Physical and Chemical Characterizations of Rubber Latex Cup Bottom Oil

Rubber latex is an important economic resource. However, the residues from its harvesting are thrown away, even though they contain lipids that can be recycled. This recovery of the residues from the bottom of the cup requires first and foremost their characterization. The aim of this study is therefore to determine the main physical and chemical characteristics of rubber latex cup bottom oil. Oil’s physical parameters determination shows that it has a density of 951 kg∙m−3, a kinematic viscosity of 48.57 cSt and a water content of 0.0845%. Chemical parameters, meanwhile, indicate that this cup bottom residue has a fat content of 95.96%, an acid number of 2.805 mg KOH/g and an iodine number of 92.42 g I2/100g. Therefore, rubber latex cup bottom oil can be used in the formulation of biofuels, biolubricants, paints, varnishes, alkyd resins, polishing oils, soaps, and insecticides.

CHARACTERIZATION OF POLAR COMPONENTS IN HYTROTREATED NAPHTHENIC RUBBER PROCESS OIL

Polar components play a very important role toward light stability of hydrotreated naphthenic rubber process oil. Polar components in hydrotreated naphthenic rubber process oil are analyzed in detail. Polar components are firstly isolated from rubber process oil by column chromatography of silica gel, and then characterized by a series of instrument technology including elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, APCI/MS and XPS. The results show that the polar components comprise some hetero atoms compounds of sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen. Oxygen-containing compounds such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxyl groups constitute the main body of polar components. Nitrogen-containing compounds （NH2, NH, or NO2 and-N=N-） and sulfur-containing compounds (SO42- and PHSSPH) only account for minor percent of polar components. The molecular weight distribution of polar components mainly concentrates between 300 and 500 and a minor portion distributes from 180 to 300.

Interaction of Chloroprene and Nitrile-Butadiene Rubber with Lubricating Greases and Base Oils

The present communication addresses compatibility of two synthetic rubber types,chloroprene and nitrile-butadiene ones,with a number of base oils of petroleum origin and lubricating greases produced thereof.Four base oils,including three naphthenic products with varying degrees of refining and one paraffinic product,were compared with each other in terms of their effect on the rubbers.Degenerative changes occurring in the rubbers on contact with the oils and greases were studied using accelerated ageing tests.Alterations in rubber parameters,such as hardness,weight and glass transition temperature,caused by interaction with oil were monitored.The main physicochemical mechanisms standing behind the changes observed in the rubber properties were found to be(i) migration of plasticizer from rubber into the oil phase,(ii) absorption of oil by rubber,and(iii) oxidation of rubber.An increase in glass transition temperature(Tg) of rubber aged in a base oil or grease was considered as an indirect indication that the plasticizer had migrated out of rubber;the plasticizer accumulation in the oil phase being directly confirmed by gas chromatography.In order to suppress the plasticizer migration,oil additivation with dioctyl adipate(DOA),a common plasticizer used in rubber formulations,was attempted.However,the DOA-additivated oils,while reducing plasticizer migration,were found to cause more swelling than the original oils in the case of chloroprene rubber.As an alternative,replacement of DOA by an alkylated aryl phosphate in nitrile-butadiene rubber formulations was considered,but it did not solve the problem either.The results of this study suggest conclusively that the type of rubber,the plasticizer,and the base oil are all the crucial parameters that should be considered when matching rubber with oil in real-life applications.Interaction of rubber with base oils and with greases produced thereof is largely controlled by(i) solvency of the base oils and(ii) polarity and cross-linking density of the rubber matrix.Higher temperatures accelerate ageing in all cases.

Optimization of Lab-Scale Preparation of Biodiesel from Rubber Seed Oil Using Modified Calcium Oxide as Catalyst

Statistical analysis of product yield for biodiesel preparation by transesterification process was performed using the Minitab software. A standard RSM Design tool known as CCD was applied to study the transesterification reaction variables. The obtained parameters were verified experimentally for the transesterification reaction of rubber seed oil using solid metal oxide catalyst. The factors affecting the methyl ester yield during transesterification reaction were identified as the catalyst content, molar ratio of oil to alcohol and reaction time. High methyl ester yield and fast reaction rate could be obtained even if reaction temperature was relatively low, which is quite favorable to the industrial production of biodiesel from the rubber seed oil. 98.54% of methyl ester was formed from the transesterification of RSO with methanol. R-squared is a statistical measure of how close the data are to the fitted regression line. It is also known as the coefficient of determination, or the coefficient of multiple determination for multiple regression. In this study, an R2 value of 0.98 is obtained.

Phosphorus Containing Rubber Seed oil as a Flame Retardant Plasticizer for Polyvinyl Chloride

The application of phthalate plasticizers has been restricted around the world due to their poor migration and potential harm to the human body.Hence,producing functional bio-based plasticizers via exploiting clean and reusable resources meets the satisfaction of current demands.In this study,flame-retardant rubber seed oil-based plasticize(FRP)was prepared via epoxidation reaction and ring opening addition reactions,which was used as a flame-resistant plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride to replace petroleum-based phthalate plasticizer.When DOP was replaced with FRP,the torque of PVC blends increased from 11.4 to 18.4 N⋅m,the LOI value increased from 24.3%for PVC-FRP-0%to 33.1%for PVC-FRP-20.The THR value diminished from 39 MJ/m^(2)(pertaining to PVC-FRC-0)to 22 MJ/m^(2)Tg increased from 23°C to 47°C,the weight loss of plasticized PVC blends significantly reduced from 22.6%to 2.8%in leaching tests.The study provided a new way to prepare flame retardant plasticizer using rubber seed oil as raw material.

Optimization of Rubber Seed Oil Transesterification to Biodiesel Using Experimental Designs and Artificial Neural Networks

The development of biofuels is driven both by concern about the greenhouse effect and by interest in the opportunities for exploitation of biomass of agricultural origin. In order to improve the yield and quality of biodiesel through modeling and optimization, several studies are in progress. In this paper, biodiesel produced from rubber seed oil in the homogeneous transesterification is studied using a Plackett-Burman experimental design, a full factorial design, a central composite design and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) coupled with a Genetic Algorithm (GA).Variables such as temperature, stirring speed, reaction time, type of alcohol, and type of catalyst are studied to obtain the best specific gravity and kinematic viscosity. Type of alcohol and type of catalyst have the greatest effect on the two responses, with ethanol (alcohol) and sulphuric acid (catalyst) producing the best results. The specific gravity and kinematic viscosity changes recorded during the transesterification process followed the first and second order polynomial models, respectively. The ANN coupled with GA was used to optimize the two responses simultaneously. Global optimal values of specific gravity (0.883) and kinematic viscosity (6.76 cSt) were recorded when a temperature of 90°C, a stirring speed of 305 rpm, and a treatment time of 141 min were imposed.

Thermal Behavior and UV Properties of Organomodified Kaolin Oleochemically Derived from Rubber Seed Oils (<i>Hevea brasiliensis</i>) and Tea Seed Oils (<i>Camellia sinensis</i>)

Kaolin was modified using a chemical complex of hydrazine hydrate and oleochemical sodium salts derived from rubber seed oil (SRSO) and tea seed oil (STSO) respectively. Characterization of the pristine kaolin and the modified kaolins were performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Simultaneous Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA) and UV Spectrophotometry. TG/DTA revealed that the incorporation of the oleochemical salts enhanced thermal decomposition of kaolin into metakaolin. Ultraviolet spectrophotometric studies conducted on the modified kaolin show for the first time that the SRSO-modified kaolin and STSO-modified kaolin have a peak absorbance wavelengths of 312.72 nm and 314.26 nm respectively. This shows that the modified kaolin is a promising candidate for sunscreen applications.

Assessment of the Influence of Oil Palm and Rubber Plantations in Tropical Peat Swamp Soils Using Microbial Diversity and Activity Analysis

In this study, tropical peat swamp soils from Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve (GSKBB) in Indonesia was evaluated to assess the impact of oil palm and rubber plantations on this unique organic soil through comparisons with soils from a natural forest using a polyphasic approach (chemical and molecular microbial assays). Changes in the ammonium, nitrate and phosphate concentration were observed in soils converted to agricultural use. Soil enzyme activities in plantation soils showed reduced β-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase and acid phosphatase activities (50% - 55% decrease). PCR-DGGE based analysis showed that the soil bacterial community from agricultural soils exhibited the lowest similarity amongst the different microbial groups (fungi and Archaea) evaluated (34% similarity to the natural forest soil). Shannon Diversity index values showed that generally the conversion of tropical peatland natural forest to rubber plantation resulted in a greater impact on microbial diversity (ANOVA p < 0.05). Overall, this study indicated substantial shifts in the soil microbial activity and diversity upon conversion of natural peatland forest to agriculture, with a greater change being observed under rubber plantation compared to oil palm plantation. These findings provided important data for future peatland management by relating changes in the soil microbial community and activities associated to agricultural practices carried out on peatland.

常减压蒸馏装置掺炼高硫重质蜡油对沥青及润滑油产品的影响

某炼油企业针对高硫蜡油硫含量过高而不满足润滑油高压加氢装置(简称润滑油装置)使用要求的问题,研究在常减压蒸馏装置加工绥中36-1原油时掺炼一定量的高硫重质蜡油,考察其对所产蜡油(润滑油装置原料)和沥青产品性质及收率的影响,以及掺炼后所得蜡油通过润滑油装置加工后对其产品的影响。结果表明:绥中36-1原油掺炼少量高硫重质蜡油后,常减压蒸馏装置所产蜡油硫含量略有增加,运动黏度和馏程等指标变化不大,满足后续润滑油装置使用要求;常减压蒸馏装置所产沥青的族组成中饱和分和胶质含量降低,芳香分含量有所升高,说明掺炼的高硫重质蜡油对沥青组成造成了影响,改变了产品结构,但其软化点、针入度、蜡含量、动力黏度等指标均满足重交通道路沥青产品指标要求;常减压蒸馏装置蜡油收率明显增加、沥青产品收率明显降低;润滑油装置加工掺炼后的蜡油,橡胶增塑剂产品收率有所升高,紫外光安定性和热安定性有所降低,但仍满足产品指标要求。

橡胶材料对不同组成变压器油性能的影响

采用100℃、164 h变压器油橡胶相容性试验和空白样品老化试验,考察了不同烃组成变压器油与多种橡胶材料(氢化丁腈橡胶、氟橡胶、氯丁橡胶、三元乙丙胶、硅橡胶)的相容性,分析了各种橡胶材料对不同烃类组成变压器油的颜色、酸值、界面张力、介质损耗因数、击穿电压的影响程度及其与变压器油芳烃含量的关系。结果表明:芳烃含量对变压器油的色度、酸值、介质损耗因数影响较大;芳烃含量越高,橡胶相容性试验后变压器油的颜色越深、酸值和介质损耗因数越高;橡胶材料对低芳烃含量变压器油(无论是石蜡基油还是环烷基油)的影响均不明显。氟橡胶与各种烃类组成变压器油的相容性最好,丁腈橡胶次之,而三元乙丙胶、硅橡胶和氯丁橡胶与各种烃类组成变压器油的相容性均较差。相容性不好的橡胶材料对变压器油的界面张力、介质损耗因数、击穿电压影响较大,其影响程度远大于变压器油烃组成的影响。

Tribological Behavior of Plant Oil-Based Extreme Pressure Lubricant Additive in Water-Ethylene Glycol Liquid

A water-soluble lubricant additive(RSOPE)was prepared by esterification reaction using fatty acid from rubber seed oil.The RSOPE was added into water-ethylene glycol(W-EG)solution as lubricant additive.Dispersion stability and rheological properties were investigated.We used a four-ball tribotester to assess the lubrication performance of W-EG based fluid with the RSOPE additive.The stainless-steel surface was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).Good dispersion stability was observed in the RSOPE/W-EG solutions.Furthermore,non-Newtonian fluid behavior at low shear rates and Newtonian fluid behavior at high shear rates was exhibited.The addition of RSOPE into water-glycol reduced the friction coefficients(COF)and wear scar diameters(WSD).The maximum non-seizure loads(PB)increased from 98 N to 752 N and the W-EG solution with RSOPE had good corrosion resistance properties.Good tribological performances for W-EG solution with RSOPE were attributed to the boundary tribofilm composed of iron oxide,iron phosphide and so on.

Physicochemical properties of lard oil and rubber seed oil blends and their comprehensive characterization

This research investigates the potential of blending complementary lard oil with rubber seed oil as feedstock for biodiesel production.Rubber seed oil,obtained through hexane extraction using the Soxhlet method,contains the major fatty acids of oleic acid(C_(18:1)),palmitic acid(C_(16:0)),linoleic acid(C_(18:2)),and stearic acid(C_(18:0)),while rubber seed oil primarily consists of linoleic acid(C_(18:2)),oleic acid(C_(18:1)),linolenic acid(C_(18:3)),palmitic acid(C_(16:0)),and stearic acid(C_(18:0)).The least acid value of lard oil(0.55 mg KOH/g)can benefit of reducing soap formation of rubber seed oil during transesterification process in biodiesel production due to its substantial-high acid value(16.28 mg KOH/g).Blending at ratios below 80:20 volume ratio produced biodiesel exceeding 85%,utilizing CaO as a catalyst.Lard oil demonstrated a higher reaction rate constant(11.88×10^(-3)min^(-1))than rubber seed oil(2.11×10^(-3)min^(-1)),indicating a significant difference in performance.High acid value and free fatty acids in rubber seed oil correlated with lower reaction rates.Maintaining a mixture ratio below 80:20 volume ratio optimized reaction rates during biodiesel production.Biodiesel obtained from blends below 80:20 volume ratio met ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards,demonstrating suitability for bio-auto fuel.The drawbacks of using rubber seed oil as a raw material for biodiesel production are overcome by blending with lard oil,giving rise to expanding renewable energy options for rural communities,community enterprises,and large-scale biodiesel production.

环保橡胶填充油的研究与应用进展

概述了橡胶填充油(简称橡胶油)的分类、发展现状及国内外环保橡胶油的生产工艺和研究进展。环保橡胶油主要有处理芳烃油、重质环烷基油、浅度溶剂抽提油、残余芳烃抽提油以及调合油5大类。以润滑油精制装置副产抽出油、催化裂化油浆、渣油等为原料,环保橡胶油的生产工艺主要有溶剂精制工艺、复合溶剂抽提工艺、加氢精制-溶剂抽提复合工艺、加氢精制工艺等,这些工艺通过选择性脱除原料中的多环芳烃、保留低环芳烃和烷基芳烃来生产环保橡胶油,国内目前存在产能低、产品芳碳率低等问题,影响了环保橡胶油在国内的大规模应用,也影响环保型橡胶轮胎质量的提高。在原有技术方案上开发新的环保橡胶油生产工艺,探索新的加工路线迫在眉睫。

喷气燃料与储油囊耐油橡胶材料相容性研究

结合喷气燃料主要性能指标要求,开展了喷气燃料与储油囊耐油橡胶材料的相容性研究,重点分析了电导率、固体颗粒污染物含量、颜色、水反应、蒸馏、银片腐蚀、总酸值、胶质含量等指标在不同环境条件下与耐油橡胶材料接触后的变化情况,为后续喷气燃料与耐油橡胶材料在实际环境中的长期应用提供技术支撑,对于提高装备器材的适用性,确保飞行用油安全具有重要意义。

不溶性硫磺用环保橡胶填充油的制备及性能评价

以环烷基减一线馏分油为原料,经加氢精制工艺得到环保橡胶填充油(简称橡胶油),以此环保橡胶油制备充油型不溶性硫磺,并对其应用性能进行评价。结果表明:加氢精制工艺可以制备满足欧盟2005/69/EC法规要求的环保橡胶油,以此环保橡胶油制备的充油型不溶性硫磺具有优良的使用性能,有效地拓宽了减一线馏分油的应用领域,实现油品向特色化工品的转变。

微纳层叠技术对ACM/PP热塑性弹性体性能的影响

采用微纳层叠共挤出技术制备了ACM/PP热塑性硫化胶(TPV),研究了动态硫化温度、橡塑比、相容剂含量、炭黑与增塑剂含量对TPV力学性能与耐油性能的影响。结果表明,当动态硫化温度为190℃时,TPV具有较好的力学性能,拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、硬度、压缩永久变形分别为12.83 MPa、104.67%、86.50%、50.00%;随着TPV橡塑比的增大,材料的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、硬度、耐油性能明显降低;当相容剂PP-g-MAH(马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯)的含量为15份时,TPV的综合力学性能与耐油性能最佳;TPV的拉伸强度、压缩永久变形、硬度随炭黑含量的增加而升高,随增塑剂DOTP含量的增加而降低,TPV的耐油性随炭黑含量的增加而提高,随DOTP含量的增加而变差,TPV的断裂伸长率随炭黑与DOTP含量的增加而降低。

橡胶油应用领域表面畸变现象的研究

橡胶充油制品表面畸变现象的发生,主要与材料、配方、工艺有关。物料不合格、物料含水、杂质污染等材料的原因,充油量低、橡塑比不匹配、硫化不当等配方的原因,以及加工温度过低、真空排气缺失、滤网不匹配等工艺的原因,均会导致表面畸变现象的产生。文章对造成橡胶充油制品畸变现象的因素进行分析,探讨橡胶油对橡胶充油制品表面畸变现象的影响,为改善表面畸变现象,提高产品质量提供参考。

环保橡胶增塑剂RAE作橡胶填充油的性能研究

以环烷基减压渣油为原料,制备高芳碳含量的环保橡胶增塑剂RAE,将其与进口处理芳烃油进行对比研究。试验结果表明,RAE可作为填充油制备充油乳聚丁苯橡胶,充油丁苯橡胶的生胶性能、化学组成、结构组成等与使用进口处理芳烃油合成的充油丁苯橡胶性能相近;使用RAE制备的充油丁苯橡胶,在半钢胎胎面胶配方中,具有良好的混炼胶性能、硫化胶物理性能和动态力学性能。

橡胶泊松比对等壁厚单螺杆泵举升性能影响的试验研究

为了研究橡胶泊松比对等壁厚单螺杆泵举升能力的影响,对其进行了有限元模拟和试验研究。首先,采用Workbench软件对等壁厚单螺杆泵进行了接触非线性仿真,研究了不同容腔压强下的压差载荷与其接触应力的关系,总结出了容腔间临界密封压力的计算方法,计算得到了不同橡胶泊松比下等壁厚单螺杆泵的临界密封压力,并使用Origin软件对其进行了多项式拟合;然后,分析了橡胶泊松比与容腔间临界密封压力的关系,根据等壁厚单螺杆泵内部油压传导规律,计算得到了不同橡胶泊松比下的螺杆泵扬程,并分析了两者间的关系;最后,为了验证等壁厚单螺杆泵接触非线性仿真结果的正确性,对该螺杆泵进行了水力特性试验。研究结果表明:容腔间接触应力随压差载荷的增大而近似呈线性增大,随容腔压强的增大而减小;容腔间的临界密封压力随容腔压强的增大而近似呈非线性减小;在容腔压强一定时,容腔间的临界密封压力随橡胶泊松比的增大而增大,泊松比越大其等壁厚单螺杆泵内部就越不易漏失;螺杆泵的扬程随橡胶泊松比的增大而呈非线性增大,且增长的速率越来越快;试验中,等壁厚螺杆泵所能达到的最大扬程为10.85 MPa,仿真结果与试验结果误差仅为3.2%。以上研究结果可为等壁厚单螺杆泵未来的研究提供借鉴参考。

克拉玛依环烷基减四线馏分油溶剂精制过程中的性质关联与预测

密度和折光率是油品的基本物性,也是油品溶剂精制设计过程所需的基础数据。采用二甲基亚砜(DMSO)为萃取剂精制克拉玛依环烷基减四线馏分油,考察了萃取温度和剂油比的影响,并对溶剂精制过程中密度与折光率间的关系模型及二者与温度之间的定量关系进行探讨检验,验证不同关联式对油品性质预测的准确性。结果表明,DMSO可使萃取油芳香烃质量分数达到80%以上,改进后的二次方型关联式可较好地描述环烷基油品的密度与折光率间的关系。不同温度下密度和折光率比值基本呈正比,但随着温度的升高正比变化关系的准确性变差;Yarranton等提出的密度、折光率与温度的关系式可准确地预测萃余油密度和折光率随温度的变化。