Development of Magnetic Compound Fluid Rubber Sensor for Practical Usage on γ-Irradiation and Energy Harvesting for Broad-Band Electromagnetic Waves

We have performed sequential studies on new types of soft rubber for their application as artificial skin in robots and haptic sensors. Based on a proposed electrolytic polymerization method and novel adhesion technique for rubber and a metal that utilizes a metal complex hydrate, we have developed an MCF rubber sensor. This sensor uses a magnetic compound fluid (MCF), natural rubber (NR-latex) or chloroprene rubber latex (CR-latex), and requires the application of a magnetic field. The potential application of the developed sensor in various engineering scenarios and our daily lives is significant. In this regard, we investigated the effects of γ-irradiation, infrared radiation, microwaves, and a thermal source on the MCF rubber sensor. We established that the MCF rubber is effective enough to be used for power generation of broadband electro-magnetic waves from γ-rays to microwaves, including the range of the solar spectrum, which is the typical characteristic obtained in the present investigation. The remarkable attribute is that the MCF rubber sensor dose is not degraded by γ-irradiation. We also demonstrated the effectiveness of the MCF rubber sensor in energy harvesting.

胶结型缓释肥在小麦上应用效果的研究

在盆栽条件下,以不施肥CK1和施用等NPK养分化肥CK2为对照,研究了胶结型缓释肥塑料-淀粉胶结肥和粘土-聚酯胶结肥对冬小麦生长发育、产量、植株内养分含量、土壤中有效养分含量的影响。结果表明,施用粘土-聚酯胶结肥和塑料-淀粉胶结肥均能显著增加冬小麦产量,与CK2相比分别增产14 85%、27 48%;施用胶结型缓释肥能够促进小麦各生育时期叶绿素合成;与CK2相比,施用粘土-聚酯胶结肥和塑料-淀粉胶结肥分别使小麦中后期干物重增加9 24%～45 56%和7 53%～45 64%;使植株内氮素含量分别增加4 43%～12 96%,5 70%～14 42%;与CK2相比,土壤中碱解氮和速效磷含量均表现为小麦生长前期低生长中后期高,充分体现了胶结型缓释肥的养分缓释效果。

<i>γ</i>-Ray Irradiation Effect on MCF Rubber Solar Cells with both Photovoltaics and Sensing Involving Semiconductors Fabricated under Magnetic and Electric Fields

For cases in which a robot with installed solar cells and a sensor operates in a nuclear reactor building or in space for extravehicular activity, we require elastic and extensible solar cells. More than two different types of sensing are also required, minimally with photovoltaics and built-in electricity. Magnetic compound fluid (MCF) rubber solar cells are made of rubber, so they are elastic and extensible as well as sensitive. To achieve flexibility and an effective photovoltaic effect, MCF rubber solar cells must include both soluble and insoluble rubbers, Fe3O4, TiO2, Na2WO4∙2H2O, etc. On the basis of this constitution, we propose a consummate fabrication process for MCF rubber solar cells. The characteristics of these cells result from the semiconductor-like role of the molecules of TiO2, Fe3O4, Ni, Na2WO4∙2H2O, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), natural rubber (NR), oleic acid, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), water and magnetic cluster involved in the MCF rubber. Their tendencies can be deduced by synthesizing knowledge about the enhancement of the reverse-bias saturation current IS and the diode ideality factor N, with conventional knowledge about the semiconductor affected by γ-irradiation and the attenuation of the photon energy of γ-rays.

Visualization Analysis of the Impact of Rubber Agroforestry Ecosystem on Soil Microbial Community

Rubber agroforestry systems positively impact soil microbial communities. This study employed a bibliometric approach to explore the research status, hotspots, and development trends related to these effects. Using CiteSpace software, we visually analyzed research literature from the Web of Science (WOS) core database, spanning 2004 to 2024. The focus was on the impact of rubber agroforestry ecosystems on soil microbial communities. The results indicate significant attention from Chinese researchers, who have published numerous influential papers in this field. Authors Liu Wenjie have contributed the most papers, although no stable core author group exists. The Chinese Academy of Sciences is the leading research institution in terms of publication volume. While there is close collaboration between different institutions and countries, the intensity of researcher cooperation is low. The most cited literature emphasizes soil nutrients and structure in rubber agroforestry, laying a foundation for soil microorganism studies. Most cited journals are from countries like Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Key research areas include the effects of rubber intercropping on soil microbial communities, agroforestry management, and soil health. Research development can be divided into three stages: the initial stage (2010-2015), the development stage (2015-2020), and the mature stage (2020-2024). Current studies show that rubber intercropping and rubber-based agroforestry systems enhance soil microbial communities, positively impacting soil health. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the sustainable development of rubber agroforestry systems and improved management plans. Future research could explore the effects of species composition on soil microbiological characteristics and develop methods for species interactions. An in-depth study of the soil microbial community’s structure and function, and its relationship with rubber trees, is crucial. Developing effective, rationally designed rubber agroforestry systems and underground soil microbiome technology will promote sustainability and improve plantation productivity.

Multiple-dimensioned defect engineering for graphite felt electrode of vanadium redox flow battery

The scarcity of wettability,insufficient active sites,and low surface area of graphite felt(GF)have long been suppressing the performance of vanadium redox flow batteries(VRFBs).Herein,an ultra-homogeneous multipledimensioned defect,including nano-scale etching and atomic-scale N,O codoping,was used to modify GF by the molten salt system.NH_(4)Cl and KClO_(3) were added simultaneously to the system to obtain porous N/O co-doped electrode(GF/ON),where KClO_(3) was used to ultra-homogeneously etch,and O-functionalize electrode,and NH4Cl was used as N dopant,respectively.GF/ON presents better electrochemical catalysis for VO_(2)+/VO_(2)+ and V3+/V2+ reactions than only O-functionalized electrodes(GF/O)and GF.The enhanced electrochemical properties are attributed to an increase in active sites,surface area,and wettability,as well as the synergistic effect of N and O,which is also supported by the density functional theory calculations.Further,the cell using GF/ON shows higher discharge capacity,energy efficiency,and stability for cycling performance than the pristine cell at 140 mA cm^(−2) for 200 cycles.Moreover,the energy efficiency of the modified cell is increased by 9.7% from 55.2% for the pristine cell at 260 mA cm^(−2).Such an ultra-homogeneous etching with N and O co-doping through“boiling”molten salt medium provides an effective and practical application potential way to prepare superior electrodes for VRFB.

Discussion on“Dispersion characteristics of clayey soils containing waste rubber particles”[J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 15(2023)3050-3058]

We read with great interest the recent article by Erenson(2023)entitled“Dispersion characteristics of clayey soils containing waste rubber particles”.The author has studied the dispersion characteristics of clayey soils containing different percentages of waste rubber particles(WRPs)by performing several tests(viz.consistency limit,linear shrinkage limit,double hydrometer,crumb test and pinhole test)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)analysis on five clayey(viz.Na-activated bentonite,refined ball clay,Ukrainian kaolin,Avanos kaolin and Afyon clay)samples containing 0%,5%,10%and 15%WRPs.It should be noted that Erenson(2023)has presented some interesting observations,but there are some serious issues that we want to share through this discussion and request the author of the original paper to address them to avoid their persistence in the scientific literature.

Rubber Tree Distribution Mapping in Northeast Thailand

In many parts of mainland Southeast Asia rubber plantations are expanding rapidly in areas where the crop was not historically found. Monitoring and mapping the distribution of rubber trees in the region is necessary for developing a better understanding of the consequences of land-cover and land-use change on carbon and water cycles. In this study, we conducted rubber tree growth mapping in Northeast Thailand using Landsat 5 TM data. A Mahalanobis typicality method was used to identify different age rubber trees. Landsat 5 TM 30 m non-thermal reflective bands, NDVI and tasseled cap transformation components were selected as the model input metrics. The validation was carried out using provincial level agricultural statistical data on the rubber tree growth area. At regional (Northeast Thailand) and provincial scales, the estimates of mature and middle-age rubber stands produced from 30 m Landsat 5 TM data compared well (high statistical significance) with the provincial rubber tree growth statistical data.

环形金属橡胶隔振器弹性参数的确定

以实验研究为基础,通过对大量实验结果的分析,借助于金属元件抗拉弹性模量和剪切模量的计算方法,推导出环形金属橡胶隔振器在承受扭剪应力时,抗拉弹性模量以及扭剪弹性模量与金属丝直径、环形隔振器的几何参数、金属橡胶元件的相对密度之间的关系的理论计算公式。研究结果证明,利用该计算公式和有限元计算方法,可以直接求得具有不同结构参数的相应形状金属橡胶隔振器的弹性性能参数,所得计算结果与实验结果具有良好的一致性,因而大大减少了实验工作量,为金属橡胶隔振器的系列化生产奠定了基础。

Low-temperature characteristicsof rubbers and performance testsof type 120 emergencyvalve diaphragms

Purpose–The type 120 emergency valve is an essential braking component of railway freight trains,butcorresponding diaphragms consisting of natural rubber(NR)and chloroprene rubber(CR)exhibit insufficientaging resistance and low-temperature resistance,respectively.In order to develop type 120 emergency valverubber diaphragms with long-life and high-performance,low-temperatureresistant CR and NR were processed.Design/methodology/approach–The physical properties of the low-temperature-resistant CR and NRwere tested by low-temperature stretching,dynamic mechanical analysis,differential scanning calorimetryand thermogravimetric analysis.Single-valve and single-vehicle tests of type 120 emergency valves werecarried out for emergency diaphragms consisting of NR and CR.Findings–The low-temperature-resistant CR and NR exhibited excellent physical properties.The elasticityand low-temperature resistance of NR were superior to those of CR,whereas the mechanical properties of thetwo rubbers were similar in the temperature range of 0℃–150℃.The NR and CR emergency diaphragms metthe requirements of the single-valve test.In the low-temperature single-vehicle test,only the low-temperaturesensitivity test of the NR emergency diaphragm met the requirements.Originality/value–The innovation of this study is that it provides valuable data and experience for futuredevelopment of type 120 valve rubber diaphragms.

Effect of UV radiation aging on creepage discharge characteristics of high temperature vulcanized silicon rubber at high altitude

The physicochemical properties and creepage discharge characteristics of aged high temperature Vulca nized(HTV)silicone rubber materials were investigated by ultraviolet radiati on(UV)aging method in this study.The experimental results show that as the aging time increases,the creepage discharge flashover voltage increases first and then decreases.But the aging time has little effect on the creepage discharge inception voltage.With the aging time prolonged,the discharge endurance time of HTV silicone rubber is shortened,and the creepage discharge development velocity is accelerated.In the short time of applying voltage to aging material,the magnitude of discharge in creases rapidly.According to the partial discharge characteristic parameters of creepage discharge,the whole creepage discharge process is partitioned into four stages.Compared with unaged HTV silicone rubber,the aged HTV silicone rubber has less fluctuation in performance parameters and a clear trend.The study found that UV aging not only affects the physicochemical and hydrophobic properties of the HTV silicone rubber,but also accelerates the development of creepage discharge under AC voltage.

Mechanical behavior of nanorubber reinforced epoxy over a wide strain rate loading

Nanorubber/epoxy composites containing 0,2,6 and 10 wt%nanorubber are subjected to uniaxial compression over a wide range of strain rate from 8×10^(-4) s^(-1) to~2×10^(4) s^(-1).Unexpectedly,their strain rate sensitivity and strain hardening index increase with increasing nanorubber content.Potential mechanisms are proposed based on numerical simulations using a unit cell model.An increase in the strain rate sensitivity with increasing nanorubber content results from the fact that the nanorubber becomes less incompressible at high strain,generating a higher hydro-static pressure.Adiabatic shear localization starts to occur in the epoxy under a strain rate of 22,000 s^(-1) when the strain exceeds 0.35.The presence of nanorubber in the epoxy reduces adiabatic shear localization by preventing it from propagating.

Hand Cooling Enhances the Proprioceptive Drift during Rubber Hand Illusion

Background: The neural representation of the body is easily altered by integrating multiple sensory signals in the brain. The “Rubber Hand Illusion” (RHI) is one of the most popular experimental paradigms to investigate this phenomenon. During this illusion, ownership of a rubber hand is temporarily induced. It was shown that external and continuous cooling of the palm enhanced the RHI, suggesting an association between altered the autonomic nervous system regulation and altered the sense of ownership of a specific limb. Purpose: To investigate whether artificially cooling the entire hand for a short period affects the magnitude of the illusion. Methods: Participants immersed their entire hand in cool, cold, or warm water for 1 min before the RHI procedure. Results: We found that cooling the entire hand enhanced the proprioceptive drift during the RHI but not the subjective feeling of ownership. In contrast, warming and intense cooling of the entire hand did not affect the RHI strength. Conclusion: Our results suggest that transient and moderate cooling of the entire hand was sufficient in enhancing the illusory disembodiment of one’s own hand.

Natural rubber latex as a potential additive for water-based drilling fluids

The environmental hazards and"carbon footprint"of oil and gas drilling can be significantly reduced by replacing traditional petroleum-based chemical additives with natural materials derived from plants and animals.This paper explored for the first time the interaction mechanism between natural rubber latex(NRL)and bentonite suspensions(BTs)through a series of characterization experiments,as well as the potential applications in water-based drilling fluids(WBDF).The gel viscoelasticity experiments showed that NRL could decrease the consistency coefficient(k)and flow index(n)of BTs,and enhance the shear thinning performance of BTs as pseudo-plastic fluids.In addition,0.5 w/v%NRL not only increased the critical yield stress and strengthened the structural strength between the bentonite particles,but also facilitated the compatibility of pressure loss and flow efficiency.The evaluation of colloidal stability and WBDF performance indicated that NRL particles could promote the hydration and charge stability on the surface of BTs particles,and optimize the particle size distribution and flow resistance of WBDF under the"intercalation-exfoliation-encapsulation"synergistic interaction.Moreover,NRL can improve the rheological properties of WBDF at high temperatures(<150.C),and form a dense blocking layer by bridging and sealing the pores and cracks of the filter cake,which ultimately reduces the permeability of the cake and the filtration loss of WBDF.

Comparison of nonlinear modeling methods for the composite rubber clamp

The cubic stiffness force model(CSFM)and Bouc-Wen model(BWM)are introduced and compared innovatively.The unknown coefficients of the nonlinear models are identified by the genetic algorithm combined with experiments.By fitting the identified nonlinear coefficients under different excitation amplitudes,the nonlinear vibration responses of the system are predicted.The results show that the accuracy of the BWM is higher than that of the CSFM,especially in the non-resonant region.However,the optimization time of the BWM is longer than that of the CSFM.

二元乙丙橡胶的环氧官能化及其增韧尼龙6的研究

在双螺杆挤出机中制备了环氧官能化的二元乙丙橡胶(gEPR) ,采用红外光谱工作曲线法测量了EPR的接枝率.将环氧官能化的EPR与尼龙6 (Nylon- 6 )熔融共混,并对共混体系的相形态、断裂形貌、增韧机理、力学性能进行了研究.结果表明,gEPR的环氧官能团与Nylon- 6的端羧基和(或)端氨基发生了化学反应生成Nylon -6 co EPR共聚物,该共聚物作为界面改性剂降低了Nylon -6与EPR之间的界面张力,使EPR在Nylon -6基体中均匀、稳定地分散,而且随着EPR接枝率的增加,EPR的粒径尺寸逐渐减小.断面形貌观察发现,与Nylon -6 EPR体系相比,Nyon -6 gEPR共混体系呈现明显的韧性断裂特征.通过对Nylon -6 gEPR共混体系缺口冲击形变区的研究得出EPR增韧Nylon -6的机理是橡胶粒子的空洞化和塑料基体的剪切屈服.力学性能测试表明gEPR的引入显著提高了Nylon -6的缺口冲击强度.

Research of Supercapacitor Voltage Equalization Strategy on Rubber-Tyred Gantry Crane Energy Saving System

A model for supercapacitor voltage equalization strategy is analyzed, and on this basis a supercapacitor voltage equalization method for Rubber Tyred Gantry Crane (RTG) energy saving system is proposed, namely active voltage equalization method based on Buck-Boost converter. The equalizing speed of the proposed method is fast. Firstly, the working principle and process of the voltage equalization circuit is analyzed in detail. In addition, design of active voltage equalization circuit parameters and control strategy are given. Finally, simulation analysis of the series connection of supercapacitors module is performed. Results show that this method for equalizing voltage can avoid over-voltage of each cell and possess practicable and high value for supercapacitor RTG energy saving system.

Blue rubber blister nevus syndrome: A case report

BACKGROUND Blue rubber blister nevus syndrome(BRBNS)is a congenital,rare disease charac-terized by venous malformations of the skin and internal organs,affecting all systems throughout the body.The pathogenesis is unknown.There is no con-sensus on the treatment of BRBNS.Most of the previously reported cases were mild to moderate with a good prognosis,and this case was a critically ill patient with severe gastrointestinal hemorrhage,disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC),and severe joint fusion that was different from previously reported cases.CASE SUMMARY An 18-year-old man with early onset of BRBNS in early childhood is reported.He presented with recurrent melena and underwent malformed phlebectomy and partial jejunectomy and ileal resection.The patient had melena before and after surgery.After active treatment,the patient's gastrointestinal bleeding improved.This was a case of atypical BRBNS with severe gastrointestinal bleeding and severe joint fusion,which should be differentiated from other serious joint lesions and provide clinicians with better understanding of this rare disease.CONCLUSION This case of critical BRBNS with gastrointestinal hemorrhage,DIC and severe joint fusion provides further understanding of this rare disease.

机械混炼制备碳纳米管/天然橡胶复合材料特性分析

通过机械混炼方法将碳纳米管与天然橡胶复合,与炭黑补强样品相比,碳纳米管在橡胶中的混入速度快,功率消耗低,温升幅度小,混炼胶的硫化焦烧时间略有增加,硫化返原现象减轻,硫化剂用量应适当增加。加入碳纳米管后,橡胶DSC曲线中的结晶熔融峰面积减少,交联反应放热峰变宽。碳纳米管复合材料的回弹、压缩疲劳性能明显优于炭黑补强样品,耐老化性能较好,拉伸、撕裂性能水平有待提高。

Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen in Open Graded Wearing Course of Flexible Pavement

Rapid road infrastructure development due to an increasing demand of car users resulted in an increase in paved areas including road sites and suppression of green spaces. An integrated solution that can support a country’s economic development without compromising water pollution is becoming inevitable. Recycling tyres in the form of crumb rubber tyres and mixing it into bituminous paving mixture can increase the recycling rate and minimize cost of incineration process. In dry mixing process, five (5) different variations of Open Graded Wearing (OGW) course road samples were made to make up 1.15 kg in each sample. Each OGW mix contained 4% - 6% bitumen Pen 60/ 70 and fixed 1% of crumb rubber tyres, making the percentage of crumb rubber tyres 14% - 20% of bituminous samples. Bitumen Pen 60/70 mixed with 20% crumb rubber tyres content met the PG 76 bitumen properties. Physical properties of OGW made from crumb rubber modified bitumen (CRMB) were better than standard bitumen only. In a separate water leachate test using ICP-OES equipment, heavy metal leachate of Cu(II), Pb(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) were present in all OGW CRMB samples at increasing surrounding water temperature from 25℃ to 60℃. However all the heavy metal concentration was very low below the allowable limit of trade effluent standards into water course.

自催化交联体系室温硫化水性硅橡胶研究

以α官能团硅烷为自催化交联剂制备了单组分室温硫化(RTV 1)水性硅橡胶,对其贮存稳定性、粘接性及硫化胶力学性能进行了研究。结果表明,该体系下可制备低模量的RTV水性硅橡胶,但它的贮存稳定性较差;pH为9.5及以上时,水性硅橡胶的粘接力及持粘力较好;在一定范围内,使用高补强填料、增加填料用量、使用含氯原子硅烷偶联剂、增加硅烷偶联剂用量等都可以使水性硅橡胶的拉伸强度提高,硬度增大,伸长率下降。