Phosphorus Containing Rubber Seed oil as a Flame Retardant Plasticizer for Polyvinyl Chloride

The application of phthalate plasticizers has been restricted around the world due to their poor migration and potential harm to the human body.Hence,producing functional bio-based plasticizers via exploiting clean and reusable resources meets the satisfaction of current demands.In this study,flame-retardant rubber seed oil-based plasticize(FRP)was prepared via epoxidation reaction and ring opening addition reactions,which was used as a flame-resistant plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride to replace petroleum-based phthalate plasticizer.When DOP was replaced with FRP,the torque of PVC blends increased from 11.4 to 18.4 N⋅m,the LOI value increased from 24.3%for PVC-FRP-0%to 33.1%for PVC-FRP-20.The THR value diminished from 39 MJ/m^(2)(pertaining to PVC-FRC-0)to 22 MJ/m^(2)Tg increased from 23°C to 47°C,the weight loss of plasticized PVC blends significantly reduced from 22.6%to 2.8%in leaching tests.The study provided a new way to prepare flame retardant plasticizer using rubber seed oil as raw material.

Optimization of Lab-Scale Preparation of Biodiesel from Rubber Seed Oil Using Modified Calcium Oxide as Catalyst

Statistical analysis of product yield for biodiesel preparation by transesterification process was performed using the Minitab software. A standard RSM Design tool known as CCD was applied to study the transesterification reaction variables. The obtained parameters were verified experimentally for the transesterification reaction of rubber seed oil using solid metal oxide catalyst. The factors affecting the methyl ester yield during transesterification reaction were identified as the catalyst content, molar ratio of oil to alcohol and reaction time. High methyl ester yield and fast reaction rate could be obtained even if reaction temperature was relatively low, which is quite favorable to the industrial production of biodiesel from the rubber seed oil. 98.54% of methyl ester was formed from the transesterification of RSO with methanol. R-squared is a statistical measure of how close the data are to the fitted regression line. It is also known as the coefficient of determination, or the coefficient of multiple determination for multiple regression. In this study, an R2 value of 0.98 is obtained.

Rubber Seed Kernel as Potent Solid Substrate for the Production of Lipase by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strain BUP2

This study explored the utility of flours of rubber seed, coconut and groundnut kernels, and de-oiled cakes of coconut and groundnut as solid substrate for the production of lipase by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain BUP2 (MTCC No. 5924), a novel bacterium reported from the rumen of Malabari goat. Various proportions (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% or 50%) of flours or cakes were prepared (w/v) with BUP medium (pH 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8), and incubated at different temperature (25°C, 28°C, 30°C or 32°C) for 24 to 96 h. The samples were assayed for lipase activity at 24 h intervals. The rubber seed flour (20%)-BUP medium supported the maximum lipase production (871 U/gds) at 48h incubation (pH 6, 28°C), followed by ground nut flour (398 U/gds), while ground nut cake supported the least lipase production (244 U/gds). From this, it is evident that the cheaply available rubber seed is an efficient substrate for the production of lipase, irrespective of its known demerit that it contains the limarin, a toxin;in fact, we could not detect limarin in the fermented matter. Thus, the utility of rubber seed for the production of a costly enzyme is reported from a novel rumen bacterium, which would be advantageous for rubber farmers.

Optimization of Rubber Seed Oil Transesterification to Biodiesel Using Experimental Designs and Artificial Neural Networks

The development of biofuels is driven both by concern about the greenhouse effect and by interest in the opportunities for exploitation of biomass of agricultural origin. In order to improve the yield and quality of biodiesel through modeling and optimization, several studies are in progress. In this paper, biodiesel produced from rubber seed oil in the homogeneous transesterification is studied using a Plackett-Burman experimental design, a full factorial design, a central composite design and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) coupled with a Genetic Algorithm (GA).Variables such as temperature, stirring speed, reaction time, type of alcohol, and type of catalyst are studied to obtain the best specific gravity and kinematic viscosity. Type of alcohol and type of catalyst have the greatest effect on the two responses, with ethanol (alcohol) and sulphuric acid (catalyst) producing the best results. The specific gravity and kinematic viscosity changes recorded during the transesterification process followed the first and second order polynomial models, respectively. The ANN coupled with GA was used to optimize the two responses simultaneously. Global optimal values of specific gravity (0.883) and kinematic viscosity (6.76 cSt) were recorded when a temperature of 90°C, a stirring speed of 305 rpm, and a treatment time of 141 min were imposed.

Thermal Behavior and UV Properties of Organomodified Kaolin Oleochemically Derived from Rubber Seed Oils (<i>Hevea brasiliensis</i>) and Tea Seed Oils (<i>Camellia sinensis</i>)

Kaolin was modified using a chemical complex of hydrazine hydrate and oleochemical sodium salts derived from rubber seed oil (SRSO) and tea seed oil (STSO) respectively. Characterization of the pristine kaolin and the modified kaolins were performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Simultaneous Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA) and UV Spectrophotometry. TG/DTA revealed that the incorporation of the oleochemical salts enhanced thermal decomposition of kaolin into metakaolin. Ultraviolet spectrophotometric studies conducted on the modified kaolin show for the first time that the SRSO-modified kaolin and STSO-modified kaolin have a peak absorbance wavelengths of 312.72 nm and 314.26 nm respectively. This shows that the modified kaolin is a promising candidate for sunscreen applications.

Thermo-physical properties of rubber seed useful in the design of storage structure

This study was carried out to determine the thermo-physical properties of rubber seed in the moisture range of 9.1%to 14.8%(w.b.).The length,width,thickness,measured surface area,bulk density and true density increased with increasing moisture content with high coefficients of determination(significant at p<0.05).Their optimum values at 14.8%moisture content were 17.00 mm,11.94 mm,8.26 mm,285.20 mm^(2),295.00 kg/m^(3) and 470.67 kg/m^(3),respectively.The angle of repose increased as moisture content increased with low coefficient of determination and has optimum value of 28.81°at 14.8%moisture content.The specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity decreased linearly while thermal diffusivity increased exponentially with an increase in moisture content(significant at p<0.05).The optimum values of specific heat capacity,thermal conductivity and diffusivity at 14.8%moisture content were 55.84 kJ/(kg.K),0.032 W/(m.K)and 1.93×10^(-9) m^(2)/s,respectively.The results are essential in the design of storage structure for rubber seed.

Converting rubber seed oil into hydrocarbon fuels via supported Pd-catalyst

The one-step hydrotreatment of rubber seed oil to produce hydrocarbon fuels has been carried out via supported Pd-catalyst,and analyzed emphatically some elements affected catalytic cracking process,for example,temperature,hydrogen partial pressure and dosage of catalyst,etc.Through experimental research,the author found out the appropriate catalytic cracking conditions as follows:310℃ of reaction temperature,2 MPa of hydrogen partial pressure,15 of the ratio of oil to catalyst(m(oil)/m(catalyst)),100 r/min of stirring speed.Under these conditions,effective component of hydrocarbon fuels in the converted oil accounts for 99.49%,and the proportion of C_(8)-C_(16) can reach as high as 79.61%.The converted oil was similar to petroleum-based oil in chemical composition,and can be used for future the aviation biofuels development as the source of raw material because it contains a large amount of hydrocarbon in the range of C_(8)-C_(16).

基于超声改性橡胶籽壳活性炭的制备方法研究

以农业废弃物橡胶籽壳为原料,以KOH为活化剂,与超声处理相结合制备活性炭,通过调整制备处理条件对活性炭的表面结构进行调控,以获得最佳制备条件。采用傅里叶显微红外、扫描电镜、元素分析、热重分析等手段,研究活性炭的物理化学特性,考察其吸附能力,并比较超声预处理与未超声预处理的活性炭的特性。研究得出最优制备条件为:剂料比为1∶1,超声作用时间为60 min,活化时间为60 min,活化温度为700℃。超声预处理后的活性炭(UAC)的亚甲基蓝吸附值为400 mg/g、碘吸附值为1340.2 mg/g、得率达25.9%,总孔容为0.9511 cm^(3)/g,比表面积为1034.5009 m^(2)/g;未经超声预处理的活性炭(NAC)的亚甲基蓝吸附值为300 mg/g,碘吸附值为894.0 mg/g,得率为20.8%,比表面积为690.2461 m^(2)/g,总孔容为0.6830 cm^(3)/g。二者均含羟基、醇羟基、羰基官能团,橡胶籽壳活性炭的氮气吸附等温线为Ⅰ型。KOH活化后的活性炭表面存有大量孔结构,UAC活性炭表面光滑平整,有许多丰富规则的孔结构,优于NAC活性炭。橡胶籽壳的碳(C)含量丰富,经过KOH活化后,UAC和NAC的C含量由原来的56.81%,分别提高到75.97%、64.89%。KOH活化后的样品比橡胶籽壳更加稳定,UAC和NAC样品的总重量分别损失62%和68%之后趋于稳定。综上所述,超声处理制备的活性炭性能更佳,说明超声波的空化效应作用在活性炭结构表面,使其结构发生变化,进而提高其吸附性能、比表面积等。

不同品种橡胶籽中氨基酸及无机元素定性与定量分析

橡胶籽作为橡胶树的副产物在很长一段时间里仅少量被用来育种,大部分均未被开发利用。本文利用ICP-MS等设备对不同品种橡胶籽中的氨基酸和无机元素进行定性和定量分析,比较不同品种橡胶籽中氨基酸和无机元素种类与含量的差异,从而为下一步的研究及橡胶籽产品的开发提供理论依据。测定分析结果表明,橡胶籽中含有赖氨酸、组氨酸、缬氨酸、苏氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸等饲料必需氨基酸,适合作动物性饲料的原料;不同品种橡胶籽中均含有较丰富的无机元素,其与品种等因素具有一定的相关性。因此,橡胶籽可用于植物蛋白粉和优质蛋白饲料的生产。

复方葡萄籽油软胶囊制备工艺研究

以添加了异甘草素和原花青素的葡萄籽油为主要内容物,对复方葡萄籽油软胶囊的胶皮及滴制工艺进行研究,并对软胶囊质量标准及稳定性进行考查。通过明胶与甘油比例,添加高分子材料、遮光剂及溶胶温度方面考查胶皮的性能,选择较优配方。结果表明,通过对软胶囊质量标准及稳定性进行考查,所制备的软胶囊各项指标均符合国家标准。

基于ICP-MS的不同产地橡胶籽无机元素含量差异分析

为进一步拓展农业废弃物——橡胶籽的开发价值,通过微波消解结合电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)建立了快速分析橡胶籽中16种无机元素的方法,测定了我国六个产地橡胶籽中16种元素的含量,通过无机元素指纹图谱、主成分分析和聚类分析来筛选其特征元素,进行差异性分析。结果表明,各元素线性关系良好(r>0.999),检出限在0.0007~0.53 mg/kg,加标回收率在86.0%~96.3%,精密度符合规定(RSD<10%),所建立的方法可用于橡胶籽中多元素的快速检测;橡胶籽中均含有较丰富的无机元素,Mg含量最高,均在10 g/kg以上;K含量达4000~9122 mg/kg;Ca含量达382~1433 mg/kg;Zn含量在300 mg/kg以上;Ti、Cu、Mn、Ni含量也均在100 mg/kg以上;有害重金属Pb、Cd含量较高,橡胶籽在食用产品开发过程需注意控制。不同产地橡胶籽元素相对含量的变化趋势在一定程度上基本一致,有部分元素的不同产地相对含量存在一定差异。主成分分析选出前4个主成分(Co、V、Cu、Se、Ti、Pb、Cr)的累计方差贡献率为82.69%,得出特征无机元素为Co、V、Cu、Se、Ti、Pb、Cr;聚类分析可将18个橡胶籽样品分为四大类,说明无机元素的含量与环境、地域等因素具有相关性。研究结果可为橡胶籽的开发利用提供研究基础。

邻苯二甲酸对橡胶树RRIM600种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

根系分泌物是植物自毒物质的重要来源之一,研究表明邻苯二甲酸是一种公认的自毒物质,也是橡胶树根系分泌物中含量较高的物质之一。为探究邻苯二甲酸对橡胶树自身是否具有自毒作用,考察不同浓度(0.05、0.50、1.00、2.00 mmol/L)邻苯二甲酸溶液对橡胶树RRIM600种子萌发、幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:(1)不同浓度邻苯二甲酸均推迟橡胶树种子的初始萌发时间,对种子发芽率、发芽速率和萌发整齐度均存在抑制作用,且浓度越高抑制作用越强,与对照相比,2.00 mmol/L邻苯二甲酸处理的发芽率、发芽指数、发芽速率、发芽势分别下降了23.60%、42.75%、37.18%、58.69%。(2)不同浓度邻苯二甲酸均抑制橡胶树芽长、芽粗、根粗的生长,减少了幼苗生物量的积累;在0.05~2.00 mmol/L浓度范围内,芽长、芽粗、根粗、芽重和根重分别下降了12.91%~40.70%、 20.05%~21.59%、 7.89%~34.13%、16.18%~26.47%、20.00%~36.00%。(3)随邻苯二甲酸浓度增加,橡胶树幼苗细胞膜脂过氧化程度逐渐加重,丙二醛(malonaldehyde,MDA)含量逐渐增加;游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量也逐渐增加。(4)橡胶树幼苗色素含量和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性随邻苯二甲酸浓度增加呈现先增加后减少的趋势,而超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性随邻苯二甲酸浓度增加而逐渐减少;0.05mmol/L的邻苯二甲酸促进幼苗叶绿素b的积累,降低了叶绿素a含量,并提高CAT活性,降低了POD和SOD活性;当浓度达到0.50 mmol/L时,叶绿素a、叶绿素总量和类胡萝卜素含量积累至最大,POD和SOD活性持续下降;在2.00mmol/L时,所有色素含量和3种抗氧化酶活性均降至最低。综上,邻苯二甲酸推迟了橡胶树RRIM600种子初始萌发时间,降低种子萌发率和萌发速率,导致橡胶树幼苗生理功能紊乱,并抑制生长发育。该研究结果可为客观评价邻苯二甲酸对橡胶树自毒作用提供基础数据支撑。

橡胶籽油制备生物柴油的研究

以橡胶籽油为原料,采用高温气相酯化-酯交换法制取生物柴油。着重研究了如何降低原料的酸值以及酯交换过程的条件优化。试验结果表明,100℃条件下,气相酯化法可在很短的时间(45 min)内将原料的酸值降到1.0 mgKOH/g油以下,达到酯交换对原料酸值的要求;酯交换反应的最佳条件为:催化剂用量为油重的1.0%,甲醇用量为油重的5%,反应温度60℃,在此条件下反应90 min,酯交换转化率达到93.0%。

水蒸气法制备橡胶籽壳活性炭的研究

采用橡胶籽壳炭为原料,以水蒸气为活化剂制备吸附性能优良且得率高的活性炭。通过正交试验设计,研究活化温度、活化时间及水蒸气用量对活性炭吸附性能的影响。得到最佳活化工艺条件为:橡胶籽壳炭量1.0 kg,活化温度880℃,活化时间40 m in,水蒸气用量8 kg/h。制得的优质橡胶籽壳活性炭的亚甲基蓝脱色力240 mg/g,碘值1 113 mg/g,强度94.2%,得率40.5%。

橡胶籽的开发利用

橡胶籽是天然橡胶种植业的副产品之一,资源丰富而价廉,除用于橡胶的繁殖育种外还具有很高的开发利用价值,是橡胶种植业的一笔巨大财富。概述了橡胶籽的工业价值、食用和医用价值、饲用价值和能源价值等,并分析了其研究利用现状,以促进橡胶籽的开发利用。

固体碱CaO催化橡胶籽油制备生物柴油的研究

研究了固体碱CaO催化橡胶籽油与甲醇进行酯交换反应制备生物柴油的工艺条件。结果表明,焙烧温度为800℃,焙烧时间为2 h时,由CaCO3分解制得的CaO具有最高的反应活性。以此CaO为催化剂制备橡胶籽油生物柴油的最佳工艺条件为:催化剂CaO用量为油质量的1.5%,反应温度65℃,醇油摩尔比为15∶1,反应时间6 h。在此反应条件下,橡胶籽油生物柴油转化率为90.70%。

硫酸催化制备橡胶籽油生物柴油工艺及脱色研究

通过正交试验研究了硫酸催化制备橡胶籽油生物柴油的工艺条件,并以活性白土为脱色剂,考察了脱色条件对橡胶籽油生物柴油脱色率的影响。研究发现,硫酸催化制备橡胶籽油生物柴油的较佳工艺条件为:醇油物质的量比20∶1,催化剂用量为橡胶籽油质量的2%,反应时间8 h,反应温度65℃。在此条件下,生物柴油转化率达到83.16%。橡胶籽油生物柴油脱色处理的较佳工艺条件为:活性白土用量为生物柴油质量的7%,脱色时间30 min,脱色温度80℃。在此条件下,生物柴油脱色率达到75.65%。

海南橡胶籽主要成分及氰化物变迁分析

为了更好地对橡胶籽加以利用,对其组分进行分析,供试样品单个种籽重为3.1～6.3g。结果其未脱脂仁中水分28.9%、粗蛋白21.5%、粗脂肪50.2%、淀粉6.2%。脱脂仁中粗蛋白42.01%、粗脂肪9.98%、碳水化合物36.67%。新鲜种仁样品含氢氰酸毒素含量为162.5mg/100g干重,经贮存、浸泡和蒸煮,发酵处理绝大多数氰化物消失。

橡胶籽资源的潜在开发利用价值研究

橡胶树（Hevea brasiliensis）是一种重要的经济树种,广泛种植于海南、广东、广西、福建、云南和台湾,其副产物橡胶籽（rubber seed）产量十分丰富。橡胶籽油（rubber seed oil）不仅是一种保健食用油,也是一种重要的工业原料;压榨取油后的饼粕（rubber seed meal）中粗蛋白含量可达25%～30%,是一种高品质饲料蛋白源,且氨基酸组成平衡,微量元素含量较高,但所含抗营养因子使其在饲料中的用量受限。我国橡胶籽资源来源广泛且价格低廉,开发橡胶籽资源对解决我国蛋白饲料短缺和实现资源综合利用具有重要意义。

橡胶籽油的制取及精炼工艺研究

橡胶籽油是一种新的油源。为提高其食用价值，对橡胶籽油的制取及精炼工艺条件进行了研究。通过磷酸中和，水洗，脱色，水蒸汽蒸馏得到的精炼油达到国家食用油标准和卫生标准。实验结果表明，精炼后的橡胶籽油可以作为一种食用植物油的新油源。