Experimental Study on Vortex-Induced Vibration of Rough Risers Coupling with Interference Effect in Tandem Arrangement

In order to study the response law of vortex-induced vibration(VIV)of marine risers under the combined action of roughness and interference effects,and to reveal the coupling mechanism of roughness and interference effects on the riser,a VIV experiment of rough risers in tandem arrangement was conducted in a wave−current combined flume.The experiment characterized the risers’roughness by arranging different specifications of attachments on the surface of the risers.Three rough risers with different roughness and smooth risers were arranged in tandem arrangement,with the rough risers arranged downstream.The experimental results indicate that the suppression of the attachments on the downstream risers’vibration are more significant both in the CF and IL directions as the reduced velocity increases.For the downstream riser,the amplitude response of rough riser is more significantly weakened compared with the smooth one at high reduced velocity.For the upstream risers,changes in the roughness and spacing ratio have an impact on their‘lock-in’region.When the roughness of downstream risers is relatively large(0.1300)and the spacing between risers is small(S/D=4.0),the reduced velocity range of‘lock-in’region in the CF direction of upstream risers is obviously expanded,and the displacement in the‘lock-in’region is severer.

Experimental Study on Vortex-Induced Vibration of Rough Risers with Coupling Interference Effect Under Side-by-Side Arrangement

A vortex-induced vibration(VIV)experiment of rough risers with coupling interference effect under a side-by-side arrangement was carried out in a wave-current combined flume.The roughness of the riser was characterized by arranging different specifications of surface attachments on the surface of the riser.Rough risers with three different roughnesses were arranged side by side with smooth risers to explore the VIV response of the riser under the combined action of roughness and interference effect,and to reveal the coupling mechanism between roughness and interference effect.The experimental results show that,compared with that of a smooth riser,the VIV of a rough riser under the coupling interference effect has a wider"lock-in"region,and the displacement decreases more significantly at a high reduced velocity,which is more likely to excite higher-order modes and frequency responses.In addition,the displacement response and frequency response of the smooth riser are not significantly affected by wake interference from the rough riser,which is caused by the decrease of the wake region due to the delay of the boundary layer separation point of the rough riser.

Theoretical Modeling and Surface Roughness Prediction of Microtextured Surfaces in Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Milling

Textured surfaces with certain micro/nano structures have been proven to possess some advanced functions,such as reducing friction,improving wear and increasing wettability.Accurate prediction of micro/nano surface textures is of great significance for the design,fabrication and application of functional textured surfaces.In this paper,based on the kinematic analysis of cutter teeth,the discretization of ultrasonic machining process,transformation method of coordinate systems and the cubic spline data interpolation,an integrated theoretical model was established to characterize the distribution and geometric features of micro textures on the surfaces machined by different types of ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling(UVAM).Based on the theoretical model,the effect of key process parameters(vibration directions,vibration dimensions,cutting parameters and vibration parameters)on tool trajectories and microtextured surface morphology in UVAM is investigated.Besides,the effect of phase difference on the elliptical shape in 2D/3D ultrasonic elliptical vibration-assisted milling(UEVAM)was analyzed.Compared to conventional numerical models,the method of the cubic spline data interpolation is applied to the simulation of microtextured surface morphology in UVAM,which is more suitable for characterizing the morphological features of microtextured surfaces than traditional methods due to the presence of numerous micro textures.The prediction of surface roughness indicates that the magnitude of ultrasonic amplitude in z-direction should be strictly limited in 1D rotary UVAM,2D and 3D UEVAM due to the unfavorable effect of axial ultrasonic vibration on the surface quality.This study can provide theoretical guidance for the design and fabrication of microtextured surfaces in UVAM.

Longitudinal vibration characteristics of a tapered pipe pile considering the vertical support of surrounding soil and construction disturbance

This research is concentrated on the longitudinal vibration of a tapered pipe pile considering the vertical support of the surrounding soil and construction disturbance.First,the pile-soil system is partitioned into finite segments in the vertical direction and the Voigt model is applied to simulate the vertical support of the surrounding soil acting on the pile segment.The surrounding soil is divided into finite ring-shaped zones in the radial direction to consider the construction disturbance.Then,the shear complex stiffness at the pile-soil interface is derived by solving the dynamic equilibrium equation for the soil from the outermost to innermost zone.The displacement impedance at the top of an arbitrary pile segment is obtained by solving the dynamic equilibrium equation for the pile and is combined with the vertical support of the surrounding soil to derive the displacement impedance at the bottom of the upper adjacent segment.Further,the displacement impedance at the pile head is obtained based on the impedance function transfer technique.Finally,the reliability of the proposed solution is verified,followed by a sensitivity analysis concerning the coupling effect of the pile parameters,construction disturbance and the vertical support of the surrounding soil on the displacement impedance of the pile.

A Hybrid Optimization Approach of Single Point Incremental Sheet Forming of AISI 316L Stainless Steel Using Grey Relation Analysis Coupled with Principal Component Analysiss

We investigated the parametric optimization on incremental sheet forming of stainless steel using Grey Relational Analysis(GRA) coupled with Principal Component Analysis(PCA). AISI 316L stainless steel sheets were used to develop double wall angle pyramid with aid of tungsten carbide tool. GRA coupled with PCA was used to plan the experiment conditions. Control factors such as Tool Diameter(TD), Step Depth(SD), Bottom Wall Angle(BWA), Feed Rate(FR) and Spindle Speed(SS) on Top Wall Angle(TWA) and Top Wall Angle Surface Roughness(TWASR) have been studied. Wall angle increases with increasing tool diameter due to large contact area between tool and workpiece. As the step depth, feed rate and spindle speed increase,TWASR decreases with increasing tool diameter. As the step depth increasing, the hydrostatic stress is raised causing severe cracks in the deformed surface. Hence it was concluded that the proposed hybrid method was suitable for optimizing the factors and response.

基于粗糙注意力融合机制与Group Transformer的视网膜血管分割网络

视网膜血管的形态学变化对早期眼科疾病的诊断具有重要意义,除眼科疾病外,糖尿病、心血管疾病等同样可以通过视网膜血管的形态判别疾病进展。然而,视网膜血管本身具有复杂的组织结构,且易受到光线等因素的影响,对其准确分割并不容易。针对上述问题,提出了一种视网膜血管分割网络。该网络中首先设计了粗糙注意力融合模块(rough attention fusion module,RAFM),该模块基于粗糙集上下近似理论,利用全局最大池化与全局平均池化对注意力系数进行上下限描述,并串行融合通道注意力机制与空间注意力机制;然后,将粗糙注意力融合模块融入Group Transformer U network(GT U-Net),构建一种基于粗糙注意力融合机制与Group Transformer的视网膜血管分割网络;最后,基于公开DRIVE彩色眼底图像数据集进行对比实验,该网络结构在测试集上的准确率、F_(1)分数、AUC值分别达到了0.9631、0.8488和0.9812,与GT U-Net模型相比,F_(1)分数、AUC值分别提升了0.35%、0.21%;与其他当前主流的视网膜血管分割网络进行对比,具有一定优势。

Centrifuge tests for seismic response of single pile foundation supported wind turbines in sand influenced by earthquake history

This paper reports on two sets of centrifuge model tests of wind turbines in dry sand and saturated sand subjected to earthquake sequences.The wind turbine system is composed of a single pile foundation and a wind turbine.All tests were applied with liquefaction experiments and analysis projects(LEAP)waves to simplify the analysis.The objectives of the tests are to investigate:(1)the influence of earthquake history on the seismic response of wind turbines;(2)the influence of earthquake history on the dynamic pile-soil interaction;and(3)the influence of two different foundation types on the seismic response of wind turbines.The tests indicated that earthquake history has a significant influence on the natural frequency of the pile and the soil around the pile in the saturated sand,but has no obvious influence on the dry sand.The shear modulus of the soil and the acceleration amplification factor of the pile top in both tests increased and the maximum bending moment envelope of the single pile foundation shrunk.The stiffness of the p-y curve in saturated sand was increased by the earthquake history,while that in dry sand was not significantly affected.

Research on Surface Roughness of Supersonic Vibration Auxiliary Side Milling for Titanium Alloy

The processed surface contour shape is extracted with the finite element simulation software.The difference value of contour shape change is used as the parameters of balancing surface roughness to construct finite element model of supersonic vibration milling in cutting stability domain.The surface roughness trial scheme is designed in the orthogonal test design method to analyze the surface roughness test result in the response surface methodology.The surface roughness prediction model is established and optimized.Finally,the surface roughness finite element simulation prediction model is verified by experiments.The research results show that,compared with the experiment results,the error range of the finite element simulation model is 27.5%–30.9%,and the error range of the empirical model obtained by the response surface method is between 4.4%and 12.3%.So,the model in this paper is accurate and will provide the theoretical basis for the optimization study of the auxiliary milling process of supersonic vibration.

Field Test Study on Cantilever Circular Occluded Pile Supporting Structure

In order to explore the deformation of the pile body of the circular occluded pile retaining structure under earth pressure, this paper carries out on-site monitoring in combination with the actual project, and obtains the deformation characteristics and change rules of the occluded pile by measuring the strain and displacement of the pile body. The research conclusion can provide a certain reference value for the pile body design of bite pile in similar projects.

Probabilistic seismic design of pile-supported building structure incorporating inherent variability of subsoil and ground motion uncertainty

Seismic failure of structures supported on pile foundation has revealed the importance of seismic soil-foundation-structure interaction(SSFSI)for ensuring safe design.The uncertainties in subsoil properties and seismic loading may lead the problem to be more redundant.In this context,the present study attempts to assess the seismic reliability of pile foundation-supported building structure embedded in inhomogeneous clay layer considering inertial interaction.Shear strength of clay and earthquake loading is considered as spatially variable uncertain parameters.A non-linear soil-pile-structure system was assumed,and Monte Carlo simulation(MCS)was adopted to obtain probabilistic response of the system.First-order reliability method(FORM)is used for reliability assessment.The study indicates significant influence of uncertain parameters on the seismic response of building structure.Further,the influence of material and load uncertainty parameters on the probabilistic seismic response of structure designed following older version of code is higher than counterpart structure designed following recent version.FORM based reliability analysis infers thatserviceability criterion may be the governing parameter for pile foundation design.Moreover,the study also indicates that the curvature ductility demand of pile may be considered another crucial design parameter to assess the reliability of pile foundation.

Investigating the Efficiency Coefficient of Pile Group in Clay Under Two-Way Lateral Load

This research investigates the behavior of a 2×2 pile group under two-directional lateral loads in addition to the vertical load.Through three-dimensional numerical modeling based on Flac 3D software,the study examines the total bearing capacity and efficiency coefficient of the pile group,considering factors such as the angle of lateral load,relative pile spacing,and relative stiffness of the pile-soil system.The findings highlight the significance of these factors in understanding and predicting the response of pile groups to changing lateral load directions.The results reveal that increasing the angle of the lateral load from 0°to 45°enhances both the maximum total lateral load and the efficiency coefficient of the pile group.When the relative stiffness of the pile-soil system significantly increases,soil stiffening occurs and reducing the relative spacing of the piles from 7 to 3 times the diameter of the piles diminishes the influence of the pile group.Consequently,the response of the pile group to lateral loads becomes more linear,with only a slight alteration in the maximum total lateral load and the efficiency coefficient when the lateral load is angled from 0°to 45°.Conversely,increasing the relative distance between the piles,specifically from 3 to 7 times the diameter of the piles,amplifies the influence of the pile group.Both the maximum total lateral load and the efficiency coefficient of the pile group exhibit an observed increase.These provide insights for designing pile groups and optimizing their performance under lateral loading conditions.

Effects of non-liquefiable crust layer and superstructure mass on the response of 2×2 pile groups to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading

In this research,two shake table experiments were conducted to study the effects of non-liquefiable crust layer and superstructure mass on the responses of two sets of 22 pile groups to liquefactioninduced lateral spreading.In this regard,an inclined base layer overlain by a very loose liquefiable layer was constructed in both models;while only in one model,a non-liquefiable crust layer was built.A lumped mass,being representative of a superstructure,was attached to the cap of one pile group in both models.The models were fully instrumented with various sensors,including acceleration,displacement,and pore water pressure transducers.Also,the piles were instrumented with pair strain gauges to measure pure bending moments induced by cyclic and monotonic loadings associated with ground shaking and lateral spreading,respectively.The results showed that the existence of the non-liquefiable crust layer increases both the maximum and residual soil displacements at the free field and also the maximum bending moments in the piles.The results of the experiments indicated that the crust layer induces a high kinematic lateral soil pressure and force on the piles which are not present in the crustless case.The crust layer increases the pile cap displacement before liquefaction,albeit decreases it after liquefaction,due to the elastic rebound of the piles in the liquefiable layer.The crust layer postpones both liquefaction triggering and dissipation of excess pore water pressure.The existence of the superstructure mass on the pile caps decreases the acceleration amplitude of the pile caps,while increases their maximum displacement.

Experimental Research on the Surface Quality of Milling Contour Bevel Gears

Contour bevel gears have the advantages of high coincidence,low noise and large bearing capacity,which are widely used in automobile manufacturing,shipbuilding and construction machinery.However,when the surface quality is poor,the effective contact area between the gear mating surfaces decreases,affecting the stability of the fit and thus the transmission accuracy,so it is of great significance to optimize the surface quality of the contour bevel gear.This paper firstly analyzes the formation process of machined surface roughness of contour bevel gears on the basis of generating machining method,and dry milling experiments of contour bevel gears are conducted to analyze the effects of cutting speed and feed rate on the machined surface roughness and surface topography of the workpiece.Then,the surface defects on the machined surface of the workpiece are studied by SEM,and the causes of the surface defects are analyzed by EDS.After that,XRD is used to compare the microscopic grains of the machined surface and the substrate material for diffraction peak analysis,and the effect of cutting parameters on the microhardness of the workpiece machined surface is investigated by work hardening experiment.The research results are of great significance for improving the machining accuracy of contour bevel gears,reducing friction losses and improving transmission efficiency.

Fusing Supervised and Unsupervised Measures for Attribute Reduction

It is well-known that attribute reduction is a crucial action of rough set.The significant characteristic of attribute reduction is that it can reduce the dimensions of data with clear semantic explanations.Normally,the learning performance of attributes in derived reduct is much more crucial.Since related measures of rough set dominate the whole process of identifying qualified attributes and deriving reduct,those measures may have a direct impact on the performance of selected attributes in reduct.However,most previous researches about attribute reduction take measures related to either supervised perspective or unsupervised perspective,which are insufficient to identify attributes with superior learning performance,such as stability and accuracy.In order to improve the classification stability and classification accuracy of reduct,in this paper,a novel measure is proposed based on the fusion of supervised and unsupervised perspectives:(1)in terms of supervised perspective,approximation quality is helpful in quantitatively characterizing the relationship between attributes and labels;(2)in terms of unsupervised perspective,conditional entropy is helpful in quantitatively describing the internal structure of data itself.In order to prove the effectiveness of the proposed measure,18 University of CaliforniaIrvine(UCI)datasets and 2 Yale face datasets have been employed in the comparative experiments.Finally,the experimental results show that the proposed measure does well in selecting attributes which can provide distinguished classification stabilities and classification accuracies.

Drivability of Large Diameter Steel Cylinders During Hammer-Group Vibratory Installation for the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge

The Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge(HZMB)involved the installation of 120 mega-cylinders with a diameter of 22 m,weights up to 513 t,and penetration depths up to 33 m using an eight-vibratory hammer group.Due to the lack of engineering experience on the drivability of large-diameter cylinders under multiple vibratory hammers,predicting the penetration rate and time of steel cylinders is an open challenge that has a considerable impact on the construction control of the HZMB.In this study,the vibratory penetration of large-diameter steel cylinders in the HZMB is investigated based on geological surveys,field monitoring,and drivability analysis.The vibratory penetration rate,installation accuracy,and dynamic responses of the steel cylinders at both the eastern and western artificial islands are analyzed.The dynamic soil resistance has a great influence on the cylinder drivability.However,the current design methods for estimating the vibratory driving soil resistance are proven inaccurate without considering the scale effects.Therefore,a modified method with a normalized effective area ratio A_(r,eff)is proposed in this study to calculate the vibratory soil resistance for open-ended thin-wall cylinders under unplugged conditions.Considering the scale effects on the vibratory driving soil resistance,the proposed method leads to closer results to the measured data,providing a reference for future engineering practice.

粗糙度对单桩竖向承载变形特性影响的试验研究

为探究桩侧粗糙度对单桩承载变形特性的影响规律,自主研发了多功能桩基静动力模型试验系统,构建了光滑、随机型及带肋规则型桩侧界面的模型单桩,通过3D形态扫描计算获得了桩侧表面粗糙度Rn,基于此开展了饱和砂土中单桩静载模型试验。试验结果表明:(1)粗糙度越大,单桩极限承载力和桩的割线刚度越大,桩顶沉降及其卸载回弹量越小,带肋桩能够有效提高桩基承载力并控制桩顶变形。(2)粗糙度越大,桩侧阻力越大,桩端附近侧阻力的强化效应越明显,桩侧阻力的分布模式随桩顶荷载增大由“单驼峰”到“锥顶柱”再至“斜坡”依次演变。(3)β值(β法中参数)随桩侧粗糙度的增大而增加,随深度增加而衰减。带肋桩的极限侧阻力及β值远大于砂纸和光滑桩,揭示了埋深和粗糙度对β值影响规律的机制。(4)桩侧粗糙度会影响砂土地基中桩端荷载传递函数类型,光滑桩、砂纸桩桩端荷载传递函数呈双曲线型,带肋桩呈直线型。上述研究结果对深刻认识桩侧粗糙度对单桩承载变形特性影响规律和机制具有重要参考价值。

Construction Technology of Deep Foundation Pit Support in Municipal Civil Engineering Foundation Construction

Municipal civil engineering is the key content of municipal construction,and the construction scale is usually large.The quality of the project plays an important role in the development of urban economy.Due to the rapid increase of high-rise buildings,skyscrapers and underground buildings,the construction technology of deep foundation pit support has gradually become an indispensable construction technology.Therefore,the selection of foundation pit support construction technology is crucial in ensuring that whether the foundation is firm and stable,and whether the subsequent construction activities can be carried out smoothly.In view of this,the article discusses the application of deep foundation pit support construction technology in municipal civil engineering,aiming to provide reference for subsequent projects.

砂土中能量桩单桩水平承载特性模型试验研究

为探究能量桩单桩水平承载特性,针对砂土中能量桩在水平荷载下的承载特性进行研究,基于模型试验,分析了水平荷载作用下能量桩在制冷和加热过程中的桩顶位移、桩前土压力以及桩身弯矩等的变化规律。研究结果表明:制冷会引起能量桩桩顶水平位移略微增大,增量为0.48%D(D为桩体直径),而加热会引起较大的桩顶水平位移,达到了2.38%D;制冷和加热在初始阶段会引起桩前土压力增大,初始增长阶段结束后,土压力变化较小,多为缓慢增长或基本不变。相较于初始土压力,制冷和加热结束时的土压力基本呈增长趋势,仅个别埋深处土压力减小。制冷过程中,埋深0%L~40%L(L为有效桩长)范围内的弯矩增大,埋深40%L~100%L位置处的弯矩变化较小;加热过程中,埋深0%L~60%L范围内的弯矩均有所增大,0%L~40%L位置处的弯矩增大最为明显。制冷和加热过程中均在20%L处产生了最大弯矩,最大弯矩的增加量分别为9.93%和10.32%。进一步基于圆孔扩张理论提出了弯矩计算的理论解,并与试验结果进行对比分析,理论计算值与实测值较为吻合。

温度影响下能量桩-土接触面剪切特性试验研究

能量桩工作过程中,桩体受温度变化影响会产生热变形,进而引起桩周土体的循环剪切作用,弱化地基承载力,给桩基的正常使用带来风险。由于传统直剪仪无法模拟能量桩工作过程中的温度变化,因此对桩-土接触面力学特性受温度影响的变化规律研究较少。对传统直剪仪进行改造,使其可以改变剪切试样温度;所用土体从重庆某施工现场取样,开展不同温度变化下桩-土接触面的室内土工直剪试验,分析单次温度变化和循环温度变化对桩-土接触面力学性能的影响,并对温度影响下桩-土接触面力学特性与土体力学特性的差异进行比较。结果表明,能量桩-土接触面的抗剪强度受温度影响较大;随着温度的升高,能量桩-土界面摩擦角和黏聚力先减小后增大;低法向应力下温度循环对桩-土接触面力学特性影响较大,而高法向应力下温度循环对桩-土接触面力学特性影响不显著;土体的抗剪强度、黏聚力和摩擦角随温度变化规律与桩-土界面类似。

考虑桩土间黏滑机制的桩基沉降动态特性研究

基于桩基运动控制方程,对荷载作用下的桩基沉降动态特性进行了研究。首先,考虑桩土间黏滞与滑动两种接触状态,建立了一种考虑侧阻软化及侧阻恢复的桩土相互作用模型;然后采用该模型及修正三折线模型分别模拟桩与桩侧土以及桩端土间的相互作用,结合有限差分法建立了考虑桩土间黏滑机制的桩基沉降分析方法;最后,基于建立的桩基受荷沉降分析方法,研究了桩基沉降的黏滑动态特性以及桩身的力学特性,并讨论了桩土相互作用模型中的参数对桩基沉降动态特性的影响。结果表明:当桩顶荷载接近桩基单级加载极限值,桩基沉降表现出黏滞位移与快速滑动位移交替的动态特性;桩身力学响应表现出加载路径相关性,与单级加载相比,分级加载时桩侧摩阻力能得到更好发挥,桩基极限承载力更高;提出的分析方法能够较好地模拟桩基静载试验沉降过程。