Antioxidant Properties of Rosemary and Its Potential Uses as Natural Antioxidant in Dairy Products—A Review

Dairy products contain lipids rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and their esters are easily oxidized by molecular oxygen over time. Deleterious changes in dairy products caused by lipid oxidation include not only loss of flavour or development of off-flavours, but also loss of colour, nutrient value, and the accumulation of compounds, which may be detrimental to the health of consumers. One of the most effective ways of retarding lipid oxidation in dairy products is to incorporate antioxidants. Sometimes synthetic phenolic antioxidant, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) are used to delay this oxidation. Supplementation dairy products with natural antioxidants (polyphenolic compounds) are better using than synthetic antioxidant and could be potentially. The use of rosemary as natural antioxidant in dairy products can reduce the rate of lipid oxidation and hydrolysis besides may be beneficial in increasing the shelf life of these products. This supplementation will move these products into the functional food area under new category as healthy dairy products. This literature review covers the research that has focused on rosemary as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent that can inhibit the lipid oxidation and have health benefits by preventing carcinogens from binding to DNA, fight and stop pain. In this review, we survey the previous studies that were conducted on the application of rosemary extract as an antioxidant to extend the shelf life and to minimize nutritional losses of dairy product.

Effects of Different Matrix Formulations and NAA Concentrations on Rosemary Cuttings

[Objective] The effects of different matrix formulations and NAA concentra-tions on the growth of roots and survival rate of rosemary cuttings were investigat-ed. [Method] The randomized block design was adopted. There were 9 formulations of matrix and 4 concentrations of NAA in the test. The survey and determination data was analyzed by Excel. [Result] For rosemary cuttings, the roots of Treatment 7 （turfy soil∶perlite=3∶2） had the best growth with the highest survival rate of nearly 100%. The roots of rosemary cuttings had the best growth for 150 mg/L of NAA with the highest survival rate of 88.9%. [Conclusion] For rosemary cuttings, the op-timal matrix formulation was turfy soil∶perlite=3∶2, and the optimal NAA concentration was 150 mg/L.

The Effects of Rosemary (<i>Rosmarinus officinalis</i>) Leaves Powder on Glucose Level, Lipid Profile and Lipid Perodoxation

Introduction: Various herbs have been used as treatment and prevention for several chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and triglyceridemia;one of those herbs is Rosemary, which has biological antioxidant mechanisms. Rosemary is a thorny Rhamnaceous plant which is widely distributed in Europe and South-Eastern Asia. It’s used in traditional medicine for its therapeutic properties. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) leaves powder on glucose level and lipid profile in human. Material and Methods: Forty eight adults’ men and women participated in this study which has been carried out in the UOK University. The participants were randomly selected and divided into 3 groups. The first group was given 2 g/day of Rosemary leaves powder, the second group was given 5 g/day of Rosemary leaves powder while the third group was given 10 g/day of Rosemary leaves powder for a period of 4 weeks. Blood samples were analyzed for glucose, lipid profile and antioxidant at the beginning and the end of the study and the results were statistically analyzed. Results: The results indicated that a significant decrease in blood glucose level in the groups given 5 g and 10 g of the herb powder was observed but the difference was more significant in the group given 10 g/day. Values for total cholesterol and triglycerides were very significantly lower in the three treated groups. LDL-C level was significantly lower in the group given 10 g of the herb powder, while the increased levels of HDL-C was statistically significant in the group that was given 10 g/day. With regard to lipid peroxidation, giving 10 g/day of Rosemary leaves powder decreased significantly MDA and GR values whereas significantly increases the values of vitamin C and β carotene. Conclusion: In conclusion Rosmarinus officinalis appears to improve not only hyperglycemia but also dyslipidemia in a dose dependent manner and decreases lipid peroxidation through increasing antioxidants levels and this will reduce the risk of chronic disease such as cardiovascular disease.

Anti-inflammation Activities of Essential Oil and Anti-microbial Activities Of Ethanol Extraction from China's Rosemary

Rosemary(Rosmarius officinalis L.), an endemic plant species in south region of China, is traditionally used as a spice. In this research, the anti-inflammatory activities of essential oil and the antibacterial activities of ethanol extraction were determined, respectively. Results showed that based on the GC-MS analysis there were 35 kinds of active ingredients in the essential oil in totally, mainly including D-limonene(24.158 ml/L), α-Pinene(23.325 ml/L), Camphor(9.855 ml/L),Camphene(7.076 ml/L), Verbenone(6.685 ml/L), Borneol(5.580 ml/L), etc. The LCUV determination indicated that the main components in the ethanol extractionwere rosmarinic acid(3 910 mg/kg) and carnosic acid(2 970 mg/kg). By mice peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis of chicken erythrocytes experiment, the essential oil of rosemary was shown having a significant role in anti-inflammation. And the ethanol extraction had broad-spectrum antibacterial effects, but had no effect on mold by the agar diffusion method of 8 bacteria. As a result, both rosemary essential oil and ethanol extraction had good potential medicinal values.

Any Sense in Classroom Scents? Aroma of Rosemary Essential Oil Significantly Improves Cognition in Young School Children

The inhalation of the aroma of Rosemary essential oil has been shown to enhance cognition in healthy adults. In this independent groups design study we exposed forty schoolchildren aged nine to eleven years to either Rosemary aroma or no aroma in a classroom setting where they completed standardised tests of working memory in fifteen minute procedure. Analysis of the data revealed that performance on the Immediate serial recall, Sentence span, and Counting span tasks were significantly better in the Rosemary aroma condition and possessed medium to large effect sizes. This is the first study to demonstrate such effects in children and suggests that the potential for enhancement is greater than in adults. The findings are discussed in terms of the potential for improving academic attainment through natural interventions and the possible mechanisms behind such effects.

Microencapsulation of Rosemary Essential Oil by Co-Extrusion/Gelling Using Alginate as a Wall Material

An essential oil is the volatile lipophilic component extracted from plants. Microencapsulation systems protect the essential oil from degradation and evaporation, and at the same time allow a sustained release. This work analyzed and characterized the rosemary essential oil microcapsules prepared by co-extrusion technique using alginate as wall material and calcium chloride as cross linker. Several instrumental techniques were used: optical microscopy, coulter counter, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), termogravimetric analysis (TGA), spectrophotometry, antimicrobial test and chromatography. Results show that rosemary oil has pesticidal properties, and its microencapsulation allows knowing that these properties remain inside the microcapsules.

Impact of a Dietary Supplement Containing Rosemary and Daylily on Biochemical Markers of Cognitive Health, Sleep Quality and Related Variables in Men and Women

Background: We investigated the influence of a botanical agent to improve sleep quality and associated measures in men and women with self-reported difficulty sleeping. Methods: 32 individuals were randomly assigned in double blind manner to ingest a botanical agent (CLOCK?, containing Rosemary [Rosmarinus officinalis] and Daylily [Hemerocallis fulva]) or a placebo over a 6-week intervention. During weeks 1 and 2, subjects ingested one serving of the assigned condition, followed by a two-week washout. During weeks 5 and 6, subjects ingested two servings of the condition. The Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire was used as an outcome measure, as were subjective measures of sleep quality, energy level, and mood. Blood samples collected pre- and post-intervention were assayed for acetylcholine (ACH), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), irisin, and melatonin. Results: No differences were noted between conditions in measures of sleep (p > 0.05). While no differences of statistical significance were noted in subjective feelings, during weeks 5 and 6 as compared to baseline, subjects assigned to the supplement noted an 8% increase in attentiveness, an 11% increase in alertness, a 12% increase in focus, a 14% increase in feeling energetic, a 12% increase in enthusiasm, a 23% increase in feeling well rested, an 11% decrease in feeling sluggish, and a 16% decrease in feeling depressed, without the same improvement observed for subjects in the placebo group. All biochemical measures were increased from pre- to post-treatment with two servings of the supplement;the largest percent increase noted for BDNF (27%) and the largest effect size noted for irisin (d = 1.36). Biochemical values for the placebo condition were unchanged. Conclusions: CLOCK? may have an impact on certain measurements of mood, with a significant impact on the biochemical marker, BDNF. Future studies using a larger sample size and perhaps a cross-over design may help to further clarify the impact of this dietary supplement on aspects of sleep quality, mood, and other related variables.

Effect of Three Different Growth Media on Yield and Oil Constituents of Rosemary （Rosmarinus officinalis L.） under Protected Agriculture Conditions

Medicinal plants provide an important source of cure since ancient time. Poor soil resources, scarce and saline water and the harsh environment limited the production of plants in the Arabian Gulf countries. This study aimed to investigate the production potential of rosemary （Rosmarinus officinalis L.） grown on different growth media under greenhouse conditions. Three growth media agricultural soil, compost and hydroponic system were used, whereas tuff （inert volcanic material） was used as substrate. The result indicated that the high salinity of the agricultural soil limited growth and oil yield in rosemary. Shoot height increased in 11 weeks, by 62%, 65% and 114% in plants grown in agricultural soil, hydroponic system and compost, respectively. Na content in plants grown in agricultural soil was significantly higher than in plants grown in the other treatment. Essential oil yield in plants grown in compost exceeded those in agricultural soil by 114%. Essential oil content （0.66%-1.5% w/w） and chemical constituents concentrations did not change significantly with growth media. The main constituents, more or less, are comparable to essential oils constituents reported from other countries. In comparison, better yields are obtained for individual components of the oils of plants grown under our green house conditions. This study demonstrated the great potential of commercial production of rosemary in the greenhouse without compromising the oil quality and oil yield.

Antioxidant Action of Rosemary and Oregano Extract in Pre-Cooked Meat Hamburger

The main goal is to compare the antioxidant potential of rosemary and oregano natural extracts in precooked beef burger by assessing the lipid oxidation extent and sensory analysis. Five formulations (F) of hamburger were prepared from beef and mechanically separated as follows: meat containing sodium erythorbate (F1);deodorized rosemary extract (F2);oregano extract (F3);rosemary plus oregano extracts (F4) and without antioxidant addition, denominated control formulation (CF). The samples were frozen at ?18°C for 24 hours, then submitted to heat treatment in an electric oven with internal controlled temperature of 75°C, and again frozen for a period of 30 days. The lipid oxidation extent (determined by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances— TBRS) was evaluated at 0, 15 during 30 days. After heating in plate to temperature of 75°C, the samples were submitted to color, taste and odor evaluation by 40 untrained tasters. The formulations F1, F2 and F4 presented lower concentrations of TBRS, whereas CF at day zero already showed very high values, indicating oxidation of the product. The samples showed good acceptance in the sensorial analysis.

Antifungal activity of chemotype essential oils from rosemary against <i>Candida albicans</i>

Oral candidiasis is caused by Candida albicans. The symptoms including pain in the oral cavity affect our eating function. While some antifungal agents are commonly used for the treatment of candidiasis, occasional consumption of the effective dose cannot be tolerated due to side effects. There is also a possibility of induction of antifungal resistance, thus the development of replacement agents has been awaited. We aim to explore antimicrobial activities of essential oils. We evaluated the antifungal activities against C. albicans of essential oils from seven aromatic plants from three manufacturers, and of three chemotype essential oils from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). As a result, we found that the antifungal activity was increased several times by the addition of Tween 80. All the tested essential oils showed stable antifungal activity, however, the variation was observed among the manufacturers of rosemary and eucalyptus. Rosemary has three chemotypes;CINEOL, CAMPHOR and VERBENON. They derived from a same plant species, but contain different chemical components. The CINEOL, dose-dependently decreased the number of C. albicans in the time-kill assay. Hence we concluded that the components of rosemary essential oil would have an effect on its antifungal activity. A chemotype is the first to consider in measuring antifungal activities of rosemary oil.

Lamiaceae Peppermint Oil with Surfactant Showing Equal Antifungal Activity against <i>Candida albicans</i>to Rosemary Chemotype CINEOL

Oral candidiasis causes pain in oral cavity or tongue. Antifungal drugs are commonly used for the treatment of candidiasis, however, there could be several problems such as side effects, drug resistance, or contraindication to concomitant use with drugs already taken. The development of substituting antimicrobial agents, which could be used internally or as gargling agents, is expected. Some essential oils have been known for the activities against microbes. We focused on the three chemotype essential oils from rosemary and five essential oils from Lamiaceae plants including rosemary, and examined their antifungal activity against Candida albicans by broth microdilution method. The activity with or without addition of Tween 80 or Tween 20 was statistically analyzed. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the essential oils were significantly decreased when either of the two surfactants was added. Among the tested oils, only CAMPHOR, a rosemary chemotype, showed a significantly lower MIC with addition of Tween 20 than Tween 80. It is inferred that the antifungal activity of essential oils is influenced by the type of surfactants. Some of the essential oils showed the same values of MIC and the minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) when surfactant was added. Peppermint showed the same MICs and MFCs in most cases, and its low MFC indicated potent fungicidal activity against C. albicans, as observed in CINEOL. We will discuss peppermint oil as one of the potential candidates for antifungal agents against C. albicans.

Rosemary and Oregano Essential Oils as Natural Antioxidant to Preserve Pistachio Puree

In this study,the effect of adding essential oil from different plants on prolonging the shelf life of pistachio puree was investigated.For this purpose,Rancimat method,which is one of the accelerated shelf-life test(ASLT)methods,was used to determine the effect of oregano(OO)and rosemary(RO)essential oils on the oxidative stability of pistachio puree.Butylated hydroxyanisole(BHA)and the control sample were used for the comparison.Concentrations used for essential oils and synthetic antioxidants were 150,300 and 600 ppm and 150 ppm,respectively.The conductivity was followed at three temperatures,110,120 and 130℃,with the addition of essential oils and BHA to pistachio puree during ASLT.Pistachio puree with essential oils showed protection against the lipid oxidation process.As the temperature increased induction time was significantly decreased during ASLT(p<0.05).The same concentrations of essential oils and BHA were also added into pistachio puree to observe the change in peroxide value(PV)and free fatty acid(FFA)value under normal storage temperatures 15,25 and 40℃.The PV and FFA increase were lower in RO,OO and BHA added pistachio puree samples during 8-month storage(p<0.05).Six hundred(600)ppm of RO added sample had an antioxidative effect as much as 150 ppm BHA added sample for both ASLT and normal storage conditions.These essential oils could be used as natural antioxidants in foods with high lipid content increasing the shelf life of these products.

Evaluating Biotic Elicitation with Phenylalanine and/or Yeast for Rosemary (<i>Rosmarinus officinals</i>L.) Sustainable Improvement under Traditional and Organic Agriculture

Rosemary (Rosmrinus officinals) is one of the most important medicinal plants was cultivated for two subsequent seasons field experiment trial (March 2018, 2019) designed as factorial split-plot design with three replicates. The main factor 4 biotic elicitors: control (E1), phenylalanine (E2), yeast (E3) and (E4), E2 + F3 Whereas, the sub-main factor, four fertilizers: (F1) NPK, (F2) 1/2NPK + PGPB and humic acid + PGPB (F3), and moringa dry leaves extract. + PGPB (F4). Statistical analysis for collected data revealed significant promotion for growth traits leading to significant increment biomass yield, secondary metabolites production and quality. Total phenolics, total flavonoids and essential oil its terpenes contents in which solitary, E2, E3 acted positive significant impact while E4exhiboted significant positive impact over E1 whereas, F1-4 achieved significant increment in which, biofertilser f4 > f3 > f2 over NPK biofertilser, while paired E1-4 with F1-4 performed E4E4 exceeded E3F3 exceeded E3F2 that exceeded E1F1. Therefore, multi-repeating elicitation with E2, 3, 4 coupled with Biofertilizers F2, 4 could be considered as eco-friendly innovative reliable practical application for sustainable improvement and sustainable use that exceeded significantly over traditional agriculture NPK alone or 1/2 NPK-PGPB for R. officinals.

A Pilot Study of the Acute Ingestion of No. 1 Rosemary Water: Evidence of Cognitive, Physiological and Subjective Effects in Healthy Adults

This study investigated the potential impact of the acute ingestion of No. 1 Rosemary water—a commercially available carbonated water containing an extract of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). Twenty healthy adults were randomly allocated to consume either 330 ml of No. 1 Rosemary water or plain carbonated water. They then completed a series of subjective measures and cognitive tasks including a fifteen-minute session on a stress inducing multi-tasking framework, followed by a second completion of the subjective measures. Heart rate and blood pressure were monitored throughout the procedure. Given the pilot nature of the study, analysis of the data eschewed significance testing for the calculation of Cohen’s d measure of effect sizes. These revealed a number of small enhancement effects on cognition, consistent with those found previously for the inhalation of the aroma of Rosemary essential oil, and oral administration of dried herb. Of particular interest here are the reduced subjective evaluations of stress, and the blunted physiological reactivity noted for heart rate and blood pressure, which represent novel findings in this area. Taken together the data suggest further investigation of this product is warranted with regard to its potential beneficial properties.

Effect of Rosmarinus officinalis and Origanum majorana extracts on stability of sunflower oil during storage and repeated heating

Both rosemary(Rosmarinus officinalis)and marjoram(Origanum majorana)are abundant in phenolic compounds,exhibiting exceptional antioxidant activity.This study aims to assess the impact of rosemary and marjoram extracts on the stability of sunflower oil during storage and repeated heating.Sunflower oil supplemented with herbal extracts or butylated hydroxytoluene(BHA)at a concentration of 200 ppm was stored for six months under light and dark conditions at room temperature.Peroxide value(PV),p-anisidine value(An-V),and total oxidation(TOTOX)value were measured to monitor lipid oxidation progression.A significant difference(P<0.05)was observed between light and dark storage for all studied samples regarding oxidation parameters.The ethanolic extract of rosemary exhibited higher antioxidant activity compared to BHA and other extracts.Furthermore,sunflower oil supplemented with the ethanolic extract of rosemary underwent weekly treatment at 100℃for 30 min over four consecutive weeks.Although all oxidation indicators increased during repeated heating,the addition of rosemary and marjoram extracts as well as BHA significantly reduced these indicators.These findings demonstrate that both rosemary extracts and marjoram extracts can serve as natural antioxidants in edible oils.

Petroleum ether sub-fraction of rosemary extract improves hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance by inhibiting SREBPs

As a culinary and medicinal herb, rosemary is widely used. The present work aimed to investigate the effects of rosemary extracts on metabolic diseases and the underlying mechanisms of action. Liver cells stably expressing SREBP reporter were used to evaluate the inhibitory effects of different fractions of rosemary extracts on SREBP activity. The obese mice induced by Western-type diet were orally administered with rosemary extracts or vehicle for 7 weeks, the plasma and tissue lipids were analyzed. SREBPs and their target genes were measured by quantitative RT-PCR. We demonstrated that the petroleum ether sub-fraction of rosemary extracts(PER) exhibited the best activity in regulating lipid metabolism by inhibiting SREBPs, while water and n-Bu OH sub-fraction showed the SREBPs agonist-effect. After PER treatment, there was a significant reduction of total SREBPs in liver cells. PER not only decreased SREBPs nuclear abundance, but also inhibited their activity, resulting in decreased expression of SREBP-1c and SREBP-2 target genes in vitro and in vivo. Inhibiting SREBPs by PER decreased the total triglycerides and cholesterol contents of the liver cells. In the mice fed with Western-type diet, PER treatment decreased TG, TC, ALT, glucose, and insulin in blood, and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, PER treatment also decreased lipid contents in liver, brown adipose tissue, and white adipose tissue. Our results from the present study suggested that petroleum ether fraction of rosemary extracts exhibited the best potential of improving lipid metabolism by inhibiting SREBPs activity.

Determination of threshing and separation unit performance of rosemary(Rosmarinus officinalis)plants

Rosemary(Rosmarinus officinalis L.)is an important perennial medicinal and aromatic plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family.Rosemary is widely produced in Turkey for its oil which can be extracted from the plants when flowers are in buds.In Turkey,a significant amount of domestic and foreign trade of rosemary is conducted.In 2018-2020,2088 t of rosemary plants were imported,while in the same years 2077 t were exported.In this study,the performance indexes of a threshing and separating unit designed according to the physicomechanical properties of the rosemary were determined.The operating parameters of the machine were determined at three different moisture contents and adjusted according to the harvest moisture values.The threshing efficiency,work efficiency,power requirement,and specific energy consumption values of the threshing unit were determined,while separating efficiency,work efficiency and specific power consumption of separating unit of the developed system were determined.According to the study results,the threshing efficiency of the rosemary plant varied between 44.00%and 96.97%.Work efficiency of the thresher varied between 1.18 and 15.34 kg/h.Power requirements and specific energy consumption of the threshing unit were obtained as 0.19-1.05 kW and 0.02-0.37 kW·h/h,respectively.On the other hand,the separating efficiency of the separating unit for the rosemary plant varied between 44.27%and 85.24%.Maximum and minimum values of work efficiency were found as 0.75 kg/h and 5.52 kg/h.Specific power consumption of the unit ranged from 3.95 to 39.95 kW/kg.

Particle formulation of hydroalcoholic rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extracts using a spouted bed

In this study,spouted bed technology was applied to the protection and functionalization of polyphenolic rosemary extracts.First,solid-liquid extraction was performed at 25℃with ethanol-water.The ethanol-water ratio was chosen to obtain high phenolic acid and diterpene concentrations in the extract.The selected solvent composition gave liquid extracts that could be directly added to a coating mixture for feeding into a spouted bed apparatus.Thus,no preliminary solvent exchange or evaporation of the extraction solvent to dryness was required.Food grade Paselli MD 6 maltodextrin and HiCap 100 modified starch were used as inert core and shell materials in the spouted bed encapsulation process under mild operating conditions.The antioxidant activity of the fresh extract was retained during processing,which indicated that the active constituents were preserved and quantitatively transferred into the encapsulated formulations,which were readily soluble in water.The obtained powders were composed of nearly spherical particles.Their compositions,water solubilities,and particle morphologies make them a strong candidate for food and beverage applications as natural antioxidants,preservatives,or functional ingredients.

Coming of Age in America Rosemary

Rosemary, Glad to read your answers to the questions raised by the readers across China！Mydaughter is now in the states.she wrote home an email a day.Reading her email hasbeen a great pleasure fot my family.This is her latest message sent from the States:

America's Love-Hate Relation-ship with Its Lawyers Rosemary Adang

Hi American Professor, I’m a law student in China. In association with my field of study, I’d like toshare with you some of my reflections on the current situation here: China hasbeen constructing its legal system since the 1949 liberation and is now adapting itinto the new market economy. Once almost unheard of , the hiring of an