系构型适应逆境条件的能力更强。

Determination of Energetic and Geometric Properties of Plant Roots Specific Surface from Adsorption/Desorption Ishoterm

Background and Aims: Structure and composition of plant roots surfaces are extremely complicated. Water vapor adsorption/desorption isotherm is a powerful tool to characterize such surfaces. The aim of this paper is to present theoretical approach for calculating roots surface parameters as adsorption energy, distribution of surface adsorption centers, as well as roots geometric and structure parameters as surface fractal dimension, nanopore sizes and size distributions on example of experimental isotherms of roots of barley taken from the literature. This approach was up to date practically not applied to study plant roots. Methods: Simplest tools of theoretical analysis of adsorption/desorption isotherms are applied. Results: Parameters characterizing energy of water binding, surface complexity and nanopore system of the studied roots were calculated and compared to these of the soils. Some possible applications of root surface parameters to study plant-soil interactions are outlined. Conclusions: Physicochemical surface parameters may be important for characterizing root surface properties, their changes in stress conditions, as well as for study and model plant processes. Physicochemical and geometrical properties of plant roots differ from these of the soils.

永定河典型护岸植被土壤水分入渗特征及影响因素

为探究永定河岸坡缓冲带不同护岸植被覆盖下土壤水分入渗状况及植被根系对其影响,为区域河岸带生态修复和水资源保护提供参考,选取永定河流域典型护岸植被柳树林、荆条林、狗尾草地为研究对象,通过亮蓝染色法结合Photoshop、Image Pro6.0等图像处理技术,基于分形维数和多指标评价法定量评价了优先流发育程度,并探讨了不同植被根系对优先流的影响。结果表明:①研究区3种植被类型覆盖地土壤均存在水分优先入渗现象,土壤染色面积比随土层深度增加而逐渐减小,柳树林地平均染色面积比(38.32%)最大,为荆条林地和狗尾草地的1.11倍和1.37倍。狗尾草地的长度指数、优先流分数均显著低于柳树林地(P<0.05),3种植被覆盖地基质流深度无显著差异。②以优先流评价指数和分形维数评价优先流发育程度的结果呈一致,为柳树林地>荆条林地>狗尾草地,柳树林地的湿润锋迹线破碎化程度最高,优先流发育最显著。③有机质、非毛管孔隙度和根长密度对水分入渗均具有显著影响,总根长密度、非毛管孔隙度与染色面积比呈显著正相关,≥1 mm根系根长密度、有机质含量与分形维数呈显著正相关。3种植被覆盖地染色面积比和根长密度关系曲线拟合较好。总之,在外界条件相同的情况下,柳树林地水分优先入渗现象最明显;植物根系的径级、密度对优先流的发育具有显著影响,≥1 mm根系越丰富优先流现象越明显,而径级<1 mm的根系主要促进表层土壤水分均匀入渗。

镉与聚乙烯微塑料胁迫对小白菜根系的形态特征和分形维数的影响

根系是植物适应环境条件的重要器官,分形维数是快速准确的评估根系形态特征的有效方法,尤其是在胁迫下评估植物根系对水分和养分吸收及植物生长贡献分析具有重要意义。为探讨重金属镉及聚乙烯微塑料对小白菜根系生长的影响,采用盆栽实验,研究了不同添加质量分数下(镉:0、10、20 mg·kg^(-1);聚乙烯:0、18、36 g·kg^(-1))两种污染物对小白菜根系形态的影响。运用根系分析仪的图像分析系统来研究受镉和聚乙烯胁迫 90 d 的小白菜的根系形态。采用分形分析的方法对小白菜根系进行描述,并确定镉和聚乙烯的添加对根系的分形维数的影响。结果表明,镉和聚乙烯添加会促进根系的分生能力,增加根系的分形维数,同时在不同浓度的镉和聚乙烯胁迫下,小白菜会形成不同的根系构型。在低浓度胁迫下,小白菜通过增加根系比表面积,减小根平均直径和根体积,促进细根发育来适应胁迫环境。在高浓度胁迫下,小白菜通过增加根长、根表面积、比表面积和比根长,增加根尖数,减小根平均直径,促进细根发育来适应胁迫环境。镉和聚乙烯胁迫影响小白菜根系的分形能力,使得分形维数介于 1.55—1.70 之间变化。镉浓度对分形维数有显著影响,而聚乙烯对分形维数的影响差异性不显著。基本根系形态与分形维数的变化呈正相关,且分形维数对根直径和根体积的影响更大。该研究揭示了在重金属和微塑料胁迫下,植物会通过构建不同的根系构型来适应土壤环境;实验结果还间接证明了微塑料对重金属有一定的吸附作用。

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地几种植物根系分形特征

在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地采用全根挖掘法挖掘河西菊(Hexinia polydichotoma(Ostenf.)H. L.Yang)、沙拐枣(Calligonum roborovskii A.Los.)、罗布麻(Apocynum venetum L.)、阿克苏牛皮消(Cynanchum amplexicaule Hemsl)根系。运用分形理论对其分形特征进行研究,分析根系分支状况以及根系分形特征与拓扑特征之间的关系。研究发现:(1)在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地,四种植物根系具有很好的分形特征,分形维数大小与拓扑参数连接总数、外部连接数之间具有较好的相关关系。(2)根丰度是描述根系在土层中扩展能力的有效指标,与根系长度、平均连接长度之间具有很好的指数关系分别可以用以下方程表示:y_1=2.7 694e^(1.5 496x),y_2=0.0 369e^(2.0 267x)(其中y_1、y_2分别为总根长、平均连接长度,R^2分别为:0.9 353、0.9 832),根丰度直接反映了根系空间占有能力与营养物质的吸收效率。通过对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地四种植物根系分支状况与分形特征的研究表明,分形理论可以很好的反映根系空间占有能力与资源吸收效率,所以说分形理论是对根系几何、功能特征进行定量化研究的有效方法。

混播方式对豆禾混播草地植物根系构型特征的影响

为从地下根系方面阐明红豆草与无芒雀麦型混播草地高效生产机制,将种群空间距离(行距)、种群空间作用方式(同行/异行/异行阻隔)作为地下根系竞争环境的变化因素,从根系的几何形态、拓扑结构和分形特征分析和比较2种牧草在竞争生境中根系构型的变化。结果表明:1)异行混播和行距增大使2种牧草地上生物量增加,无芒雀麦的根系生物量和根冠比也增加,但红豆草的根系生物量和根冠比变化不明显。2)异行混播+行距增大使无芒雀麦≤0.16mm的细根增加,红豆草0.16~0.50 mm的根系增加,从而增加了根长、根表面积和比根长;异行混播+阻隔使得2种牧草的根系直径增加,从而使得根系体积和比根面积增加。3)2种牧草在不同混播方式下拓扑指数(TI)均接近于1,修正拓扑指数(qa)大于0.5,分支结构均为鱼尾状分支;随着种群空间距离的增加,2种牧草根系的拓扑结构有向叉状分支方向发展的趋势。4)2种牧草的根长、根表面积与根系生物量和地上生物量均呈线性的正相关关系,其他根系形态参数与根系生物量相关性显著,而与地上生物量、根冠比相关性不显著。因此,种群的空间距离、种群的空间作用方式改变了混播群体地下根系的竞争环境,其通过形态、拓扑结构和分形的可塑性来响应种间竞争关系变化,采取了拓展空间和高效利用水分养分的生态适应策略。

长江上游暗针叶林生态系统主要树种的根系结构与土体稳定性研究

根系结构不同 ,其固持土体的能力存在很大差异。利用分形理论对不同根系结构稳定土体的能力进行了量化比较 ,结果表明 :(1)长江上游暗针叶林生态系统中主要树种根系都表现出了较为明显的分形结构特征 ,高山柳(Salix sp.)的根系结构最复杂 ,具有多层次细微分枝结构 ,分形维数最大 ,达 1.73 5 6 75 ,冬瓜杨 (Populuspurdomii)次之 ,为 1.6 0 16 6 ,峨眉冷杉 (Abiesf abri)分枝结构简单 ,以侧行主根为主 ,分形维数仅为 1.4 4 93 8,并且根系的分形维数随着其年龄的增长而增大。(2 )根系结构与稳定土体的能力明显相关 ,根系直径或树干基径与根系抗拉阻力受环境条件的影响 ,关系较为复杂 ;而根系分形维数更能揭示根系的结构与发育动态 ,根系分形维数与抗拉阻力的对数呈比较稳定的指数函数关系。(3 )峨眉冷杉根系结构简单 ,垂直根系较少 ,且分布层次较浅 ,在冰碛物环境中可以通过在岩石中迂回缠绕而从较大范围内将岩石、土壤等压在其下 ,但结构较为散乱 ;而冬瓜杨以垂直分布为主 ,分布层次较深 ,毛根很发达 ,土壤颗粒间的粘结程度较好 ,二者结合配置将有助于改良土壤结构 ,防治水土流失 。

不同水分条件下银叶椴根系的分形特征

应用分形理论研究植物根系的形态结构特征和生理功能。通过对不同水分条件下4年生盆栽银叶椴根系的分形维数值及根丰度和根系长度等进行研究发现:水涝处理根系的分形维数值最小,干旱胁迫也使分形维数变小,先干旱后复水促使维数值变大。随着水分胁迫程度的增加,银叶椴的根丰度变小,但差异不显著,根系长度变小并且各处理之间差异显著。同时分析在不同水分条件下根系活力的变化,并对根系活力与分形维数值及根丰度和根系长度等进行了相关分析,结果表明根系活力与这些指标都呈显著的正相关关系。

杨树插穗根系的分形特征

Rooting characteristics of forest trees is an important trait both for silviculture and also for genetic improvement,but its progress which was made on its improvement was rather small due to the complexity and heavy work for rooting traits measurement.Fractal theory provided a new idea and also a method to deal with such complicated traits.The rooting characteristics based on cuttings of 46 poplar clones were investigated,poplar cuttings were cultivated in two kinds of medium,perlite and fresh water.Pictures were took for each cutting with a digit camera and then edited with Photoshop 6.0,Fractal dimensions were obtained for each picture by the software(FDC1.0).For the two rooting traits(length,dry mass)investigated,there were significant differences existed among clones.The variation ranges of fractal dimension of cuttings were 1.173～1.533 for 46 clones cultivated in perlite,and 1.513～1.814 for 34 clones cultivated in water.A significant positive correlation was found between fractal dimension and dry mass of roots,thus,fractal dimension might be a substitutive index for rooting characteristics.In general,the more the cutting roots,the bigger the fractal dimension.

土壤水分和接种VA菌根对构树根系形态和分形特征的影响

Effects of Glomus mosseae and water stress on morphology and fractal characteristic of root system in Broussonetia papyrifera were studied in this paper based on scanner-based image analysis. The results showed that drought and VAM inoculation had a large, significant effect on plant development. Biomass, total length, surface area, volume, number of root nodes, average diameter and fractal dimension of root system in B. papyrifera decreased with the reduction of soil moisture, while they were increased by VAM inoculation. Special root length in non-AM plants increased when soil moisture was reducing, but it was decreased by VAM inoculation. It was concluded that G. mosseae inoculation improved the drought resistance of B. papyrifera, especially in moderate stressed conditions. The contribution of AM symbiosis to plant to avoid the stress or to increase its tolerance might be the result of modification of root morphology and fractal character.

分形理论在植物根系结构研究中的应用

根系结构是影响植物生长的重要因素 ,本文首次探讨了分形模型在植物根系结构研究中的应用 ,并以马尾松为例分析了马尾松根系结构与分形维数的关系。结果表明 :马尾松细根含量越低、根桩含量越高、生长越好 ,分形维数越小 ;根系结构的各径级含量、根桩量以及胸径、树高与植物根系结构分形维数之间存在显著的回归关系。分形模型可以应用于植物根系结构特征的研究 。

氮磷钾营养亏缺对玫瑰幼苗根构型的影响

以玫瑰(Rosa Rugosa)实生苗为试材,在砂培条件下研究氮磷钾营养亏缺对玫瑰幼苗根系总长度、表面积、体积、根尖数、分枝角度、分形维数等根构型参数与根系活力的影响。研究结果表明:氮磷钾营养亏缺条件下,玫瑰幼苗细根数量占总根量的比例降低;侧根密度增大;根系直径变大;分枝角度整体增大,根系趋向水平分布;根系活力显著下降,比对照分别下降19.08%、29.96%和55.59%;根系分形维数减小;其中缺氮或缺磷处理后,玫瑰幼苗侧根数量和长度、根系总长度、表面积、根系体积明显增大,缺钾与之相反,比对照分别下降了8.70%、53.95%、47.75%、55.91%和47.50%;缺钾比缺氮、缺磷处理的根系活力和分形维数下降得更多。因此,氮磷钾营养亏缺与玫瑰根构型的构建有很大的关联,玫瑰因氮磷钾营养亏缺而形成不同的根构型,这有利于根系对营养元素的吸收利用,促进玫瑰生长。