We investigated the longitudinal positional dependence of CT number in 320-row Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) volume scan (320-row volume scan) using a simple geometric phantom (SGP) and a chest simulation phant...We investigated the longitudinal positional dependence of CT number in 320-row Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) volume scan (320-row volume scan) using a simple geometric phantom (SGP) and a chest simulation phantom (CSP) in order to evaluate its effect on proton range calculation. The SGP consisted of lung substitute material (LSM) and a cylindrical phantom (CP) made of high-density polyethylene. The CSP was an anthropomorphic phantom similar to the human chest. The two phantoms were scanned using 320-row volume scan in various longitudinal positions from the central beam axis. In experiments using the SGP, an image blur at the boundary of the two materials became gradually evident when the LSM was placed far away from the beam central axis. The image blur of the phantom was consistent with the gradation in CT number. The maximum difference in CT numbers between the 64-row helical scan and 320-row volume scan at the boundary of the two materials was consistent with approximately 50% of the relative proton stopping power. In contrast, the CT number profile in each longitudinal position was fairly consistent and longitudinal positional dependence rarely occurred in the CSP experiments. Pass lengths of CT beams through areas with widely different electron densities were shorter, and thus did not significantly impact CT numbers. Based on findings from the CSP experiments, we considered 320-row volume scan to be feasible for proton range calculation in clinical settings, although the relatively large longitudinal positional dependence of CT number should be accounted for when doing so.展开更多
In this paper, we give out the formula of number of primes no more than any given n (n ∈ Z<sup>+</sup>, n > 2). At the same time, we also show the principle, derivation process of the formula and appli...In this paper, we give out the formula of number of primes no more than any given n (n ∈ Z<sup>+</sup>, n > 2). At the same time, we also show the principle, derivation process of the formula and application examples, it is usually marked with π(n), which is: that is: where “[ ]” denotes taking integer. r = 1,2,3,4,5,6;s<sub>x</sub> = s<sub>1</sub>,s<sub>2</sub>,...,s<sub>j</sub>,s<sub>h</sub>;s1</sub>,s2</sub>,...,s<sub>j</sub>,,s<sub>h </sub><sub>= 0,1,2,3,....</sub>As i ≥ 2, 2 ≤ s<sub>x </sub>≤ i-1 (x=1,2,...,j,h).展开更多
文摘We investigated the longitudinal positional dependence of CT number in 320-row Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) volume scan (320-row volume scan) using a simple geometric phantom (SGP) and a chest simulation phantom (CSP) in order to evaluate its effect on proton range calculation. The SGP consisted of lung substitute material (LSM) and a cylindrical phantom (CP) made of high-density polyethylene. The CSP was an anthropomorphic phantom similar to the human chest. The two phantoms were scanned using 320-row volume scan in various longitudinal positions from the central beam axis. In experiments using the SGP, an image blur at the boundary of the two materials became gradually evident when the LSM was placed far away from the beam central axis. The image blur of the phantom was consistent with the gradation in CT number. The maximum difference in CT numbers between the 64-row helical scan and 320-row volume scan at the boundary of the two materials was consistent with approximately 50% of the relative proton stopping power. In contrast, the CT number profile in each longitudinal position was fairly consistent and longitudinal positional dependence rarely occurred in the CSP experiments. Pass lengths of CT beams through areas with widely different electron densities were shorter, and thus did not significantly impact CT numbers. Based on findings from the CSP experiments, we considered 320-row volume scan to be feasible for proton range calculation in clinical settings, although the relatively large longitudinal positional dependence of CT number should be accounted for when doing so.
文摘In this paper, we give out the formula of number of primes no more than any given n (n ∈ Z<sup>+</sup>, n > 2). At the same time, we also show the principle, derivation process of the formula and application examples, it is usually marked with π(n), which is: that is: where “[ ]” denotes taking integer. r = 1,2,3,4,5,6;s<sub>x</sub> = s<sub>1</sub>,s<sub>2</sub>,...,s<sub>j</sub>,s<sub>h</sub>;s1</sub>,s2</sub>,...,s<sub>j</sub>,,s<sub>h </sub><sub>= 0,1,2,3,....</sub>As i ≥ 2, 2 ≤ s<sub>x </sub>≤ i-1 (x=1,2,...,j,h).
