Global optimization for ducted coaxial-rotors aircraft based on Kriging model and improved particle swarm optimization algorithm

To improve the operational efficiency of global optimization in engineering, Kriging model was established to simplify the mathematical model for calculations. Ducted coaxial-rotors aircraft was taken as an example and Fluent software was applied to the virtual prototype simulations. Through simulation sample points, the total lift of the ducted coaxial-rotors aircraft was obtained. The Kriging model was then constructed, and the function was fitted. Improved particle swarm optimization(PSO) was also utilized for the global optimization of the Kriging model of the ducted coaxial-rotors aircraft for the determination of optimized global coordinates. Finally, the optimized results were simulated by Fluent. The results show that the Kriging model and the improved PSO algorithm significantly improve the lift performance of ducted coaxial-rotors aircraft and computer operational efficiency.

Parametric Effect Investigation on Aerodynamic Interaction Characteristics for Tandem Rotors in Forward Flight

An iterative free-wake computational method is developed for the prediction of aerodynamic interaction characteristics between the twin rotors of a tandem helicopter.Here the mutual interaction effects between twin rotors are included,as well as those between the rotor and wake.A rotor wake model,blade aerodynamic model and rotor trim model are coupled during the process of solution.A new dual-rotor trim approach is presented to fit for the aerodynamic interaction calculations between tandem twin rotors.By the present method,the blade aerodynamic loads and rotor performance for the twin rotors under the interactional condition are calculated,and the comparisons with available experimental data are also made to indicate the capability of the proposed method.Then,the effects of such parameters as the longitudinal separation and axial separation between twin rotors on the aerodynamic interaction characteristics are analyzed.Based on the investigation,the conclusions are obtained to be of benefit to the configuration design of tandem rotors.Furthermore,the performance comparison between the tandem rotors and a single rotor is conducted.It is shown that the strongest interaction does not appear in a hover state,but in a low-speed forward flight state.

A novel two-degree-of-freedom spherical ultrasonic motor using three travelling-wave type annular stators

In order to promote the tolerance and controllability of the multi-degree-of-freedom(M-DOF) ultrasonic motor, a novel two-degree-of-freedom(2-DOF) spherical ultrasonic motor using three traveling-wave type annular stators was put forward. Firstly,the structure and working principle of this motor were introduced, especially a spiral spring as the preload applied component was designed for adaptive adjustment. Then, the friction drive model of 2-DOF spherical motor was built up from spatial geometric relation between three annular stators and the spherical rotor which was used to analyze the mechanical characteristics of the motor.The optimal control strategy for minimum norm solution of three stators' angular velocity was proposed, using Moore-Penrose generalized inverse matrix. Finally, a 2-DOF prototype was fabricated and tested, which ran stably and controllably. The maximum no-load velocity and stall torque are 92 r/min and 90 m N·m, respectively. The 2-DOF spherical ultrasonic motor has compact structure, easy assembly, good performance and stable operation.

Parameter identifications for a rotor system based on its finite element model and with varying speeds

In order to achieve prediction for vibration of rotating machinery, an accurate finite element （FE） model and an efficient parameter identification method of the rotor system are required. In this research, a test rig is used as a prototype of a rotor system to validate a novel parameter identification technique based on an FE model. Rotor shaft vibration at varying operating speeds is measured and correlated with the FE results. Firstly, the theories of the FE modelling and identification technique are introduced. Then disk unbalance parameter, stiffness and damping coefficients of the bearing supports on the test rig are identified. The calculated responses of the FE model with identified parameters are studied in comparison with the experimental results.

Hot deformation characteristics of as-cast high-Cr ultra-super-critical rotor steel with columnar grains

Isothermal hot compression tests of as-cast high-Cr ultra-super-critical（USC） rotor steel with columnar grains perpendicular to the compression direction were carried out in the temperature range from 950 to 1250°C at strain rates ranging from 0.001 to 1 s^（-1）. The softening mechanism was dynamic recovery（DRV） at 950°C and the strain rate of 1 s^（-1）, whereas it was dynamic recrystallization（DRX） under the other conditions. A modified constitutive equation based on the Arrhenius model with strain compensation reasonably predicted the flow stress under various deformation conditions, and the activation energy was calculated to be 643.92 kJ ×mol^（-1）. The critical stresses of dynamic recrystallization under different conditions were determined from the work-hardening rate（θ）–flow stress（σ） and-θ/σ–σ curves. The optimum processing parameters via analysis of the processing map and the softening mechanism were determined to be a deformation temperature range from 1100 to 1200°C and a strain-rate range from 0.001 to 0.08 s^（-1）, with a power dissipation efficiency η greater than 31%.

A Simulation Study of Higee Rotor Auto-balancing Based on Iterative Learning Control

Hypergravity technology has a wide application prospect on many industry areas for its powerful ability on multiphase flow transport and reaction.In its long-term operation,vibration control of higee rotor is an important guarantee for high-quality continuous outputs.Offline approach has great influence on continuity of the whole production line.In order to study online auto-balancing control strategy,a mathematical model of higee rotor was established.Then basic Iterative Learning Control(ILC)algorithm and its improved structure based on vector analysis were introduced.Pure injection balancer and electromagnetic balancer were separately used as the actuator.Three different control algorithms(P control using Cohen-Coon parameter tuning law,basic ILC,and improved ILC based on vector analysis)were compared under single eccentric mass disturbance and continuous ones.Simulation results manifested the effects of ILC in rotor auto-balancing control,especially on the "over-control" issue during the balancing process.

Alternating Parity Band in Octupole-Soft ^(140)Xe with Axial Vibrational-Rotational Model and Triaxial Rigid Rotor Model

Energies of the yrast positive-and negative-parity excited states in140 Xe are reproduced by two different models considering quadrupole-octupole deformations, namely the axial vibrational-rotational model and the triaxial rigid rotor model, and compared with the stable octupole-deformed222 Th. The origin of the energy difference between the opposite parity sequences is considered from two different mechanisms, the vibration in axial deformed energy minima and the rotation considering the effective triaxial deformation. The success of reproducing the data in both the models implies that these two mechanisms are equivalent on some level for the octupole-soft nuclei. By investigating the probability distributions for projection of total angular momentum in the triaxial rigid rotor model, it is found that such an energy difference is associated with the difference of orientation of the rotational axis.

A New Hybrid Model Rotor Flux Observer and Its Application

A new hybrid model rotor flux observer, based on a new voltage model, is presented. In the first place, the voltage model of an induction machine was constructed by using the modeling method discussed in this paper and then the current model using a flux feedback was adopted in this flux observer. Secondly, the two models were com- bined via a filter and then the rotor flux observer was established. In the M-T synchronous coordinate, the observer was analyzed theoretically and several important functions were derived. A comparison between the observer and the traditional models was made using Matlab software. The simulation results show that the observer model had a better performance than the traditional model.

A pseudoclassical theory for the wavepacket dynamics of the kicked rotor model

In this study, we propose a generalized pseudoclassical theory for the kicked rotor model in an attempt to discern the footprints of the classical dynamics in the deep quantum regime. Compared with the previous pseudoclassical theory that applies only in the neighborhoods of the lowest two quantum resonances, the proposed theory is applicable in the neighborhoods of all quantum resonances in principle by considering the quantum effect of the free rotation at a quantum resonance. In particular, it is confirmed by simulations that the quantum wavepacket dynamics can be successfully forecasted based on the generalized pseudoclassical dynamics, offering an intriguing example where it is feasible to bridge the dynamics in the deep quantum regime to the classical dynamics. The application of the generalized pseudoclassical theory to the PT-symmetric kicked rotor is also discussed.

Wobbling geometry in a simple triaxial rotor

The spectroscopic properties and angular momentum geometry of the wobbling motion of a simple triaxial rotor are investigated within the triaxial rotor model. The obtained exact solutions of energy spectra and reduced quadrupole transition probabilities are compared to the approximate analytic solutions from the harmonic approximation formula and Holstein-Primakoff formula. It is found that the low lying wobbling bands can be well described by the analytic formulae. The evolution of the angular momentum geometry as well as the K-distribution with respect to the rotation and the wobbling phonon excitation are studied in detail. It is demonstrated that with the increase of the wobbling phonon number, the triaxial rotor changes its wobbling motions along the axis with the largest moment of inertia to the axis with the smallest moment of inertia. In this process, a specific evolutionary track that can be used to depict the motion of a triaxial rotating nucleus is proposed.

Identification method for helicopter flight dynamics modeling with rotor degrees of freedom

A comprehensive method based on system identification theory for helicopter flight dynamics modeling with rotor degrees of freedom is developed. A fully parameterized rotor flapping equation for identification purpose is derived without using any theoretical model, so the confidence of the identified model is increased, and then the 6 degrees of freedom rigid body model is extended to 9 degrees of freedom high-order model. Bode sensitivity function is derived to increase the accuracy of frequency spectra calculation which influences the accuracy of model parameter identification. Then a frequency domain identification algorithm is established. Acceleration technique is developed furthermore to increase calculation efficiency, and the total identification time is reduced by more than 50% using this technique. A comprehensive two-step method is established for helicopter high-order flight dynamics model identification which increases the numerical stability of model identification compared with single step algorithm. Application of the developed method to identify the flight dynamics model of BO 105 helicopter based on flight test data is implemented. A comparative study between the high-order model and rigid body model is performed at last. The results show that the developed method can be used for helicopter high-order flight dynamics model identification with high accuracy as well as efficiency, and the advantage of identified high-order model is very obvious compared with low-order model.

Investigation of the Compressible Flow through the Tip-Section Turbine Blade Cascade with Supersonic Inlet

The contribution deals with the experimental and numerical investigation of compressible flow through the tip-section turbine blade cascade with the blade 54″ long. Experimental investigations by means of optical(interferometry and schlieren method) and pneumatic measurements provide more information about the behaviour and nature of basic phenomena occurring in the profile cascade flow field. The numerical simulation was carried out by means of the EARSM turbulence model according to Hellsten [5] completed by the bypass transition model with the algebraic equation for the intermittency coefficient proposed by Straka and P?íhoda [6] and implemented into the in-house numerical code. The investigation was focused particularly on the effect of shock waves on the shear layer development including the laminar/turbulent transition. Interactions of shock waves with shear layers on both sides of the blade result usually in the transition in attached and/ or separated flow and so to the considerable impact to the flow structure and energy losses in the blade cascade.

Chiral doublet bands and energy-level crossing

Different definitions for chiral doublet bands based on excitation energies, B(E2) and B(M1) respectively are discussed in the triaxial particle rotor model. For the ideal chiral geometry, the selection rules of the electromagnetic transitions in different band definitions are illustrated. It is also shown that the energy-level crossings between chiral doublet bands may occur.

Doublet bands at borders of A ≈ 130 island of chiral candidates: Case study of 120I

Positive-parity doublet bands were reported in 120I.Based on these,we discuss the corresponding experimental characteristics,including rotational alignment,and re-examine the corresponding configuration assignment.The self-consistent tilted axis cranking relativistic mean-field calculations indicate that the doublet bands are built on the configurationπh11/2νh11/2^-1.By adopting the two quasiparticles coupled with a triaxial rotor model,the excitation energies,energy staggering parameter S(I),B(M1)/B(E2),effective angles,and K plots are discussed and compared with available data.The obtained results support the interpretation of chiral doublet bands for the positive-parity doublet bands in 120I,and hence identify this nucleus as the border of the A≈130 island of chiral candidates.

Electromagnetic transitions in multiple chiral doublet bands

Multiple chiral doublet bands （MχD） in the 80, 130 and 190 mass regions are studied by the model of γ=90°triaxial rotor coupled with identical symmetric proton-neutron configurations. By selecting a suitable basis, the calculated wave functions are explicitly exhibited to be symmetric under the operator A, which is defined as rotation by 90° about the 3-axis with the exchange of valance proton and neutron. We found that both M1 and E2 transitions are allowed between levels with different values of A, while they are forbidden between levels with same values of A. Such a selection rule holds true for MχD in different mass regions.

πg_(9/2)νh_(11/2) doublet bands in A～100 mass region

Using the model with one particle and one hole coupled with a triaxial rotor, the πg9/2/1/2νh11/2 doublet bands in the A～100 mass region are studied, and compared with the πg9/2/1/2νh11/2 doublet bands. It is found that the calculated results for the configuration of πg9/2/1/2νh11/2 are very similar the results for a pure h11/2 proton particle and a neutron quasiparticle with λn = ε5. After including the pair correlation, the model describes the candidate chiral doublet bands in 106Rh successfully, which supports the interpretation of chirality geometry.

Systematic study of the product((E(2_2^+)/E(2_1^+)) * B(E2)↑) through the asymmetric rotor model

A systematic study of the product（（E（22^＋）/E（21^＋））＊B（E2）↑） is carried out in the major shell space Z=50-82,N=82-126 within the framework of the asymmetric rotor model where the asymmetry parameter γ0reflects change in the nuclear structure.A systematic study of the product（（E（2^＋）/E（2^＋））＊B（E2）↑） with neutron number N is also discussed.The product（（E（22^＋）/E（21^＋））＊B（E2）↑） provides a direct correlation with the asymmetry parameter γ0.The effect of subshells is visible in Ba-Gd nuclei with N 〉 82,but not in Hf-Pt nuclei with N 〉 104.We study,for the first time,the dependency of the product（（E（22^＋）/E（21^＋））＊B（E2）↑） on the asymmetry parameterγ0.

Description of the candidate chiral doublet bands in ^(98)Tc

The candidate chiral doublet bands in 98 Tc with configuration πg9/2νh11/2 are studied the- oretically for the first time via the triaxial particle rotor model. The main properties of the doublet bands including the energy spectra and electromagnetic transitions are calculated for different triaxiality parameter γ, and the data in 98Tc can be well described by the calculations with γ = 38°. Based on the analysis of angular momentum components, it is found that the chiral rotational geometry in 98Tc deviates from the ideal chiral picture.

Chiral geometry in multiple chiral doublet bands

The chiral geometry of multiple chiral doublet bands with identical configuration is discussed for different triaxial deformation parameters γ in the particle rotor model with πh11/2×γh11/2^-1.The energy spectra,electromagnetic transition probabilities B（M1） and B（E2）,angular momenta,and K-distributions are studied.It is demonstrated that the chirality still remains not only in the yrast and yrare bands,but also in the two higher excited bands whenγ deviates from 30°.The chiral geometry relies significantly on γ,and the chiral geometry of the two higher excited partner bands is not as good as that of the yrast and yrare doublet bands.