Traffic flow of connected and automated vehicles at lane drop on two-lane highway: An optimization-based control algorithm versus a heuristic rules-based algorithm

This paper investigates traffic flow of connected and automated vehicles at lane drop on two-lane highway. We evaluate and compare performance of an optimization-based control algorithm(OCA) with that of a heuristic rules-based algorithm(HRA). In the OCA, the average speed of each vehicle is maximized. In the HRA, virtual vehicle and restriction of the command acceleration caused by the virtual vehicle are introduced. It is found that(i) capacity under the HRA(denoted as C_(H)) is smaller than capacity under the OCA;(ii) the travel delay is always smaller under the OCA, but driving is always much more comfortable under the HRA;(iii) when the inflow rate is smaller than C_(H), the HRA outperforms the OCA with respect to the fuel consumption and the monetary cost;(iv) when the inflow rate is larger than C_(H), the HRA initially performs better with respect to the fuel consumption and the monetary cost, but the OCA would become better after certain time. The spatiotemporal pattern and speed profile of traffic flow are presented, which explains the reason underlying the different performance. The study is expected to help for better understanding of the two different types of algorithm.

Explainable Rules and Heuristics in AI Algorithm Recommendation Approaches——A Systematic Literature Review and Mapping Study

The exponential use of artificial intelligence(AI)to solve and automated complex tasks has catapulted its popularity generating some challenges that need to be addressed.While AI is a powerfulmeans to discover interesting patterns and obtain predictive models,the use of these algorithms comes with a great responsibility,as an incomplete or unbalanced set of training data or an unproper interpretation of the models’outcomes could result in misleading conclusions that ultimately could become very dangerous.For these reasons,it is important to rely on expert knowledge when applying these methods.However,not every user can count on this specific expertise;non-AIexpert users could also benefit from applying these powerful algorithms to their domain problems,but they need basic guidelines to obtain themost out of AI models.The goal of this work is to present a systematic review of the literature to analyze studies whose outcomes are explainable rules and heuristics to select suitable AI algorithms given a set of input features.The systematic review follows the methodology proposed by Kitchenham and other authors in the field of software engineering.As a result,9 papers that tackle AI algorithmrecommendation through tangible and traceable rules and heuristics were collected.The reduced number of retrieved papers suggests a lack of reporting explicit rules and heuristics when testing the suitability and performance of AI algorithms.

HEURISTIC PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM FOR AIR COMBAT DECISION-MAKING ON CMTA

Combining the heuristic algorithm （HA） developed based on the specific knowledge of the cooperative multiple target attack （CMTA） tactics and the particle swarm optimization （PSO）, a heuristic particle swarm optimization （HPSO） algorithm is proposed to solve the decision-making （DM） problem. HA facilitates to search the local optimum in the neighborhood of a solution, while the PSO algorithm tends to explore the search space for possible solutions. Combining the advantages of HA and PSO, HPSO algorithms can find out the global optimum quickly and efficiently. It obtains the DM solution by seeking for the optimal assignment of missiles of friendly fighter aircrafts （FAs） to hostile FAs. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is superior to the general PSO algorithm and two GA based algorithms in searching for the best solution to the DM problem.

Aheuristic Algorithm for Berth Scheduling Problem in Container Ports

In this paper,the berth scheduling problem is transformed into a special two-dimensional packing problem with some constraints.A nonlinear programming model for the problem is established,and a heuristic algorithm is proposed to solve the model.Simulation results show that the algorithm can improve the utilization of berths on discrete berth scheduling in the container port.

Heuristic algorithm for RCPSP with the objective of minimizing activities' cost

Resource-constrained project scheduling problem（RCPSP） is an important problem in research on project management. But there has been little attention paid to the objective of minimizing activities＇ cost with the resource constraints that is a critical sub-problem in partner selection of construction supply chain management because the capacities of the renewable resources supplied by the partners will effect on the project scheduling. Its mathematic model is presented firstly, and analysis on the characteristic of the problem shows that the objective function is non-regular and the problem is NP-complete following which the basic idea for solution is clarified. Based on a definition of preposing activity cost matrix, a heuristic algorithm is brought forward. Analyses on the complexity of the heuristics and the result of numerical studies show that the heuristic algorithm is feasible and relatively effective.

A Heuristic Algorithm for the Fabric Spreading and Cutting Problem in Apparel Factories

We study the fabric spreading and cutting problem in apparel factories.For the sake of saving the material costs,the cutting requirement should be met exactly without producing additional garment components.For reducing the production costs,the number of lays that corresponds to the frequency of using the cutting beds should be minimized.We propose an iterated greedy algorithm for solving the fabric spreading and cutting problem.This algorithm contains a constructive procedure and an improving loop.Firstly the constructive procedure creates a set of lays in sequence,and then the improving loop tries to pick each lay from the lay set and rearrange the remaining lays into a smaller lay set.The improving loop will run until it cannot obtain any smaller lay set or the time limit is due.The experiment results on 500 cases show that the proposed algorithm is effective and efficient.

Data-Driven Heuristic Assisted Memetic Algorithm for Efficient Inter-Satellite Link Scheduling in the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System

Inter-satellite link(ISL)scheduling is required by the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System(BDS)to guarantee the system ranging and communication performance.In the BDS,a great number of ISL scheduling instances must be addressed every day,which will certainly spend a lot of time via normal metaheuristics and hardly meet the quick-response requirements that often occur in real-world applications.To address the dual requirements of normal and quick-response ISL schedulings,a data-driven heuristic assisted memetic algorithm(DHMA)is proposed in this paper,which includes a high-performance memetic algorithm(MA)and a data-driven heuristic.In normal situations,the high-performance MA that hybridizes parallelism,competition,and evolution strategies is performed for high-quality ISL scheduling solutions over time.When in quick-response situations,the data-driven heuristic is performed to quickly schedule high-probability ISLs according to a prediction model,which is trained from the high-quality MA solutions.The main idea of the DHMA is to address normal and quick-response schedulings separately,while high-quality normal scheduling data are trained for quick-response use.In addition,this paper also presents an easy-to-understand ISL scheduling model and its NP-completeness.A seven-day experimental study with 10080 one-minute ISL scheduling instances shows the efficient performance of the DHMA in addressing the ISL scheduling in normal(in 84 hours)and quick-response(in 0.62 hour)situations,which can well meet the dual scheduling requirements in real-world BDS applications.

Designing an optimal stope layout for underground mining based on a heuristic algorithm

An optimal layout or three-dimensional spatial distribution of stopes guarantees the maximum profitability over life span of an underground mining operation.Thus,stope optimization is one of the key areas in underground mine planning practice.However,the computational complexity in developing an optimal stope layout has been a reason for limited availability of the algorithms offering solution to this problem.This article shares a new and efficient heuristic algorithm that considers a three-dimensional ore body model as an input,maximizes the economic value,and satisfies the physical mining and geotechnical constraints for generating an optimal stope layout.An implementation at a copper deposit demonstrates the applicability and robustness of the algorithm.A parallel processing based modification improving the performance of the original algorithm in terms of enormous computational time saving is also presented.

A Novel Heuristic Algorithm for theModeling and Risk Assessment of the COVID-19 Pandemic Phenomenon

Themodeling and risk assessment of a pandemic phenomenon such as COVID-19 is an important and complicated issue in epidemiology,and such an attempt is of great interest for public health decision-making.To this end,in the present study,based on a recent heuristic algorithm proposed by the authors,the time evolution of COVID-19 is investigated for six different countries/states,namely New York,California,USA,Iran,Sweden and UK.The number of COVID-19-related deaths is used to develop the proposed heuristic model as it is believed that the predicted number of daily deaths in each country/state includes information about the quality of the health system in each area,the age distribution of population,geographical and environmental factors as well as other conditions.Based on derived predicted epidemic curves,a new 3D-epidemic surface is proposed to assess the epidemic phenomenon at any time of its evolution.This research highlights the potential of the proposed model as a tool which can assist in the risk assessment of the COVID-19.Mapping its development through 3D-epidemic surface can assist in revealing its dynamic nature as well as differences and similarities among different districts.

Research on Different Heuristics for Minimax Algorithm Insight from Connect-4 Game

Minimax algorithm and machine learning technologies have been studied for decades to reach an ideal optimization in game areas such as chess and backgammon. In these fields, several generations try to optimize the code for pruning and effectiveness of evaluation function. Thus, there are well-armed algorithms to deal with various sophisticated situations in gaming occasion. However, as a traditional zero-sum game, Connect-4 receives less attention compared with the other members of its zero-sum family using traditional minimax algorithm. In recent years, new generation of heuristics is created to address this problem based on research conclusions, expertise and gaming experiences. However, this paper mainly introduced a self-developed heuristics supported by well-demonstrated result from researches and our own experiences which fighting against the available version of Connect-4 system online. While most previous works focused on winning algorithms and knowledge based approaches, we complement these works with analysis of heuristics. We have conducted three experiments on the relationship among functionality, depth of searching and number of features and doing contrastive test with sample online. Different from the sample based on summarized experience and generalized features, our heuristics have a basic concentration on detailed connection between pieces on board. By analysing the winning percentages when our version fights against the online sample with different searching depths, we find that our heuristics with minimax algorithm is perfect on the early stages of the zero-sum game playing. Because some nodes in the game tree have no influence on the final decision of minimax algorithm, we use alpha-beta pruning to decrease the number of meaningless node which greatly increases the minimax efficiency. During the contrastive experiment with the online sample, this paper also verifies basic characters of the minimax algorithm including depths and quantity of features. According to the experiment, these two characters can both effect the decision for each step and none of them can be absolutely in charge. Besides, we also explore some potential future issues in Connect-4 game optimization such as precise adjustment on heuristic values and inefficiency pruning on the search tree.

A Multi-stage Heuristic Algorithm for Matching Problem in the Modified Miniload Automated Storage and Retrieval System of E-commerce

E-commerce, as an emerging marketing mode, has attracted more and more attention and gradually changed the way of our life. However, the existing layout of distribution centers can＇t fulfill the storage and picking demands of e-commerce sufficiently. In this paper, a modified miniload automated storage/retrieval system is designed to fit these new characteristics of e-commerce in logistics. Meanwhile, a matching problem, concerning with the improvement of picking efficiency in new system, is studied in this paper. The problem is how to reduce the travelling distance of totes between aisles and picking stations. A multi-stage heuristic algorithm is proposed based on statement and model of this problem. The main idea of this algorithm is, with some heuristic strategies based on similarity coefficients, minimizing the transportations of items which can not arrive in the destination picking stations just through direct conveyors. The experimental results based on the cases generated by computers show that the average reduced rate of indirect transport times can reach 14.36% with the application of multi-stage heuristic algorithm. For the cases from a real e-commerce distribution center, the order processing time can be reduced from 11.20 h to 10.06 h with the help of the modified system and the proposed algorithm. In summary, this research proposed a modified system and a multi-stage heuristic algorithm that can reduce the travelling distance of totes effectively and improve the whole performance of e-commerce distribution center.

An Improved Heuristic Recursive Strategy Based on Genetic Algorithm for the Strip Rectangular Packing Problem

与基因算法结合的改进启发式的递归的策略在这份报纸被介绍。第一，这个方法寻找一些矩形，它有一样的长度或宽度，到没有浪费空间，形成一些层，然后，计算留下包装顺序的高度使用启发式的递归的策略并且使用基因算法的进化能力减少高度。基准问题的几个班上的计算结果证明了介绍算法能与已知的进化启发规则竞争。它特别为大测试问题更好表现。

A new heuristic algorithm for general integer linear programming problems

A new heuristic algorithm is proposed for solving general integer linear programming problems. In the algorithm, the objective function hyperplane is used as a cutting plane, and then by introducing a special set of assistant sets, an efficient heuristic search for the solution to the integer linear program is carried out in the sets on the objective function hyperplane. A simple numerical example shows that the algorithm is efficient for some problems, and therefore, of practical interest.

Analysis of Petri net model and task planning heuristic algorithms for product reconfiguration

Reconfiguration planning is recognized as an important factor for reducing the cost of manufacturing reconfigurable products, and the associated main task is to generate a set of optimal or near-optimal reconfiguration sequences using some effect algorithms. A method is developed to generate a Petri net as the reconfiguration tree to represent two-state-transit of product, which solved the representation problem of reconfiguring interfaces replacement. Relating with this method, two heuristic algorithms are proposed to generate task sequences which considering economics to search reconfiguration paths effectively. At last, an objective evaluation is applied to compare these two heuristic algorithms to other ones. The developed reconfiguration task planning heuristic algorithms can generate better strategies and plans for reconfiguration. The research finds are exemplified with struts reconfiguration of reconfigurable parallel kinematics machine （RPKM）.

A Branch-and-Bound Based Heuristic Algorithm for Minimizing Makespan in Machining-Assembly Flowshop Scheduling

This paper proposes a heuristic algorithm, called list-based squeezing branch and bound algorithm, for solving a machine-fixed, machining-assembly flowshop scheduling problem to minimize makespan. The machine-fixed, machining-assembly flowshop consists of some parallel two-machine flow lines at a machining stage and one robot at an assembly stage. Since an optimal schedule for this problem is not always a permutation schedule, the proposed algorithm first finds a promising permutation schedule, and then searches better non-permutation schedules near the promising permutation schedule in an enumerative manner by elaborating a branching procedure in a branch and bound algorithm. The results of numerical experiments show that the proposed algorithm can efficiently provide an optimal or a near-optimal schedule with high accuracy such as mean relative error being less than 0.2% and the maximum relative error being at most 3%.

Imperialistic Competitive Algorithm:A metaheuristic algorithm for locating the critical slip surface in 2-Dimensional soil slopes

In this study, Imperialistic Competitive Algorithm（ICA） is utilized for locating the critical failure surface and computing the factor of safety（FOS） in a slope stability analysis based on the limit equilibrium approach. The factor of safety relating to each trial slip surface is calculated using a simplified algorithm of the Morgenstern-Price method, which satisfies both the force and the moment equilibriums. General slip surface is considered non-circular in this study that is constituted by linking random straight lines.To explore the performance of the proposed algorithm, four benchmark test problems are analyzed. The results demonstrate that the present techniques can provide reliable, accurate and efficient solutions for locating the critical failure surface and relating FOS. Moreover, in contrast with previous studies the present algorithm could reach the lower value of FOS and reached more exact solutions.

Damage Identification of A TLP Floating Wind Turbine by Meta-Heuristic Algorithms

Damage identification of the offshore floating wind turbine by vibration/dynamic signals is one of the important and new research fields in the Structural Health Monitoring（SHM）. In this paper a new damage identification method is proposed based on meta-heuristic algorithms using the dynamic response of the TLP（Tension-Leg Platform） floating wind turbine structure. The Genetic Algorithms（GA）, Artificial Immune System（AIS）, Particle Swarm Optimization（PSO）, and Artificial Bee Colony（ABC） are chosen for minimizing the object function, defined properly for damage identification purpose. In addition to studying the capability of mentioned algorithms in correctly identifying the damage, the effect of the response type on the results of identification is studied. Also, the results of proposed damage identification are investigated with considering possible uncertainties of the structure. Finally, for evaluating the proposed method in real condition, a 1/100 scaled experimental setup of TLP Floating Wind Turbine（TLPFWT） is provided in a laboratory scale and the proposed damage identification method is applied to the scaled turbine.

Intelligent Solution System for Cloud Security Based on Equity Distribution:Model and Algorithms

In the cloud environment,ensuring a high level of data security is in high demand.Data planning storage optimization is part of the whole security process in the cloud environment.It enables data security by avoiding the risk of data loss and data overlapping.The development of data flow scheduling approaches in the cloud environment taking security parameters into account is insufficient.In our work,we propose a data scheduling model for the cloud environment.Themodel is made up of three parts that together help dispatch user data flow to the appropriate cloudVMs.The first component is the Collector Agent whichmust periodically collect information on the state of the network links.The second one is the monitoring agent which must then analyze,classify,and make a decision on the state of the link and finally transmit this information to the scheduler.The third one is the scheduler who must consider previous information to transfer user data,including fair distribution and reliable paths.It should be noted that each part of the proposedmodel requires the development of its algorithms.In this article,we are interested in the development of data transfer algorithms,including fairness distribution with the consideration of a stable link state.These algorithms are based on the grouping of transmitted files and the iterative method.The proposed algorithms showthe performances to obtain an approximate solution to the studied problem which is an NP-hard(Non-Polynomial solution)problem.The experimental results show that the best algorithm is the half-grouped minimum excluding(HME),with a percentage of 91.3%,an average deviation of 0.042,and an execution time of 0.001 s.

Design for a Novel Framework of Hyper-Heuristic Algorithm

A novel framework of hyper-heuristic algorithm was proposed to improve the adaption of evolutionary algorithms( EAs)in optimization. The algorithm could be changed during the evolutionary progress according to their performances. In addition,a large number of elite individuals were employed in the algorithm and the elite individuals helped algorithm achieve a better performance,while such number of elite individuals stagnated the global convergence in conventional single algorithm. The time complexity was analyzed to demonstrate the novel framework did not increase the time complexity. The simulation results indicate that the proposed framework outperforms any single algorithm that composes the framework.

A Heuristic Algorithm for the Two-Machine Flowshop Group Scheduling Problem

This paper presents the two-machine flowshop group scheduling problem with the optimal objective of maximum lateness. A dominance rule within group and a dominance rule between groups are established. These dominance rules along with a previously established dominance rule are used to develop a heuristic algorithm. Experimental results are given and analyzed.